possibility his death was linked to hostile commentary he had received online Unsolved serial killer murders edit See also Category Unidentified serial killers – edit Servant Girl Annihilator aka Austin Axe Murderer Austin Texas USA – October Illustrated London News contemporary depiction of Jack the RipperJack the Ripper murders London England – edit Atlanta Ripper Atlanta Georgia USA Axeman of New Orleans murders USA – Cleveland Torso Murderer aka The Mad Butcher of Kingsbury Run Cleveland Ohio USA – Phantom Killer Texarkana Texas and Arkansas USA – edit Jack the Stripper London UK – Zodiac Killer Northern California USA – Bible John Glasgow Scotland – Monster of Florence Province of Florence Italy – Freeway Phantom Washington D C USA – Alphabet murders Rochester New York USA – Charlie Chop off Manhattan USA – Santa Rosa Hitchhiker Murders Sonoma County California USA – The Doodler San Francisco California USA – Ann Arbor Hospital Murders Ann Arbor Michigan USA Flat Tire murders USA Gypsy Hill killings San Mateo County California USA Oakland County Child Killer Oakland County Michigan USA – South County car bomber St Louis County Missouri USA Connecticut River Valley Killer USA – Redhead murders USA – Original Night Stalker Southern California USA – Ohio prostitute killer Ohio USA Monster of Udine Province of Udine Italy – Chicago Tylenol murders Chicago area USA Brabant killers Belgium – Paraquat murders Japan Frankford Slasher Philadelphia USA – Honolulu Strangler Hawaii USA – Colonial Parkway Killer Colonial Parkway USA – Hwaseong serial murders South Korea – New Bedford Highway Killer New Bedford Massachusetts USA – For the American photographer see Christina Fernandez photographer This name uses Argentine naming customs for married women the birth family name is Fernández and the marital name is Kirchner Cristina Fernández de Kirchner President of Argentina Incumbent Assumed office December Vice President Julio Cobos Amado Boudou Preceded by Néstor Kirchner First Lady of Argentina In office May – December Preceded by Hilda de Duhalde Succeeded by Néstor Kirchner First Gentleman Personal details Born Cristina Elisabet Fernández February age La Plata Argentina Political party Justicialist

Other political affiliations Front for Victory –present Spouse s Néstor Kirchner – Children Máximo Florencia Residence Quinta de Olivos Alma mater National University of La Plata Religion Roman Catholicism Signature Website Official website Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner Spanish pronunciation k?is'tina e'lisaßet fer'nandes ðe 'ki??ne? listen born February known as Cristina Kirchner and often referred to by her initials CFK note is the current President of Argentina and widow of former president Néstor Kirchner She is the second woman to serve as President of Argentina after Isabel Martínez de Perón – the first directly elected female president and the first woman re elected A member of the Justicialist Party Fernández served one term as National Deputy and three terms as National Senator for both Santa Cruz and Buenos Aires provinces Born in La Plata Buenos Aires Province Fernández is a graduate of the National University of La Plata She met her husband during her studies and they moved to Santa Cruz to work as lawyers In May she was elected to the provincial legislature Between and she was repeatedly elected to the Argentine National Congress both as a National Deputy and National Senator During Kirchner s presidency – she acted as First Lady Fernández was chosen as the Front for Victory presidential candidate in In the October general election she obtained of the vote and a lead over her nearest rival avoiding a runoff election She was inaugurated on December and was re elected to a second term in the first round of the October general election with and over the next candidate Hermes Binner Kirchner s critics have claimed her administration exhibits numerous cases of corruption crony capitalism falsification of public statistics harassment of Argentina s independent media and use of the tax agency as a censorship tool and use of public funds to attack political opponents Contents Early life and education Political career Presidential campaigns presidential campaign presidential campaign Presidency –present Domestic policy Economic policy Energy policy Conflict with the agricultural sector Other protests Corruption scandals Human rights Relationship with the media midterm elections midterm elections Foreign policy Latin America United States United Kingdom Middle East China Cabinet Public image Personal life Health Ancestry Footnotes Notes Bibliography References External links Early life and education edit Fernández during her youthFernández was born on February in Tolosa a suburb west of La Plata Buenos Aires Province She is a daughter of Eduardo Fernandez a bus driver and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm her grandparents were born in Europe Galicia Asturias Spain and in Germany She studied Law at the National University of La Plata during the s and became active in the Peronist Youth Along with former President and husband Néstor Kirchner Cristina sympathized with the Peronist Youth during her university studies However the two never joined the Montoneros a guerrilla organization with close ties to the Peronist Youth during the period – nor engaged in any notable political activism during that time When Isabel Perón was deposed by the Argentine coup d état they left La Plata for Río Gallegos and worked as lawyers Cristina began her political career in the late s when she was elected to the Santa Cruz Provincial Legislature in a position to which she was re elected in Political career edit In Fernández was elected to represent Santa Cruz in the Senate She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in and returned to the Senate in Fernández helped with her husband s successful campaign for the presidency in but without making joint public appearances In the first round of the presidential election on April former president Carlos Saúl Menem won the greatest number of votes but failed to win an overall majority A second round run off vote between Menem and runner up Néstor Kirchner was scheduled for May Feeling certain that he was about to face a sound electoral defeat Menem decided to withdraw his candidacy thus automatically making Kirchner the new president with of the votes This was the lowest number in the history of the country During her husband? s term Fernández de Kirchner was First Lady of the country In that role she worked as an itinerant ambassador for his government Her highly combative speech style polarized Argentine politics recalling the style of Eva Perón Although she repeatedly rejected the comparison later Fernández de Kirchner once said in an interview that she identified herself "with the Evita of the hair in a bun and the clenched fist before a microphone" the typical image of Eva Perón during public speech more than with the "miraculous Eva" of her mother s time who had come "to bring work and the right to vote for women" At the October legislative elections Fernández de Kirchner was her party s main candidate for Senator in the Province of Buenos Aires district She ran a heated campaign against Hilda González de Duhalde they were the wives of the sitting president Néstor Kirchner and the former president Eduardo Duhalde Presidential campaigns edit presidential campaign edit See also Argentine general election Campaigning with her husband then President Néstor Kirchner outgoing and their respective running mates Daniel Scioli and Julio Cobos With Fernández leading all the pre election polls by a wide margin her challengers were trying to force her into a run off A candidate needs either more than of the vote or of the vote and a lead of more than percentage points over the nearest rival to win outright without a run off She won the election decisively in the first round with nearly of the vote followed by for Elisa Carrió candidate for the Civic Coalition and for former Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna Kirchner was popular among the suburban working class and the rural poor while Carrió and Lavagna both received more support from the urban middle class Kirchner lost the election in the large cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario On November the president elect announced the names of her new cabinet which was sworn in on December Of the twelve ministers appointed seven had been ministers in Néstor Kirchner s government while the other five took office for the first time The selections anticipated the continuation of the policies implemented by Néstor Kirchner She began a four year term on December facing challenges including inflation poor public security international credibility a faulty energy infrastructure and protests from the agricultural sectors over an increase of nearly on export taxes Kirchner was the second female president of Argentina after Isabel Martínez de Perón but unlike Perón Kirchner was elected to the office whereas Isabel Perón was elected as vice president of Juan Perón and automatically assumed the presidency on his death The transition from Néstor Kirchner to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was also the first time a democratic head of state was replaced by their spouse without the death of either Néstor Kirchner stayed active in politics despite not being the president