Had Bermuda not been so remote from the American coastline and the Royal Navy not enjoyed supremacy on that part of the Atlantic it would almost certainly have been the fourteenth colony to join the rebellion The close economic family and historical ties ensured Bermudians were strongly sympathetic with the rebels at the start of the War They supplied the rebels illegally with ships salt and gunpowder As the war progressed economic realities caused Bermudians to seize opportunities they turned to privateering against the Americans The end of the war however was to cause profound change in Bermuda though some of those changes would take decades to crystallise Following the war with the buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda the primary leg of the Bermudian economy became defence infrastructure Even after tourism began later in the th century Bermuda remained in the eyes of London a base more than a colony The Crown strengthened its political and economic ties to Bermuda and the colony s independence on the world stage was diminished The war had removed Bermuda s primary trading partners the American colonies from the empire and dealt a harsh blow to Bermuda s merchant shipping trade This also suffered due to the deforestation of Bermuda as well as the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion for which it did not have raw materials During the course of the following War of the primary market for Bermuda s salt disappeared as the Americans developed their own sources Control of the Turks had passed to the Bahamas in By the end of the th century except for naval and military facilities Bermuda was considered a quiet rustic backwater It had been superseded in the development of the English speaking Atlantic world Fortress Bermuda edit Main article Military of Bermuda An illustration of the Devonshire Redoubt Bermuda After the American Revolution the Royal Navy began improving the harbours In it started building the large dockyard on Ireland Island in the west of the chain to serve as its principal naval base guarding the western Atlantic Ocean shipping lanes To guard it the British Army built up a large Bermuda Garrison and heavily fortified the archipelago During the War of between Britain and the United States the British attacks on Washington D C and the Chesapeake were planned and launched from Bermuda where the headquarters of the Royal Navy s North American Station had recently been moved from Halifax Nova Scotia The harbour at St GeorgeIn James Arnold the son of Benedict Arnold fortified Bermuda s Royal Naval Dockyard against possible US attacks Today the National Museum of Bermuda which incorporates the "Maritime Museum" occupies the Keep of the Royal Naval Dockyard including the Commissioner s House and exhibits artefacts of the base s military history As a result of Bermuda s proximity to the southeastern US coast during the American Civil War Confederate States blockade runners used it as a base for runs to the South to evade Union naval vessels and deliver much needed war goods from England The old Globe Hotel in St George s which was a centre of intrigue for Confederate agents is preserved as a public museum Anglo Boer War edit During the Anglo Boer War – Boer prisoners of war were housed on five islands of Bermuda They were located according to their views of the war "Bitterenders" Afrikaans Bittereinders who refused to pledge allegiance to the British Crown were interned on Darrell s Island and closely guarded Other islands such as Morgan s Island held men including officers Tucker s Island held Boer prisoners Burt s Island and Port s Island held

The New York Times reported an attempted mutiny by Boer prisoners of war en route to Bermuda and that martial law was enacted on Darrell s Island in addition to the escape of three Boer prisoners to mainland Bermuda a young Boer soldier stowed away and sailed from Bermuda to New York on the steamship Trinidad The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne who was serving a life sentence for "conspiracy against the British government and on the charge of espionage " On the night of June Duquesne slipped out of his tent worked his way over a barbed wire fence swam miles km past patrol boats and bright spot lights through storm wracked shark infested waters using a distant lighthouse for navigation until he arrived ashore on the main island From there he escaped to the port of St George s and a week later he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore Maryland He settled in the US and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars In Col Duquesne was arrested by the FBI for leading the Duquesne Spy Ring which still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States Lord Kitchener s brother Lt Gen Sir Walter Kitchener had been the Governor of Bermuda from until his death in His son Major Hal Kitchener bought Hinson s Island with his partner Major Hemming another First World War aviator The island had formerly been part of the Boer POW camp housing teenaged prisoners from to Economic and political development edit In the early th century as modern transport and communication systems developed Bermuda became a popular destination for American Canadian and British tourists arriving by sea The United States Smoot Hawley Tariff Act enacted protective tariffs It cut off Bermuda s once thriving agricultural export trade to the US and encouraged its development of tourism as an alternative Hamilton Harbour in the mid s After several failed attempts in the first aeroplane reached Bermuda A Stinson Detroiter seaplane flying from New York it had to land twice in the ocean once because of darkness and again to refuel Navigation and weather forecasting improved in when the Royal Air Force then responsible for providing equipment and personnel for the Royal Navy s Fleet Air Arm established a station at the Royal Naval Dockyard to