and worked alongside his wife Cristina The press developed the term "presidential marriage" to make reference to both of them at once Some political analysts as Pablo Mendelevich compared this type of government with a diarchy presidential campaign edit Kirchner on election night When Néstor Kirchner refused to run for re election in and proposed Cristina Kirchner instead it was rumored that the couple may attempt to run for the presidency in alternate periods to skip the constitutional limit of a single re election The death of Néstor Kirchner in derailed such a plan She had a low positive image below On June Cristina Kirchner announced she would run for a second term as president A few days later she announced that her economic minister Amado Boudou would run for vice president on her ticket This selection was an unexpected one as Boudou usually acts like a rock star instead of a politician She personally chose most of the candidates for deputy in the Congress favoring members of the Cámpora The elections took place on October She was re elected by the of the vote followed by socialist Hermes Binner points behind her The opposition was divided in several candidates and the perceived economic prosperity prevailed among voter s concerns over corruption and cronysm It was the highest victory in national elections since The Peronist party also won eight of the nine governor elections held that day increased their number of senators and got the majority of the chamber of deputies including the number of legislators needed for quorum The Kirchners had lost that majority in the elections She invited kids to the stage during the celebrations and vice president Amado Boudou played an electric guitar As in she gave a conciliatory speech Presidency –present edit Main article Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Domestic policy edit Economic policy edit On October she launched a universal child benefit plan Spanish Asignación Universal por Hijo as a way to fight poverty with the goal to reach approximately five million children and youths Since its creation the program has been lauded for having boosted school attendance rates and reduced poverty among families Kirchner and the President of China Hu Jintao in Beijing The year began with controversy surrounding the president s order that a US billion escrow account be opened at the Central Bank for the purpose of retiring high interest bonds whose principal is tied to inflation The move met with the opposition of Central Bank president Martín Redrado who refused to implement it and following an impasse he was dismissed by presidential decree on January Redrado refused to abide by the initial decree removing him from the presidency of the Central Bank however and petitioned for a judicial power to keep him in office Accordingly the president enacted another decree for his dismissal citing misconduct on Redrado s part The legitimacy of this new decree was questioned as well as his dismissal would deny Redrado due process Congress was in recess period at the time but most of its opposition members considered returning to override the decrees through an extraordinary session The session became a source of controversy as well Kirchner considered that according to the rd article of the Constitution only the President may call for an extraordinary session while the Congress is in recess Cobos replied instead that all regulations concerning decrees require the immediate advice and consent of Congress that the body s by laws and allow extraordinary sessions called by any member and that the commission formed for that purpose functions at all times even during recess The planned use of foreign exchange reserves through a Necessity and Urgency Decree was itself questioned by several opposition figures who argued that such a decree may not meet a threshold of "necessity" and "urgency" required by the Constitution of Argentina for its enactment Judge María José Sarmiento handed down a ruling preventing said use of reserves and the Government reacted by appealing the ruling President Kirchner defended the policy as a cost saving maneuver whereby government bonds paying out percent interest would be retired from the market The move however also provided numerous vulture funds holdouts from the debt restructuring who had resorted to the courts in a bid for higher returns on their defaulted bonds a legal argument against the central bank s independence citation needed thus facilitating a judgment lien on January against a central bank account in New York Judge Sarmiento also annulled the decree that removed Redrado and reinstated him as President of the Central Bank the following day The ruling refuted claims of misconduct cited by president Cristina Kirchner to justify his removal International media described the attempted removal of Redrado as authoritarian while criticizing the planned use of reserves for debt retirement as well as accelerating spending growth as fiscally irresponsible Opposition Congresswoman Elisa Carrió a candidate in the presidential campaign has raised the possibility of impeachment procedures against Cristina Kirchner At the start of February one of Fernández de Kirchner s private assessors resigned his post due to the claims of "illicit gain" Just two weeks afterwards another of her private assessors Julio Daniel Álvarez resigned for the same reason In June her administration completed the debt swap which had been started by former president Néstor Kirchner in clearing of the bad debt left from its sovereign default of Argentina s external debt now represented of the country s GDP whilst the Central Bank foreign reserves reached US billion more than the amount that was available when the decision to pay foreign debt earlier in the year was taken Also in June she gave a speech at the International Trade Union Confederation CSI Global Summit held in Vancouver Canada where she asserted "many Euro zone countries today have applied the same policies that led Argentina to disaster in " stating "it s an inescapable responsibility of the government to intervene in the financial system" Following the death of her husband Cristina Fernández de Kirchner resumed activities and went to Asia for the G Seoul summit Upon her return she announced the Paris Club agreed to debt talks without International Monetary Fund intervention as had been proposed by Argentina since These negotiations settled the last portion of the sovereign debt crisis remaining after the restructuring of debts in and In November she took part in the UNASUR Summit at Guyana followed by hosting the XX Ibero American Summit at Mar del Plata In the government tightened currency controls allowing access to other currencies to only those people who traveled outside the country The blockade of other currencies affected financial activities and led to a black market in currencies On May The governor of the Buenos Aires province Daniel Scioli voiced his intention to run for the presidency in On July Fernández criticized the administration of the Buenos Aires province because the provincial government didn t have money to pay their workers wages The province requested a transfer of funds from the federal government but were initially denied by the President On July the federal government agreed to transfer funds to the province Moyano claimed the denial to transfer funds was to harm Scioli s image as Scioli has the highest rate of approval of any governor in the nation A similar step was done with Mauricio Macri by refusing to mediate in a subway strike that lasted for ten days generating huge traffic delays in Buenos Aires Cristina backed away from both actions after noticing that she was more harmed by them than Scioli and Macri Energy policy edit As part of the civilian nuclear power reactivation program Fernández de Kirchner reopened the Pilcaniyeu uranium enrichment plant put on hold in the s due to shortages of natural gas Fernández also supported the nationalization of YPF Conflict with the agricultural sector edit Main article Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector Road blockade during the Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector in Villa María CórdobaIn March Kirchner introduced a new sliding scale taxation system for agricultural exports effectively raising levies on soybean exports from to at the time of the announcement This led to a nationwide lockout by farming associations starting on March with the aim of forcing the government to back down on the new taxation scheme They were joined on March by thousands of pot banging demonstrators massed around the Buenos Aires Obelisk and in front of the presidential palace Protests extended across the country In Buenos Aires there were violent incidents between government supporters and opponents to which the police was accused of wilfully turning a blind eye The media was harshly critical of Luis D Elía a former government official who took part in the incidents with some media sources and members of the opposition notably Elisa Carrió claiming he and his followers had disrupted the protest pursuant to the government s orders On April a government organized demonstration was attended by thousands of pro government protesters who marched through downtown Buenos Aires in support of the bill increasing Argentina s export taxes on the basis of a sliding scale Fernández in a meeting with the nation s governors The large majorities