repair and supply replacement float planes for the fleet In Luft Hansa began to experiment with seaplane flights from Berlin via the Azores with continuation to New York City In Imperial Airways and Pan American World Airways began operating scheduled flying boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell s Island Bermuda In regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land based aeroplanes began to Kindley Field now L F Wade International Airport helping tourism to reach its peak in the s– s By the end of the s international business had supplanted tourism as the dominant sector of Bermuda s economy see Economy of Bermuda The S S Queen of Bermuda in Hamilton Harbour December January The S S Queen of Bermuda departing the island in December January The Royal Naval Dockyard and the attendant military garrison continued to be important to Bermuda s economy until the mid th century In addition to considerable building work the armed forces needed to source food and other materials from local vendors Beginning in World War II US military installations also were located in Bermuda see "Military" section below and Military of Bermuda Universal adult suffrage and the development of a two party political system occurred in the s Before universal suffrage adopted as part of Bermuda s Constitution in voting was dependent on a certain level of property ownership see "Politics" section below and Politics of Bermuda On March the Governor of Bermuda Richard Sharples was assassinated by local Black Power militants during a period of civil unrest Politics edit Main article Politics of Bermuda Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regionsThe current ruling party in Bermuda is the One Bermuda Alliance commonly referred to as the OBA They were voted into power in December after Bermuda was ruled by the Progressive Labour Party for years from to State organisation edit Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government The current governor is George Fergusson he was sworn in on May There is also a Deputy Governor currently David Arkley JP Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom which also retains responsibility to ensure good government It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory but it is the oldest British colony In a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self governance its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom the Tynwald of the Isle of Man the Althing of Iceland and Sejm of Poland Of these only Bermuda s and the Isle of Man s Tynwald have been in continuous existence since The State House the home of Bermuda s parliament between and Sessions House current home of the House of Assembly and the Supreme CourtThe Constitution of Bermuda came into force on June it was amended in and The head of government is the premier A cabinet is nominated by the premier and appointed officially by the governor The legislative branch consists of a bicameral parliament modelled on the Westminster system The Senate is the upper house consisting of members appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier and the leader of the opposition The House of Assembly or lower house has members elected by the eligible voting populace in secret ballot to represent geographically defined constituencies Elections must be called at no more than five year intervals The most recent took place on December Following this election the One Bermuda Alliance took power with Craig Cannonier succeeding Paula Cox of the Progressive Labour Party as Premier There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L F Wade International Airport The current US Consul General is Robert Settje who took office in August The United States is Bermuda s largest trading partner providing over of total imports of tourist visitors and an estimated billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance re insurance industry and an estimated of Bermuda residents are US citizens representing of all foreign born persons The American diplomatic presence is an important element in the Bermuda political landscape Role in international relations edit As a British Overseas Territory Bermuda does not have a seat in the United Nations it is represented by Britain in matters of foreign affairs To promote its economic interests abroad Bermuda maintains representative offices in cities such as London and Washington D C Bermuda s proximity to the US had made it attractive as the site for summit conferences between British Prime Ministers and US Presidents The first summit was held in December at the insistence of Prime Minister Winston Churchill to discuss relations with the Soviet Union during the Cold War Participants included Churchill US President Dwight D Eisenhower and French Premier Joseph Laniel In a second summit conference was held The British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan arrived earlier than President Eisenhower to demonstrate they were meeting on British territory as tensions were still high regarding the previous year s conflict over the Suez Canal Macmillan returned in for the third summit with President John F Kennedy The meeting was called to discuss Cold War tensions arising from construction of the Berlin Wall The most recent summit conference in Bermuda between the two powers occurred in when British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher met US President George H W Bush Direct meetings between the President of the United States and the Premier of Bermuda have been rare The most recent meeting was on June between Premier Ewart Brown and President George W Bush Prior to this the leaders of Bermuda and the United States had not met at the White House since a meeting between Premier David Saul and President Bill Clinton Bermuda has also joined several other nations in efforts to protect the Sargasso Sea Asylum offered to four former Guantánamo