in the Argentine Congress held by the Front for Victory FPV could not ultimately guarantee a legislative blank check on July the presidentially sponsored bill met with deadlock and was ultimately defeated by the tie breaking negative vote of vice president Julio Cobos The controversy cost the FPV Congressmen and Senators by way of defections This put an end to the Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector though it cost Cobos influence within the Kirchner s administration Despite of the cold relation between Cobos and Cristina since that event he completed his term as vice president A poll result published in El País Spain s most widely circulated daily newspaper revealed that following the protests Fernández s approval rating had "plummeted" from at the start of her administration to an unprecedented Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in a demonstration in Plaza de Mayo square Buenos Aires Once recovered from the conflict with agrarian interests Fernández de Kirchner s job approval ratings rose by Poliarquía August Her inflexible handling of the protests and reluctance to review the policies that sparked the protest have led to speculation that her late husband predecessor in office and leader of the Justicialist Party Néstor Kirchner controlled her administration The British weekly newspaper The Economist has described this situation as Kirchner "paying the price for her husband s pig headedness" On October Fernández proposed the transfer of nearly US billion in private pension holdings to the social security system a law that was passed by Congress in late November President Cristina Kirchner is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development Other protests edit In labor leader and Secretary General of the CGT Hugo Moyano organized a protest at Plaza de Mayo with people requesting the abolition of capital gains tax people took part in a cacerolazo against Kirchner Several other political scandals came to light in such as the liberation of sentenced prisoners for government organized demonstrations political advocacy of The Cámpora at elementary and high schools and the creation of paramilitary units in Jujuy led by Milagro Sala citation needed More than people in many cities of the country took part in a protest against Kirchner in September the protest was followed by a protest of the gendarmeria and another of the CTA The largest demonstration was the N which took place on November Buenos Aires and La Plata suffered floods in April with more than deaths Mayor Mauricio Macri pointed that the national government prevents the city from taking international loans which did not allow for infrastructure improvements A week later Kirchner announced an amendment of the Argentine judiciary Three bills were controversial the first proposes to limit the injunctions against the state the second to include people selected in national elections at the body that appoints or accuses judges and the third to create a new court that would limit the number of cases treated by the Supreme Court The opposition considered that those bills attempt to control the judiciary The season of the investigative journalism program Periodismo para todos revealed an ongoing case of political corruption named "The Route of the K Money" which generated a huge political controversy Both things led to a huge cacerolazo on April known as the A Corruption scandals edit During the first days of Fernández s presidency Argentina s relations with the United States deteriorated as a result of allegations made by an Assistant United States Attorney of illegal campaign contributions in a case known as the maletinazo suitcase scandal According to these allegations Venezuelan agents tried to pressure Venezuelan American citizen Guido Antonini Wilson to lie about the origin of US in cash found in his suitcase on August at a Buenos Aires airport U S prosecutors allege the money was sent to help Kirchner s presidential campaign Fernández de Kirchner and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez called the allegations "a trashing operation" and part of a conspiracy orchestrated by the US to divide Latin American nations On December she restricted the US ambassador s activities and limited his meetings to Foreign Ministry officials a treatment reserved for hostile countries in the opinion of a former US Assistant Secretary of State However on January in a special meeting with Kirchner the US Ambassador to Argentina Earl Anthony Wayne clarified that the allegations "were never made by the United States government" saying that the prosecutors making the charges are part of the independent judicial branch of the US government and the dispute cooled down Elisa Carrió and María Estenssoro both high ranking members of the main opposition parties have claimed that the Argentine government s response to the allegations and its criticism of the US are a "smokescreen" that the US involvement in the affair was merely symptomatic


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kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

and the root cause of the scandal is corruption in the Argentine and Venezuelan governments Allegations of impropriety have contributed increasingly to the Kirchners decline in approval The couple s own latest federal financial disclosure in July revealed an increase in their personal assets by seven times since Néstor Kirchner s inauguration The increase was partly the product of land deals in El Calafate a scenic Santa Cruz Province town where the couple had long vacationed and owned property including acres km of land and two hotels Following charges of embezzlement filed by a local attorney Enrique Piragini on October Federal Judge Norberto Oyarbide ordered an accounting expert to investigate the origin of the Kirchners wealth Public records show that since their arrival to power in the declared assets of the Kirchners increased by A preliminary report on the investigation by the Argentine Anti Corruption Office OA established that the official figures provided by the Kirchners "don t stack up" The investigation was suspended by Judge Oyarbide on December though a week later Piragini appealed the ruling The Vice President Amado Boudou got involved in a political scandal suspected of favoring the Ciccone currency printing business Fernández s net worth increase has been subject to controversy She claims that her net worth has been influenced by her successful law firm Fernandez net worth dropped in because percent of Kirchner s assets were inherited by his sons after Nestor s death The firm Hotesur which belongs to Cristina Kirchner manages her hotels in El Calafate The deputy Margarita Stolbizer pointed that it had not paid taxes in years that there are no people at its legal address and that it did not report its annual balances or its currect authorities to the IGJ as all such firms are expected to do Those hotels are hired by the businessman Lázaro Báez who makes public works but the rooms stay empty most of the time Báez is in turn accused of money laundering in The Route of the K Money scandal The IGJ had not requested Hotesur to fix its situation and refuses since to provide information about it to the press Human rights edit On October Fernández de Kirchner proposed the compulsory submission of DNA samples in cases related to the dirty war in a move lauded by the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo but excoriated by opposition figures as a political move against Clarín Media Group Chairperson Ernestina Herrera de Noble who is in litigation over the Noble siblings case and whose previous cordial relations with Kirchnerism had recently soured Relationship with the media edit See also Relation of Kirchnerism with the press Kirchner holding a Clarín newspaperIt is estimated that the Kirchner government controls nearly of the Argentine media either directly or indirectly TV Pública Digital the state owned TV channel was turned into a government propaganda vehicle Soccer broadcasting was nationalized in the program Fútbol para todos and then filled with pro government advertisements On the other hand the Clarín group publishes the Clarín newspaper the largest selling one in the country which is not aligned with them The Kirchner government made a campaign against the Clarín group which included over legal and administrative acts of harassment as reported by the Global Editors Network One of those actions was a selective use of state advertising to benefit the media aligned with the government The government tries to enforce a controversial media law that would force Clarín to sell most of the assets and lose licences The law was initially sanctioned as a competition law for the media but critics point out that it is only used to further the campaign against Clarín The government had little interest to enforce measures of the law that were not related to Clarín Clarín launched a constitutional challenge on some articles of the law at the judiciary and the government released an advertisement against Clarín claiming that they refused to obey the law and that they may be subverting democracy The conflict even led to disputes with the judiciary as the minister Julio Alak said that benefiting Clarín with an extended injunction during the trial would be an insurrection and it was rumored that judges that did not rule as the government wanted may face impeachment Cristina