detainees edit Main article Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay Bermuda On June four Uyghurs who had been held in the United States Guantánamo Bay detention camp in Cuba were transferred to Bermuda The four men were among Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees who were captured in in Pakistan after fleeing the American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan They were accused of training to assist the Taliban s military They were cleared as safe for release from Guantánamo in or but US domestic law prohibited deporting them back to China their country of citizenship because the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights In September the men were cleared of all suspicion and Judge Ricardo Urbina in Washington ordered their release Congressional opposition to their admittance to the United States was very strong and the US failed to find a home for them until Bermuda and Palau agreed to accept the men in June The secret bilateral discussions that led to prisoner transfers between the US and the devolved Bermuda government sparked diplomatic ire from the United Kingdom which was not consulted on the move despite Bermuda being a British territory The British Foreign Office issued the following statement We ve underlined to the Bermuda Government that they should have consulted with the United Kingdom as to whether this falls within their competence or is a security issue for which the Bermuda Government do not have delegated responsibility We have made clear to the Bermuda Government the need for a security assessment which we are now helping them to carry out and we will decide on further steps as appropriate citation needed As of May the four Uyghurs still lived in Bermuda but they have not been given Bermudian status and remain stateless posing problems for emergency medical situations and finding certain jobs However granting them Bermudian status would require a change in Bermudian laws and the issue has prompted a major debate within Bermuda s parliament on what steps should be taken Caribbean Community edit A Bermudian passportBermuda became an associate member of the Caribbean Community CARICOM in despite not being in the Caribbean region This is a socio economic bloc of nations in or near the Caribbean Sea Other outlying member states include the Co operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname in South America along with Belize in Central America The Turks and Caicos Islands an associate member of CARICOM and the Commonwealth of The Bahamas a full member of CARICOM are in the Atlantic but near to the Caribbean Other nearby nations or territories such as the United States are not members although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status and the United States Virgin Islands announced in they would seek ties with CARICOM Bermuda at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea has little trade with and little economically in common with the region and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links Among some scholars who "the Caribbean" can be a socio historical category commonly referring to a cultural zone characterised by the legacy of slavery a characteristic Bermuda shared with the Caribbean and the US and the plantation system which did not exist in Bermuda It embraces the islands and parts of the neighbouring continent and may be extended to include the Caribbean Diaspora overseas Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK It had a history of African slavery although Britain abolished it decades before the US Since the th century there has been considerable immigration to Bermuda from the West Indies as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands Unlike immigrants from British colonies in the West Indies the latter immigrants have had greater difficulty in becoming permanent residents as they lacked British citizenship mostly spoke no English and required renewal of work permits to remain beyond an initial period From the s onwards Bermuda relaxed its immigration laws allowing increased immigration from Britain and Canada Some Black politicians accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades The PLP the party in government when the decision to join CARICOM was made has been dominated for decades by West Indians and their descendants The prominent roles of West Indians among Bermuda s black politicians and labour activists predated party politics in Bermuda as exemplified by Dr E F Gordon The late PLP leader Dame Lois Browne Evans and her Trinidadian born husband John Evans who co founded the West Indian Association of Bermuda in were prominent members of this group They have emphasised Bermuda s cultural connections with the West Indies Many Bermudians both black and white who lack family connections to the West Indies have objected to this emphasis Opinion polls conducted by Bermudian newspapers The Royal Gazette and The Bermuda Sun showed clear majorities of Bermudians to be opposed to joining CARICOM The UBP which had been in Government from to objected that joining CARICOM was detrimental to Bermuda s interests Bermuda s trade with the West Indies is negligible its primary economic partners being the US Canada and UK it has no direct air or shipping links to Caribbean islands CARICOM is moving towards a single economy which Bermuda would not be able to form part of without disastrous effects on its own economy the Caribbean islands are generally competitors to Bermuda s already ailing tourism industry and participation in CARICOM would involve considerable investment of money and the time of government officials that could more profitably be spent elsewhere v t e Foreign relations in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Military edit Main article Military of Bermuda The First Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps Contingent raised in By the war s end the two BVRC contingents had lost over of their combined strength Remembrance Day Parade Hamilton Bermuda This section does not cite any references sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December Once known as "the Gibraltar of the West" and "Fortress Bermuda" Bermuda today is defended by forces of the British government For the first two centuries of settlement the most potent armed force operating from Bermuda was its merchant shipping fleet which turned to privateering at every opportunity The Bermuda government maintained a local militia After the American Revolutionary War Bermuda was established as the Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy Once the Royal Navy established a base and dockyard defended by regular soldiers however the militias were disbanded following the War of At the end of the th century the colony raised volunteer units to form a reserve for the military garrison Main article Battle of the Atlantic Due to its isolated location in the North Atlantic Ocean Bermuda was vital to the Allies war effort during both world wars of the th century serving as a marshalling point for trans Atlantic convoys as well as a naval air base By the Second World War both the Royal Navy s Fleet Air Arm and the Royal Air Force were operating Seaplane bases on Bermuda In May the US requested base rights in Bermuda from the United Kingdom but British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was initially unwilling to accede to the American request without getting something in return In September as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement the UK granted the US base rights in Bermuda Bermuda and Newfoundland were not originally included in the agreement but both were added to it with no war material received by the UK in exchange One of the terms of the agreement was that the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK which it was for the duration of the war with RAF Transport Command relocating there from Darrell s Island in Construction began in of two airbases consisting of km sq mi of land largely reclaimed from the sea For many years Bermuda s bases were used by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines first German and later Soviet The principal installation Kindley Air Force Base on the eastern coast was transferred to the US Navy in and redesignated Naval Air Station Bermuda As a naval air station the base continued to host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island a seaplane base until the mid s was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex It provided optional anchorage and or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy US Coast Guard and NATO vessels depending on size An additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda NAVFAC Bermuda a SOSUS station was located to the west of the Annex near a Canadian Forces communications facility Although leased for years US forces withdrew in as part of the wave of base closures following the end of the Cold War Canada which had operated a war time naval base HMCS Somers Isles on the old Royal Navy base at Convict Bay St George s also established a radio listening post at Daniel s Head in the West End of the islands during this time In the s after the end of World War II the Royal Naval dockyard and the military garrison were closed A small Royal Navy supply base HMS Malabar continued to operate within the dockyard area supporting transiting Royal Navy ships and submarines until it too was closed in along with the American and Canadian bases HMS Ambuscade at the Royal Naval Dockyard Bermudians served in the British armed forces during both World War I and World War II After the latter Major General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert Bermuda s highest ranking soldier was instrumental in developing the Bermuda Regiment A number of other Bermudians and their descendants had preceded him into senior ranks including Bahamian born Admiral Lord Gambier and Bermudian born Royal Marines Brigadier Harvey When promoted to Brigadier at age following his wounding at the Anzio landings Harvey became the youngest ever Royal Marine Brigadier The Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building in Hamilton was erected in tribute to Bermuda s Great War dead the tribute was later extended to Bermuda s Second World War dead and is the site of the annual Remembrance Day commemoration Today the only military unit remaining in Bermuda other than naval and army cadet corps is the Bermuda Regiment an amalgam of the voluntary units originally formed toward the end of the th century Although the Regiment s predecessors were voluntary units the modern body is formed primarily by conscription balloted males are required to serve for three years two months part time once they turn Economy edit Main article Economy of Bermuda In the country switched its currency from the Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar which is pegged to the US dollar similar to Hong Kong US notes and coins are used interchangeably with Bermudian notes and coins within the islands for most practical purposes however banks levy an exchange rate fee for the purchase of US dollars with Bermudian dollars Bermudian notes carry the image of Queen Elizabeth II The Bermuda Monetary Authority is the issuing authority for all banknotes and coins and regulates financial institutions The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a permanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins According to the Bermuda Government s Economic Statistics Division Bermuda s GDP was billion in or per capita giving Bermuda the highest GDP per capita in the world The affordability of housing became a prominent issue during Bermuda s business peak in but has softened with the decline of Bermuda s real estate prices The CIA World Factbook lists the average cost of a house in June