Kirchner claims that journalistic objectivity does not exist and that all journalists act on behalf of certain interests She also justified the lack of press conferences arguing that it is not important for her administration She announced in December that she would use the emergency population warning on a daily basis during the prime time to inform about ongoing events Anthony Mills deputy director of the International Press Institute compared the harassment against the press in Argentina with the cases of Venezuela and Ecuador He considered unfortunate that the president disparaged journalism and pointed that the freedom of the press may be declining in Argentina midterm elections edit Following the June mid term elections the ruling FPV s party list lost its absolute majority in both houses of Congress shedding a further seats in the Lower House including allies and in the Senate They lost in the four most important electoral districts home to of Argentines and among these the loss was narrow only in the Province of Buenos Aires The FPV obtained a very narrow victory overall as a percentage of the national vote and retained their plurality in Congress which was reflected in strengthened opposition alliances notably the center right Unión Pro the centrist Civic Coalition and the left wing Proyecto Sur when elected candidates in both chambers took office on December midterm elections edit The Front for Victory had plans for a new re election of Cristina Kirchner in which would require an amendment to the constitution of Argentina Cristina Kirchner never commented on those plans herself which were always proposed by other politicians from her party Although the Front for Victory had the majority in both houses of the Congress since it did not have the supermajority required for such an amendment Sergio Massa mayor of Tigre and a former chief of cabinet of Cristina Kirchner was the main opposition figure Argentina lacked a big opposition party since the collapse of the Radical Civic Union in Massa created instead an alternative party that also stood for Peronism Foreign policy edit She said in a speech at the United Nations that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant jihadist group may be trying to kill her and later that there could be a conspiracy against her led by US Elisa Carrió dismissed such threats as mere conspiracy theories In her speech she accused the "vulture funds" of destabilizing the economy of the countries and called them "economic terrorists" Latin America edit Cristina Kirchner with fellow presidents of the Mercosur In March Fernández de Kirchner made an historic amends trip to Peru a country with whom relations had been adversely affected following the Carlos Menem administration s illegal sale of weapons to Ecuador in the s unreliable source On April she was invited to the bicentenary of the independence celebrations in Venezuela where she was the main speaker in front of the National Assembly She signed trade agreements with Venezuela relating to food technology and energy On September she hosted the UNASUR presidents emergency summit at Buenos Aires due to the Ecuador crisis She then began an official visit to Germany the next day in order to participate as a Guest of Honor at the Frankfurt Book Fair and meet Chancellor Angela Merkel In October she inaugurated the Three News Agencies World Congress held in Bariloche United States edit Fernández received a visit of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in Buenos Aires where she received great support for the way her administration was managing its foreign debt and emphasized the positive relationship between the two countries something which was not reported by local major news media She also had a major dispute with the United States after seizing an American military airplane accusing the U S of smuggling in undeclared firearms surveillance equipment and morphine for ulterior motives United Kingdom edit On February British oil explorer Desire Petroleum started drilling exploration wells some kilometres mi north of the disputed Falkland Islands despite strong opposition from Argentina which took the issue to the Latin America and Caribbean presidents summit where it received unanimous support According to geological surveys carried out in there could be billion barrels × ^ m of oil in the area around the islands but the initial drilling produced poor results As a result Desire s share price plummeted and the company announced further drilling could begin later in Middle East edit Her administration sought to increase bilateral relations with Angola and Iran Since there is suspected Iranian involvement in the AMIA bombing Kirchner s relations with the Argentine Jewish community deteriorated Fernández gave her United Nations General Assembly speech where she again criticized Britain over the Falklands Malvinas issue and Iran for the AMIA bombing while giving her support for an Israeli Palestinian dialogue and an eventual Palestinian state Argentina signed an accord with Iran in relation to the Amia bombing According to it the Iranian suspects will be interrogated in Iran under Iranian law Not all suspects would be interrogated but only those with a "red alert" arrest order from Interpol This accord was rejected by the opposition parties and the Jewish community who deemed it unconstitutional In Alberto Nisman was appointed as a special prosecutor in charge of the AMIA bombing investigation in which people were killed He produced an indictment for seven Iranian officials including a former Iranian President and Hezbollah s senior military commander In Kirchner signed a deal establishing a “truth commission” permitting Argentine judges to travel to Tehran and interview the suspects On January Nisman accused the President of engaging in a criminal conspiracy to bury the AMIA case On January Nisman died Initially Kirchner declared his death a suicide but reversed herself days later saying that Nisman had been murdered in a conspiracy to frame her Most of Argentina believes that Nisman was murdered and half the country believes that Kirchner s government was involved China edit In July she traveled to the People s Republic of China with the goal of strengthening the strategic partnership between the two countries In during a trip to China she tweeted a message replacing the letter r with the letter l so as to write in Spanish "lice and petloleum " instead of rice and petroleum seemingly mocking the accent of the Chinese hosts Another message was released shortly afterwards apologising for the initial message Cabinet edit This section requires expansion January On November the president elect publicly announced the names of her new cabinet which was sworn in on December Of the ministers appointed seven were already ministers in Néstor Kirchner s government while the other five took office for the first time Three other ministries were created afterwards Source Chief of Cabinet and Ministers of Cristina Kirchner s Government Office Name Term Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers Alberto Fernández Sergio Massa Aníbal Fernández Juan M Abal Medina Jr Jorge Capitanich Aníbal Fernández Dec – Jul Jul – Jul Jul – Dec Dec – Nov Nov – Feb Feb incumbent Ministry of Interior and Transport Florencio Randazzo Dec – incumbent Ministry of Foreign Affairs International Trade and Worship Chancellor Jorge Taiana Héctor Timerman Dec – Jun Jun – incumbent Ministry of Defense Nilda Garré Arturo Puricelli Agustín Rossi Dec – Dec Dec – Jun Jun – incumbent Ministry of Economy Martín Lousteau Carlos Fernández Amado Boudou Hernán Lorenzino Axel Kicillof Dec – Apr Apr – Jul Jul – Dec Dec – Nov Nov – incumbent Ministry of Federal Planning Public Investment and Services Julio de Vido Dec – incumbent Ministry of Justice and Human Rights Aníbal Fernández Julio Alak Dec – Jul Jul – incumbent Ministry of Security Nilda Garré Arturo Puricelli María Cecilia Rodríguez Dec – Jun Jun – Dec Dec – incumbent Ministry of Work Labour and Social Security Carlos Tomada Dec – incumbent Ministry of Health and Environment Graciela Ocaña Juan Luis Manzur Daniel Gollán Dec – Jun Jul – Feb Feb incumbent Ministry of Social Development Alicia Kirchner de Mercado Dec – incumbent Ministry of Education Juan Carlos Tedesco Starting in Forbes magazine has made a list of the most powerful women in the world It is edited by Forbes journalists including Moira Forbes and based on visibility and economic impact Leading the table ten times in the last ten years Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany is understood to be the world s most powerful woman Contents top selection top selection top selection top selection top selection top selection top selection top selection top selection top selection top selection top selection See also References External links top selection edit Angela Merkel Hillary Clinton Melinda Gates Christine Lagarde Dilma Rousseff Michelle Obama Park Geun hye Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Ana Patricia Botín Individual Office Position Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Hillary Clinton Presidential candidate of the United States Melinda Gates Co founder of the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation Janet Yellen Chair of the Federal Reserve of the United States Mary Barra CEO of General Motors Christine Lagarde Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund Dilma Rousseff