as while real estate agencies have claimed that this figure had risen to between million and million by though such high figures have been disputed Bermuda is an offshore financial centre which results from its minimal standards of business regulation laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income It has one of the highest consumption taxes in the world and taxes all imports in lieu of an income tax system Bermudas s consumption tax is equivalent to local income tax to local residents and funds government and infrastructure expenditures The local tax system depends upon import duties payroll taxes and consumption taxes The legal system is derived from that of the United Kingdom with recourse to English courts of final appeal Foreign private individuals cannot easily open bank accounts or subscribe to mobile phone or internet services Having no corporate income tax Bermuda is a popular tax avoidance location Google for example is known to have shifted over billion in revenue to its Bermuda subsidiary utilising the "Double Irish" and "Dutch Sandwich" tax avoidance strategies reducing its tax liability by billion Government employment off shore business and tourism are the largest sectors of Bermuda s economy However in September the Irish press reported that a growing number of companies were moving from Bermuda to Ireland as part of a search for "a more stable environment" Front Street Hamilton Large numbers of leading international insurance companies operate in Bermuda Those internationally owned and operated businesses that are physically based in Bermuda around four hundred are represented by the Association of Bermuda International Companies ABIC In total over exempted or international companies are currently registered with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda most of which hold no office space or employees There are four hundred securities listed on the stock exchange of which almost three hundred are offshore funds and alternative investment structures attracted by Bermuda s regulatory environment The Exchange specialises in listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities debt issues funds including hedge fund structures and depository receipt programmes The BSX is a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges and is located in an OECD member nation It also has Approved Stock Exchange status under Australia s Foreign Investment Fund FIF taxation rules and Designated Investment Exchange status by the UK s Financial Services Authority Four banks operate in Bermuda having consolidated total assets of billion March Tourism is Bermuda s second largest industry with the island attracting over half a million visitors annually of whom more than are from the United States Other significant sources of visitors are from Canada and the United Kingdom Tourists arrive either by cruise ship or by air at L F Wade International Airport the only airport on the island Education edit See also List of schools in Bermuda The Bermuda Education Act requires that only three categories of schools can operate in the Bermuda Education system An aided school has all or a part of its property vested in a body of trustees or board of governors and is partially maintained by public funding or since and the desegregation of schools has received a grant in aid out of public funds A maintained school has the whole of its property belonging to the Government and is fully maintained by public funds A private school not maintained by public funds and which has not since and the desegregation of schools received any capital grant in aid out of public funds The private school sector consists of six traditional private schools two of which are religious schools and the remaining four are secular with one of these being a single gender school and another a Montessori school Also within the private sector there are a number of home schools which must be registered with the government and receive minimal government regulation The only boys school opened its doors to girls in the s and in one of the aided schools became a private school Warwick Academy one of the oldest schools in the western hemisphere is in the parish of Warwick Bermuda Prior to the Bermuda school system was racially segregated When the desegregation of schools was enacted in two of the formally maintained "white" schools and both single sex schools opted to become private schools The rest became part of the public school system and were either aided or maintained At present there are schools in the Bermuda Public School System of which are primary schools five are middle schools two senior schools and one special school An Alternative Programme is provided for students with behavioural challenges who cannot function in the public mainstream There is one aided primary school two aided middle schools and one aided senior school For higher education the Bermuda College offers various associate degrees and other certificate programmes Bermuda does not have any four year colleges or universities Bermuda s graduates attend four year Universities in the United States Canada or England In May Bermudian Government s application was approved to become a contributory member of the University of the West Indies UWI Bermuda s membership enabled Bermudian students to enter the University at an agreed upon subsidised rate by UWI also agreed that their Open Campus online degree courses would become open to Bermudian students in the future with Bermuda becoming the th country to have access to the Open Campus Health care edit This section requires expansion December The Bermuda Hospitals Board operates the King Edward VII Memorial Hospital located in Paget Parish and the Mid Atlantic Wellness Institute located in Devonshire Parish Unlike other countries that are a part of the British Colonies Bermuda does not have national healthcare Employees must provide a healthcare plan and pay of the cost Having healthcare is mandatory and even with help from employers very expensive There are only a few approved health care providers that offer insurance to Bermudians They are listed below BF&M Life Insurance Company Ltd Colonial Medical Insurance Company Ltd Freisenbruch Meyer Insurance Ltd Somers Isles Insurance Company Ltd It is highly recommended that you have insurance from day one of living in Bermuda If a visit to a hospital is required costs of care must be paid by check or credit for services to be rendered Sports edit Main article Sports and recreation in Bermuda Many sports popular today were formalised by British Public schools and universities in the th century These schools produced the civil servants and military and naval officers required to build and maintain the British empire and team sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team Former public schoolboys continued to pursue these activities and founded organisations such as the Football Association FA Today s association of football with the working classes began in when the FA changed its rules to allow professional players The professionals soon displaced the amateur ex Public schoolboys Bermuda s role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere with an army garrison to match ensured that the naval and military officers quickly introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda including cricket football Rugby football and even tennis and rowing rowing did not adapt well from British rivers to the stormy Atlantic The officers soon switched to sail racing founding the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club Once these sports reached Bermuda they were eagerly adopted by Bermudians Bermuda s national cricket team participated in the Cricket World Cup in the West Indies Their most famous player is a kilograms lb police officer named Dwayne Leverock But India defeated Bermuda and set a record of runs in a One Day International ODI Bermuda were knocked out of the World Cup Also very well known is David Hemp a former captain of Glamorgan in English first class cricket The annual "Cup Match" cricket tournament between rival parishes St George s in the east and Somerset in the west is the occasion for a popular national holiday In Bermuda hosted the th PGA Grand Slam of Golf This hole event was held on – October at the Mid Ocean Club in Tucker s Town This season ending tournament is limited to four golfers the winners of the Masters U S Open British Open and PGA Championship The event returned to Bermuda in and Bermudian Quinn Talbot was once the World one armed golf champion An IOD racer on a mooring in Hamilton Harbour The Government announced in that it would provide substantial financial support to Bermuda s cricket and football teams Among Bermuda s most prominent footballers are Clyde Best Shaun Goater Reggie Lambe Sam Nusum Ralph Bean and Nahki Wells In the Bermuda Hogges were formed as the nation s first professional football team to raise the standard of play for the Bermuda national football team The team plays in the United Soccer Leagues Second Division Sailing fishing and equestrian sports are popular with both residents and visitors alike The prestigious Newport–Bermuda Yacht Race is a more than year old tradition with boats racing between Newport Rhode Island and Bermuda In the th biennial Marion Bermuda yacht race occurred A sport unique to Bermuda is racing the Bermuda Fitted Dinghy International One Design racing also originated in Bermuda In December Bermuda s bid to host the America s Cup was announced At the Summer Olympics Bermuda competed in sailing athletics swimming diving triathlon and equestrian events In those Olympics Bermuda s Katura Horton Perinchief made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games Bermuda has had one Olympic medallist Clarence Hill who won a bronze medal in boxing Bermuda also competed in Men s Skeleton at the Winter Olympics in Turin Italy Patrick Singleton placed th with a final time of Jillian Teceira competed in the Beijing Olympics in It is tradition for Bermuda to march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts regardless of the summer or winter Olympic celebration Bermuda also competes in the biennial Island Games which it hosted in Bermuda has developed a proud Rugby Union community The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the Caribbean championships defeating Guyana in the final They previously beat The Bahamas and Mexico to take the crown Rugby s is also played with four rounds scheduled to take place in the – season The Bermuda s team competed in the Las Vegas s defeating the


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carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour 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pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

Mexican team There are four clubs on the island Police Mariners Teachers Renegades There is a men s and women s competition–current league champions are Police Men winning the title for the first time since the s and Renegades women s Games are currently played at Warwick Academy Bermuda u team won the Caribbean Championships The New York Yankees of Major League Baseball held Spring Training in Bermuda in Yankee owner Frank J Farrell was said to be so pleased with the experience that he considered moving the Yankee training camp to Bermuda permanently Representation in other media edit Lucinda Spurling s documentary The Lion and the Mouse The Story of America and Bermuda explores numerous aspects of the relationship between the countries Hulse Matus Robateau Crawford Palma Moguel Domínguez Ack Aldana Perera Moralez Cadle Origin edit Painting of an account of the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck by Charles Bell The Dutch East India Company had been formed in the Dutch Republic in and the