President of Brazil Sheryl Sandberg COO of Facebook Susan Wojcicki CEO of YouTube Michelle Obama First Lady of the United States Park Geun hye President of South Korea Oprah Winfrey Television personality and businesswoman Virginia Rometty CEO of IBM Meg Whitman CEO of Hewlett Packard Indra Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo Cristina Fernández de Kirchner President of Argentina Irene Rosenfeld CEO of Mondelez International Ana Patricia Botín CEO of Santander Group Abigail Johnson CEO of Fidelity Investments Marillyn Hewson CEO of Lockheed Martin Beyoncé Knowles Singer songwriter Marissa Mayer CEO of Yahoo Helen Clark Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme Safra Catz Co CEO of Oracle Angela Ahrendts Senior Vice President of Retail and Online Sales of Apple Inc Ellen Kullman CEO of DuPont Michele Bachelet President of Chile Anna Wintour Editor in chief of Vogue Ursula Burns CEO of Xerox Arundhati Bhattacharya Chairperson of State Bank of India Sri Mulyani Indrawati Managing director of World Bank Group Ruth Porat CFO of Google Peng Lei Co founder of Alibaba Group Loretta Lynch United States Attorney General Chanda Kochhar CEO of ICICI Bank Federica Mogherini European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Gina Rinehart Chairperson of Hancock Prospecting Nancy Pelosi Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Adena Friedman Co president of NASDAQ OMX Group Ewa Kopacz Prime Minister of Poland Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom Lubna al Qasimi Minister of Foreign Trade of the United Arab Emirates Ho Ching Spouse of the Prime Minister of Singapore Laurene Powell Jobs Widow of Steve Jobs Former CEO of Apple Renée James President of Intel Drew Gilpin Faust President of Harvard University Ertharin Cousin Executive director of the World Food Programme Ngozi Okonjo Iweala Finance Minister of Nigeria Samantha Power United States Ambassador to the United Nations Ellen DeGeneres Television personality top selection edit Individual Office Position Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Janet Yellen Chair of the Federal Reserve of the United States Melinda Gates Co founder of the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation Dilma Rousseff President of Brazil Christine Lagarde Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund Hillary Clinton United States Secretary of State Mary Barra CEO of General Motors Michelle Obama First Lady of the United States Sheryl Sandberg COO of Facebook Virginia Rometty CEO of IBM Park Geun hye President of South Korea Susan Wojcicki CEO of YouTube Indra Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo Oprah Winfrey Television personality Irene Rosenfeld CEO of Mondelez International Graça Foster CEO of Petrobras Beyoncé Knowles Singer songwriter Marissa Mayer CEO of Yahoo Cristina Fernández de Kirchner President of Argentina Meg Whitman CEO of Hewlett Packard Marillyn Hewson CEO of Lockheed Martin Ursula Burns CEO of Xerox Helen Clark Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme Safra Catz Co CEO of Oracle Michelle Bachelet President of Chile Nancy Pelosi Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Gina Rinehart Chairperson of Hancock Prospecting Amy Pascal Co chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment Laurene Powell Jobs Widow of Steve Jobs Former CEO of Apple Margaret Chan Director General of the World Health Organization Ellen Kullman CEO of DuPont Sofía Vergara Television personality Drew Gilpin Faust President of Harvard University Abigail Johnson CEO of Fidelity Investments Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom Arundhati Bhattacharya Chairperson of State Bank of India Renée James President of Intel Sri Mulyani Indrawati Managing Director of the World Bank Group Anna Wintour Editor in chief of Vogue Joyce Banda President of Malawi Wu Yajun CEO of Longfor Properties Bonnie Hammer CEO of NBCUniversal Cable Chanda Kochhar CEO of ICICI Bank Ngozi Okonjo Iweala Finance Minister of Nigeria Ertharin Cousin Executive director of the World Food Programme Ellen DeGeneres Television personality Sheikh Hasina Prime Minister of Bangladesh Amy Hood CFO of Microsoft Angela Ahrendts Senior Vice President of Retail and Online Sales of Apple Inc Angelina Jolie Actress top selection edit Individual Office Position Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany

Dilma Rousseff President of Brazil Melinda Gates Co founder of the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation Hillary Clinton United States Secretary of State Michelle Obama First Lady of the United States Sheryl Sandberg COO of Facebook Christine Lagarde Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund Janet Napolitano United States Secretary of Homeland Security Sonia Gandhi Chairperson of the National Advisory Council Indra Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo Park Geun hye President of South Korea Virginia Rometty CEO of IBM Oprah Winfrey Television personality Ursula Burns CEO of Xerox Meg Whitman CEO of Hewlett Packard Gina Rinehart Chairperson of Hancock Prospecting Beyoncé Knowles Singer songwriter Graça Foster CEO of Petrobras Jill Abramson Executive editor of The New York Times Irene Rosenfeld CEO of Mondelez International top selection edit Individual Office Position Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Hillary Clinton United States Secretary of State Dilma Rousseff President of Brazil Melinda Gates Co founder of the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation Jill Abramson Executive editor of The New York Times Sonia Gandhi Chairperson of the National Advisory Council Michelle Obama First Lady of the United States Christine Lagarde Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund Janet Napolitano United States Secretary of Homeland Security Sheryl Sandberg COO of Facebook Jaya lalitha Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu top selection edit Individual Office Position Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Hillary Clinton United States Secretary of State Dilma Rousseff President of Brazil Indra Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo Sheryl Sandberg COO of Facebook Melinda Gates Co founder of the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation Sonia Gandhi Chairperson of the National Advisory Council Michelle Obama First Lady of the United States Christine Lagarde Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund Irene Rosenfeld CEO of Mondelez International top selection edit Individual Office Position Michelle Obama First Lady of the United States Irene Rosenfeld CEO of Mondelez International Oprah Winfrey Television personality Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Hillary Clinton United States Secretary of State Indra Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo Lady Gaga Singer songwriter Gail Kelly CEO of Westpac Beyoncé Knowles Singer songwriter Ellen DeGeneres Television personality top selection edit Individual Office Position Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Sheila Bair Chairperson of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Indra Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo Cynthia Carroll CEO of Anglo American Ho Ching Spouse of the Prime Minister of Singapore Irene Rosenfeld CEO of Mondelez International Ellen Kullman CEO of DuPont Angela Braly CEO of WellPoint Anne Lauvergeon CEO of Areva Lynn Elsenhans CEO of Sunoco top selection edit Individual Office Position Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Sheila Bair Chairperson of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Indra Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo Angela Braly CEO of WellPoint Cynthia Carroll CEO of Anglo American Irene Rosenfeld CEO of Mondelez International Condoleezza Rice United States Secretary of State Ho Ching Spouse of the Prime Minister of Singapore Anne Lauvergeon CEO of Areva Anne Mulcahy CEO of Xerox top selection edit Individual Office Position Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Wu Yi Vice Premier of China Ho Ching Spouse of the Prime Minister of Singapore Condoleezza Rice United States Secretary of State Indra Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo Sonia Gandhi Former chairperson of the National Advisory Council Cynthia Carroll CEO of Anglo American Patricia Woertz CEO of Archer Daniels Midland Irene Rosenfeld CEO of Mondelez International Patricia Russo CEO of Alcatel Lucent top selection edit Individual Office Position Carly Fiorina born Cara Carleton Sneed September is a former businesswoman and CEO an American Republican politician and candidate for president in the United States presidential election Fiorina currently chairs the non profit philanthropic organization Good In Fiorina started at AT T as a management trainee and rose through the ranks to become the company s first female executive officer In Fiorina led corporate operations for AT T s equipment and technology spin off Lucent Technologies As chief executive officer of Hewlett Packard HP from to she was the first woman to lead a top company as ranked by Fortune magazine In Fiorina oversaw what was then the largest technology sector merger in history in which HP acquired rival personal computer manufacturer Compaq The transaction made HP the world s largest seller of personal computers HP subsequently laid off U S employees By HP s total number of both U S and non U S