Dutch had entered keenly into the competition for the colonial and imperial trade of commerce in Southeast Asia In one of their ships was stranded in Table Bay and the shipwrecked crew had to forage for themselves on shore for several months They were so impressed with the natural resources of the country that on their return to the Republic they represented to the directors of the company the great advantages to the Dutch Eastern trade to be had from a properly provided and fortified station of call at the Cape The result was that in a Dutch expedition led by surgeon Jan van Riebeek constructed a fort and laid out vegetable gardens at Table Bay Landing at Table Bay Van Riebeek took control over Cape Town the settlement developed during the previous years In a few soldiers and sailors discharged by the Dutch East India Company were allotted farms they constituted the first so called “free burghers ” In the Dutch first purchased land from the native Khoikhoi beyond the limits of the fort built by Van Riebeek this marked the development of the Colony proper The earliest colonists were for the most part people of low station but as the result of the investigations of a commissioner the government worked to recruit a greater variety of immigrants to develop a stable community More settlers were landed from time to time including a number of orphan girls from Amsterdam and during – the colony was greatly strengthened by the arrival of some three hundred French Huguenots men women and children Political refugees from the religious wars in France following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes they were settled at Stellenbosch Drakenstein Franschhoek and Paarl The influence of this small body of immigrants on the character of the Dutch settlers was marked The Company in directed that only Dutch should be taught in the schools This resulted in the Huguenots assimilating by the middle of the th century with a loss to the community in the use and knowledge of the French language The little settlement gradually spread eastwards and in the country as far as Algoa Bay was included in the colony At this time the European white colonists numbered eight to ten thousand They possessed numerous slaves grew wheat in sufficient quantity to make it a commodity crop for export and were famed for the good quality of their wines But their chief wealth was in cattle They enjoyed considerable prosperity Flag of the Dutch East India CompanyThrough the latter half of the th and the whole of the th century troubles arose between the colonists and the government The administration of the Dutch East India Company was extremely despotic Its policies were not directed at development of the colony but to using it to profit the Company The Company closed the colony against free immigration kept the whole of the trade in its own hands combined the administrative legislative and judicial powers in one body prescribed to the farmers the nature of the crops they were to grow demanded a large part of their produce as a kind of tax and made other exactions Trekboer edit From time to time servants in the direct employment of the company were endowed with the right of “freeburghers” but the company retained the power to compel them to return into its service whenever they deemed it necessary This right to force into servitude those who might incur the displeasure of the governor or other high officers was not only exercised with reference to the individuals themselves who had received this conditional freedom it was claimed by the government to be applicable likewise to the children of all such The effect of this tyranny was inevitable it drove men to desperation They fled from oppression and even before trekking began In Joachim van Plettenberg the governor proclaimed the Sneeuberge to be the northern boundary of the colony expressing “the anxious hope that no more extension should take place and with heavy penalties forbidding the rambling peasants to wander beyond ” In so strong had feeling amongst the burghers become that delegates were sent from the Cape to interview the authorities at Amsterdam After this deputation some nominal reforms were granted Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ox drawn wagons in South Africa Descending from the Sneeuberge a scene near Graaff Reinet by Burchell Passing Cradock Pass Outeniqua Mountains by Charles Collier Michell An aquatint by Samuel Daniell of Trekboers making camp Trekboers crossing the Karoo by Charles Davidson Bell To this mischievous policy is ascribed that dislike to orderly government and that desire to escape from its control which characterized for many generations the “boer” or farmer class of Dutch settlers— ?qualities utterly at variance with the character of the Dutch in their native country It was largely to escape oppression that the farmers trekked farther and farther from the seat of government The company to control the emigrants established a magistracy at Swellendam in and another at Graaff Reinet in The Gamtoos River had been declared c the eastern frontier of the colony but it was soon passed In however the Dutch to avoid collision with the warlike Bantu tribes advancing south and west from east central Africa agreed with them to make the Great Fish River the common boundary In the heavily taxed burghers of the frontier districts who were afforded no protection against the Bantus expelled the officials of the Dutch East India Company and set up independent governments at Swellendam and Graaff Reinet The Trek Boers of the th century were the lineal descendants of the Trek Boers of the th century What they had learnt of government from the Dutch East India Company they carried into the wilderness with them The end of the th century saw a revival of this same tyrannical monopolist policy in the Transvaal If the formula “In all things political purely despotic in all things commercial