employees including roughly employees of companies acquired by HP after was around the same number as the pre merger number of employees at HP and Compaq combined On February the HP board of directors forced Fiorina to resign as chief executive officer and chair After leaving HP Fiorina served on the boards of several organizations and was an adviser to Republican Senator John McCain s presidential campaign In she won the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in California but lost the general election to incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer On May she announced her candidacy for the Republican nomination in the U S presidential election as the only woman running for the Republican nomination Contents Early life and education Business career AT T and Lucent Hewlett Packard HP Hiring Separating Agilent Technologies from HP and proposed PWC acquisition Compaq merger Allegations of sales to Iran despite sanctions Providing HP servers to the NSA Changes to HP culture iPod HP Layoffs Forced resignation Business leadership image Transition of career and public persona Autobiography Other organizational involvement Philanthropy and nonprofit work Good The One Woman Initiative Opportunity International Fiorina Foundation Political career Republican National Committee fundraising chair and campaign Defense Business Board and Central Intelligence Agency U S Senate candidacy for California Unlocking Potential Project PAC American Conservative Union Foundation and CPAC U S presidential campaign Political positions Abortion Climate change Drugs Education Foreign and military policy Health care Immigration LGBT issues Maternity leave Minimum wage Net neutrality Government regulation Taxes and spending Technology employees Personal life Bibliography See also References Further reading External links Early life and education edit Fiorina was born on September in Austin Texas the daughter of Madelon Montross née Juergens and Joseph Tyree Sneed III The name "Carleton" from which "Carly" is derived has been used in every generation of the Sneed family since the Civil War At the time of her birth Fiorina s father was a professor at the University of Texas School of Law He would later become dean of Duke University School of Law Deputy U S Attorney General and judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Her mother was an abstract painter She is mainly of English and German ancestry and was raised Episcopalian Fiorina attended Channing School in London She later attended five different high schools including one in Ghana graduating from Charles E Jordan High School in Durham North Carolina At one time she aspired to be a classical pianist She received a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy and medieval history at Stanford University in During her summers she worked as a secretary for Kelly Services She attended the UCLA School of Law in but dropped out after one semester and worked as a receptionist for six months at a real estate firm Marcus Millichap moving up to a broker position before leaving for Bologna Italy where she taught English Fiorina received a Master of Business Administration in marketing from the Robert H Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland College Park in She obtained a Master of Science in management at the MIT Sloan School of Management under the Sloan Fellows program in Business career edit AT T and Lucent edit Fiorina in See also Lucent Technologies In Fiorina joined AT T as a management trainee selling telephone services to big federal agencies In she became the company s first female officer as senior vice president overseeing the company s hardware and systems division eventually heading its North American operations In Fiorina led corporate operations for Lucent Technologies Inc a spin off from AT T of its Western Electric and Bell Labs divisions into a new company In that capacity she reported to Lucent chief executive Henry B Schacht She played a key role in planning and implementing the initial public offering of a successful stock and company launch strategy The spin off became one of the most successful IPOs in U S history raising US billion Later in Fiorina was appointed president of Lucent s consumer products sector In she was named group president for Lucent s US billion global service provider business overseeing marketing and sales for the company s largest customer segment That year Fiorina chaired a US billion joint venture between Lucent s consumer communications and Royal Philips Electronics under the name Philips Consumer Communications PCC In the edition of October of Fortune magazine Fiorina was named "The Most Powerful Woman in American Business" Lucent added jobs and revenues grew from US billion to US billion and the company s market share increased in every region for every product According to Fortune magazine Lucent increased sales by lending money to their own customers writing that "In a neat bit of accounting magic money from the loans began to appear on Lucent s income statement as new revenue while the dicey debt got stashed on its balance sheet as an allegedly solid asset" Lucent s stock price grew fold Hewlett Packard HP edit Hiring edit Fiorina as CEO and Chair of the Board of Hewlett Packard August In July Hewlett Packard Company named Fiorina chief executive officer succeeding Lewis Platt and prevailing over the internal candidate Ann Livermore Matthew Boyle of Fortune magazine said of Fiorina s hiring as HP s first woman CEO that "Carly Fiorina didn t just break the glass ceiling she obliterated it as the first woman to lead a FORTUNE company " Writing in Fortune magazine in August Jeffrey Sonnenfeld described the hiring as the result of "a dysfunctional HP board committee filled with its own poisoned politics hired her with no CEO experience nor interviews with the full board " Fiorina received a larger signing offer than any of her predecessors including US million in restricted stock to compensate her for the Lucent stock and options she left behind a US million signing bonus a US million annual salary plus a US –US million annual bonus US in mortgage assistance a relocation allowance and permission and encouragement to use company planes for personal affairs Separating Agilent Technologies from HP and proposed PWC acquisition edit Although the decision to spin off the company s technical equipment division pre dated her arrival one of her first major responsibilities as chief executive was overseeing the separation of the unit into the stand alone Agilent Technologies Fiorina proposed the acquisition of the technology services arm of PricewaterhouseCoopers for almost US billion but withdrew the bid after a lackluster reception from Wall Street Following the collapse of the dot com bubble the PwC consulting arm was acquired by IBM for less than US billion HP later acquired Electronic Data Systems another technology services company which some considered a validation of Fiorina s strategy Compaq merger edit In early September in the wake of the bursting of the Tech Bubble Fiorina announced the acquisition of PC maker Compaq with US billion in stock which at the time was the second largest producer of personal computers after Dell HP stock traded down by on the news of the merger The Compaq merger created the world s largest personal computer manufacturer in terms of units shipped Fiorina was frequently at odds with HP s board of directors and she had to fight with the board for the merger Walter Hewlett the son of company co founder William Hewlett was a source of particularly strong opposition Hewlett originally voted with the other board members to approve the Compaq deal but he later changed his mind He launched a proxy fight against Fiorina s efforts which Fiorina won with a "razor thin margin" of of the shareholders with the institutional shareholders providing the bulk of the support Fiorina was supported in the proxy battle by other board members including Richard Hackborn Philip M Condit George A Keyworth II and Robert Knowling Fiorina proceeded to reorganize HP and merge the parts of it that she kept with Compaq The merger was met initially with almost universal skepticism The February issue of Fortune described her merger plan as "failing" and the prognosis as "doubtful" Business professor Robert Burgelman and former HP executive vice president Webb McKinney who led HP s post merger integration team analyzed the merger and concluded that it was ultimately successful In former acting CEO of Compaq Ben Rosen stated that although Fiorina lacked the skills to run the merged company her successors made it work HP was able to integrate Compaq s operations and emerge as the world s largest seller of personal computers The industry soon fell into decline leading to further difficulties for the company HP eventually wrote off US billion from the acquisition as the personal computer market declined Looking back a New York Times article described it as "one of the more questionable deals of the time " Allegations of sales to Iran despite sanctions edit See also Hewlett Packard § Sales to Iran despite sanctions In prior to Fiorina s joining the company HP s Dutch subsidiary formed a partnership with a company in Dubai Redington Gulf which sold HP s products in Iran Under Fiorina s leadership at HP the company sold millions of dollars worth of printers and computer products to Iran through the foreign subsidiary while U S export sanctions were in effect After the story was initially reported by The Boston Globe in the SEC sent a letter of inquiry to HP who responded that products worth US million were sold in fiscal arguing that the sales did not violate export sanctions because they were made through a foreign subsidiary According to former officials who worked on sanctions HP was using a loophole by routing their sales through a foreign subsidiary HP ended its relationship with Redington Gulf after the SEC inquiry Providing HP servers to the NSA edit In a September interview with Michael Isikoff Fiorina said that in the weeks following the September terrorist attacks in she received a phone call from Michael Hayden then the director of the National Security Agency asking her assistance in providing HP computer servers to the NSA for expanded surveillance Hayden confirmed that he had made the request for HP servers as part of Stellar Wind a NSA warrantless surveillance program but the details were not revealed to Fiorina at the time Fiorina "acknowledged she complied with Hayden s request redirecting trucks of HP computer servers that were on their way to retail stores from a warehouse in Tennessee to the Washington Beltway where they were escorted by NSA security" to the agency s Fort Meade headquarters In Fiorina said "I felt it was my duty to help and so we did " adding "They were ramping up a whole set of programs and needed a lot of data crunching capability to try and monitor a whole set of threats What I knew at the time was our nation had been attacked " Hayden also requested that Fiorina provide advice to the agency "on how the CIA could maintain its undercover espionage mission in a culture of increasing government leaks and demands for greater public accountability and openness " According to Fiorina she advised the agency to be "as transparent as possible about as much as possible" Changes to HP culture edit Fiorina s predecessor at HP had pushed for an outsider to replace him because he believed that the company had become complacent and that consensus driven decision making was inhibiting the company s growth Fiorina instituted three major changes shortly after her arrival replacing profit sharing with bonuses awarded if the company met financial expectations a reduction in operating units from to and consolidating back office functions Fiorina faced a backlash among HP employees and the tech community for her leading role in the demise of HP s egalitarian "The HP Way" work culture and guiding philosophy which she felt hindered innovation Because of changes to HP s culture and requests for voluntary pay cuts to prevent layoffs subsequently followed by the largest layoffs in HP s history employee satisfaction surveys at HP—previously among the highest in America—revealed "widespread unhappiness" and distrust and Fiorina was sometimes booed at company meetings and attacked on HP s electronic bulletin board According to The Fiscal Times Fiorina and others have argued that she "laid the groundwork for some of HP s progress under her successors" and that she shook the culture at HP so that it could compete in the Internet Age iPod HP edit Main article iPod HP In January Fiorina announced an agreement with Apple founder Steve Jobs for the iPod HP — a co branded iPod sold through HP s retail channels As part of the agreement HP was forbidden from selling a competitor to the iPod until August and HP agreed to pre install iTunes on every computer sold Two days before Fiorina announced the HP iPod Jobs announced a new product the iPod mini catching Fiorina off guard HP did not sell the newer versions of the iPod in a timely fashion leaving them to sell an outdated device for several months In addition Apple began selling its own iPods through the same retail channels As a result at the peak of the program iPod HP sales represented only a small portion of total iPod sales In July soon after Fiorina resigned as CEO her successor Mark Hurd ended HP s agreement with Apple within days of taking office a "highly symbolic decision" that was well received as a return to innovation by HP Steven Levy writing in on the agreement wrote that "Steve Jobs blithely mugged her and HP s shareholders By getting Fiorina to adopt the iPod as HP s music player Jobs had effectively gotten his iTunes software installed on millions of computers for free stifled his main competitor and gotten a company that prided itself on invention to declare that Apple was a superior inventor And he lost nothing " Layoffs edit In January HP laid off marketing employees In June Fiorina asked employees to either take pay cuts or use their allotted vacation time to cut additional costs resulting in more than people signing up and saving HP US million Despite these efforts from employees in July Fiorina announced that jobs would be cut the biggest reduction in the company s year history but those cuts would not actually occur until after the Compaq merger was announced In September Fiorina said she intended to cut an additional jobs in the event of a merger with Compaq In all Fiorina laid off U S employees According to PolitiFact those layoffs were "as a result of the merger with Compaq " By the number of HP employees was about the same as the pre merger total of HP and Compaq combined and that number included roughly employees of other companies acquired by HP since Altogether under Fiorina s leadership HP had a net gain of employees including employees from mergers as well as hires in countries outside the United States In when Fiorina became CEO of HP the company had employees After the merger with Compaq the company had a total of employees worldwide At the time of her resignation in after HP had acquired several other companies HP had about employees Forced resignation edit HP s revenue doubled and the rate of patent filings increased due to mergers with Compaq and other companies during Fiorina s stint as CEO In addition HP s cash flow increased by to around billion However the company underperformed by a number of other metrics there were no gains in HP s net income despite a gain in net income of the S P over this period the company s debt rose from US billion to US billion and its stock price fell by exceeding declines in the S P Information Technology Sector index and the NASDAQ By contrast stock prices for IBM and Dell fell by and respectively during this time The Compaq acquisition was not as transformative as Fiorina and the board had envisioned in the merger proxy they had forecasted that the PC division of the merged entities would generate an operating margin of in while the actual figure was in that year and in In HP fell dramatically short of its predicted third quarter earnings and Fiorina fired three executives during a AM telephone call In early January the Hewlett Packard board of directors discussed with Fiorina a list of issues that the board had regarding the company s performance and disappointing earning reports The board proposed a plan to shift her authority to HP division heads which Fiorina resisted strongly A week after the meeting the confidential plan was leaked to the Wall Street Journal According to BusinessWeek s Ben Elgin directors were also concerned about the board s inability to work effectively with Fiorina Less than a month later the board brought back Tom Perkins and forced Fiorina to resign as chair and chief executive officer of the company The company s stock jumped percent on news of her departure adding almost three billion dollars to the value of HP in a single day In her book Tough Choices she referred to board members behavior as "amateurish and immature" Larry Sonsini who investigated the leak related to Fiorina s forced resignation described the board in his report to Fiorina as being "dysfunctional " In Loren Steffy of The Houston Chronicle suggested that the EDS acquisition after Fiorina s tenure was evidence that her failed plan to acquire part of Pricewaterhouse Coopers was justified Under the company s agreement with Fiorina which was characterized as a golden parachute by Time magazine and Yahoo Finance Fiorina received a severance package valued at US million which consisted of times her annual salary plus bonus and the balance from accelerated vesting of stock options According to Fortune magazine Fiorina collected over US million in compensation during her short tenure at HP Business leadership image edit In Fiorina was named by Fortune Magazine the most powerful woman in business a position she held for five years In she was included in the Time ranking of "most influential people in the world today" and named tenth on the Forbes list of The World s Most Powerful Women In the Wall Street Journal described Fiorina as the epitome of "an alluring controversial new breed of chief executive officers who combine grand visions with charismatic but self centered and demanding styles" The same year Wharton School of Business professor Michael Useem opined "Fiorina scored high on leadership style but she failed to execute strategy" Following her forced resignation from HP several commentators ranked Fiorina as one of the worst American or tech CEOs of all time In InfoWorld grouped her with a list of products and ideas that flopped declaring that her tenure as CEO of HP was the sixth worst tech flop of all time and characterizing her as the "anti Steve Jobs" for reversing the goodwill of "geeks" and alienating existing customers During Fiorina s tenure as CEO HP leased or purchased five planes including two Gulfstream IVs to replace four aging aircraft only one of which had the range to fly overseas One Gulfstream IV acquired at a cost of US million and available for Fiorina s "exclusive" use became a rallying point among HP employees who complained of Fiorina s expensive self promotion and top down managerial style during a time of company layoffs Jeffrey Sonnenfeld of Yale School of Management said in August that problems with Fiorina s leadership style were what caused HP to lose half its value during her tenure Others have defended her business leadership decisions and viewed the Compaq merger as successful over the long term Transition of career and public persona edit Autobiography edit In October Fiorina published an autobiography entitled Tough Choices about her career and her views on issues what constitutes a leader how women can thrive in business and the role technology will continue to play in reshaping the world A review by NPR Books noted that "The book covers Fiorina s rise and fall as America s most powerful female executive " Earlier books by others about Fiorina s role in the merger at HP included Backfire by Peter Burrows and Perfect Enough Carly Fiorina and the Reinvention of Hewlett Packard by George Anders A review by The New York Times of these books said "Two new books about the deal and its main champion—Hewlett Packard s chair and chief executive officer Carly Fiorina—show that there is much investors can glean immediately from this merger " Other organizational involvement edit In October Fiorina signed with the Fox Business Network as a business commentator After resigning from HP Fiorina served on the board of Revolution Health Group and computer security company Cybertrust in In she became a member of the board of directors for chip maker Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company TSMC but resigned from that board on November with the company saying this was "because she planned to devote her full time and energy" to her Senate campaign She had attended of the TSMC directors meetings in and of TSMC directors meetings in She served as a member of the MIT Corporation from to She was a member of the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum WEF in She is an honorary fellow of the London Business School In July Governor Bob McDonnell of Virginia appointed her to the James Madison University Board of Visitors Fiorina is the chair and CEO of Carly Fiorina Enterprises a business and charitable foundation A spokesperson described Fiorina Enterprises as " a nonprofit enterprise that helped Fiorina structure speaking engagements and appearances while providing the public with information about her activities " The San Francisco Chronicle reported that as of July she had "never registered her Carly Fiorina Enterprises to conduct business in California either with the California secretary of state or the clerk of Santa Clara County where Fiorina lives " Philanthropy and nonprofit work edit Good edit In April Fiorina became chair of Good a c nonpartisan nonprofit organization in Alexandria Virginia which helps companies donate excess merchandise to charities Good has been consistently ranked by Forbes Magazine as one of the top most efficient charities and ranked as the rd largest charity in the United States Fiorina has stated that Good is "the largest product donation marketplace in the world We help companies take excess inventory and then distribute that excess inventory to vetted charities around this country " In September Fiorina led an effort by Good to get American corporations "to help combat the Ebola virus in West Africa – by donating specific items " As of August she continues to hold this position The One Woman Initiative edit Fiorina served as Fund Chair of One Woman Initiative OWI a partnership between the private sector and government agencies including the United States Agency for International Development USAID and the United States Department of State DoS OWI describes itself as "An International Women s Empowerment Fund" that seeks to "support existing initiatives in Muslim majority countries and countries with large Muslim populations" and "focus on key empowerment issues including entrepreneurship political leadership and the rule of law " OWI said it would raise funds in order to give grants to achieve these objectives with contributions managed through a separate section c designated organization In June USAID announced that OWI grants totaling over US had been made to grassroots organizations in Azerbaijan Egypt India Pakistan and the Philippines Opportunity International edit On February Opportunity International announced a partnership with Fiorina and OWI to provide financial resources education and training to two million women living in poverty Fiorina was referred to as Global Ambassador to Opportunity International On May Opportunity International announced that Fiorina was resigning from the Board after the announcement of her presidential candidacy Fiorina Foundation edit Fiorina is the chair and CEO of the Fiorina Foundation a charity that has donated to causes including Care a Van for Kids a transportation program to aid seriously ill children and the African Leadership Academy an educational institution in South Africa The foundation enables corporations spokeswomen entrepreneurs and philanthropists alike to address some of the world s most challenging issues according to Fiorina s Web site carlyfiorina com " The San Francisco Chronicle reported that "Records also show that her Fiorina Foundation has never registered with the Internal Revenue Service or the state attorney general s charitable trust division which tax exempt charities are required to do A spokeswoman commented that "Fiorina and her staff believed the foundation was not required to file with the IRS because it accepted no outside contributions and donated only her personal wealth to worthy causes " Political career edit Carly Fiorina at the Iowa Growth Opportunity Party at the Iowa State Fairgrounds in Des Moines Iowa October Fiorina has never held public office but said that her status as an outsider is a positive given that in her opinion professional politicians have failed to deliver to the American people stating in an interview with Fox News in that " of the American people now think we need people from outside the professional political class to serve in public office " Republican National Committee fundraising chair and campaign edit In Fiorina worked for Republican Senator John McCain s presidential campaign In early she was referred to in media sources as a potential vice presidential candidate and The New York Times noted that while she did not want to run she was an executive who could possibly become a candidate for president On March Fiorina was named fundraising chair for the Republican National Committee s "Victory" initiative She was a "point person" for the McCain campaign on issues related to business and economic affairs Fiorina s severance package from Hewlett Packard in was viewed by some as a political liability during the campaign Earlier that day she defended the selection of Sarah Palin as McCain s running mate and said that Palin was being subjected to sexist attacks a charge she repeated a few days later in response to one of the Saturday Night Live parodies of Sarah Palin When asked during a radio interview on September whether she thought Palin had the experience to run a major company like Hewlett Packard Fiorina answered "No I don t But that s not what she s running for Running a corporation is a different set of things " When questioned about her answer she answered "I don t think John McCain could run a major corporation " Fiorina further claimed that none of the candidates on either ticket had the experience to run a major corporation After media coverage of Fiorina s comments she "disappeared from public view" and planned television appearances were cancelled although she continued to chair the party s fundraising committee Referring to the McCain campaign Newsweek described Fiorina as "the most prominent surrogate on economics issues in any of the major campaigns " Political analyst Stuart Rothenberg pointed out Fiorina s downside as a vice president running mate for McCain "is rather easy to sketch out" because Fiorina would "become a talking point for Democrats" who would focus on Fiorina s severance package and her management style Rothenberg concluded that Fiorina was "like a dream come true" for Democratic opposition researchers Defense Business Board and Central Intelligence Agency edit Fiorina performed unpaid service on the Defense Business Board which looked at staffing issues among others at The Pentagon Fiorina spent two years leading the Central Intelligence Agency s External Advisory Board from to and became chair of that board when the board was first created in by then CIA director Michael Hayden during the George W Bush administration U S Senate candidacy for California edit Main article United States Senate election in California Fiorina s campaign sign during her candidacy for U S Senator from CaliforniaOn November Fiorina formally announced her candidacy in the Senate election in a bid to unseat incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer Fiorina s campaign in the Republican primary for that seat received a number