purely monopolist ” was true of the government of the Dutch East India Company in the th century it was equally true of Kruger s government in the latter part of the th The underlying fact which made the trek possible is that the Dutch descended colonists in the eastern and northeastern parts of the colony were not cultivators of the soil but of purely pastoral and nomadic habits ever ready to seek new pastures for their flocks and herds and possessing no special affection for any particular locality These people thinly scattered over a wide territory had lived for so long with little restraint from law that when in by the institution of “Commissions of Circuit ” justice was brought nearer to their homes various offences were brought to light the remedying of which caused much resentment A map of the expansion of the Trekboers Evolution of the Dutch Cape Colony Administrative divisions of the Dutch Cape Colony Map of the Cape Colony in early British rule The Dutch colony prospered to the extent that the Cape Town market for agricultural produce became glutted With market stagnation and with slaves providing most of the manual labour in the colony there were few economic opportunities for the burgeoning white population Eventually more than half of these people turned to the self sufficient life of the trekboeren literally “wandering farmers” but perhaps better translated as “dispersed ranchers” The Boers were hostile toward indigenous African peoples with whom they fought frequent range wars and toward the government of the Cape which was attempting to control Boer movements and commerce They overtly compared their way of life to that of the Israel patriarchs of the Bible developing independent patriarchal communities based upon a mobile pastoralist economy Staunch Calvinists they saw themselves as the children of God in the wilderness a Christian elect divinely ordained to rule the land and the backward natives therein By the end of the th century the cultural links between the Boers and their urban counterparts were diminishing although both groups continued to speak a type of Flemish Encyclopædia Britannica OnlineBritish involvement edit In Holland having fallen under the revolutionary government of France a British force under General Sir James Henry Craig was sent to Cape Town to secure the colony for the prince of Orange?—? a refugee in England?—? against the French The governor of Cape Town at first refused to obey the instructions from the prince but when the British proceeded to take forcible possession he capitulated His action was hastened by the fact that the Khoikhoi deserting their former masters flocked to the British standard The burghers of Graaff Reinet did not surrender until a force had been sent against them in and again in they rose in revolt In February as a result of the peace of Amiens February the colony was handed over to the Batavian Republic which introduced many needed reforms as had the British during their eight years rule One of the first acts of General Craig had been to abolish torture in the administration of justice Still the country remained essentially Dutch and few British settlers were attracted to it Its cost to the British exchequer during this period was £ The Batavian Republic entertained very liberal views as to the administration of the country but they had little opportunity for giving them effect War having broken out in a British force was once more sent to the Cape After an engagement January on the shores of Table Bay the Dutch garrison of Cape Castle surrendered to the British under Sir David Baird and in the colony was ceded outright by Holland to the British crown At that time the colony extended to the line of mountains guarding the vast central plateau then called Bushmansland and had an area of about sq m and a population of some of whom were whites free Khoikhoi and the rest slaves mostly imported blacks and Malays Dislike of British Rule edit Although the colony was fairly prosperous many of the Dutch farmers were as dissatisfied with British rule as they had been with that of the Dutch East India Company though their grounds for complaint were not the same In Moravian missions had been established for the benefit of the Khoikhoi and in the London Missionary Society began work among both Khoikhoi and Bantus The missionaries championing of Khoikhoi grievances caused much dissatisfaction among the majority of the colonists whose views temporarily prevailed for in an ordinance was issued which empowered magistrates to bind Khoikhoi children as apprentices under conditions differing little from that of slavery Meantime however the movement for the abolition of slavery was gaining strength in England and the missionaries appealed from the colonists to the mother country An incident which occurred in – did much to make permanent the hostility of the frontiersmen to the British Slachter s Nek edit A farmer named Frederick Bezuidenhout refused to obey a summons issued on the complaint of a Khoikhoi and firing on the party sent to arrest him was himself killed by the return fire This caused a small rebellion known as Slachters Nek in called “the most insane attempt ever made by a set of men to wage war against their sovereign” Henry Cloete Upon its suppression five ringleaders were publicly hanged at the spot where they had sworn to expel “the English tyrants ” The feeling caused by the hanging of these men was deepened by the circumstances of the execution? ?for the scaffold on which the rebels were simultaneously hanged broke down from their united weight and the men were afterwards hanged one by one An ordinance was passed in abolishing the old Dutch courts of landroost and heemraden resident magistrates being substituted and establishing that henceforth all legal proceedings should be conducted in English The granting in as a result of the representations of the missionaries of equal rights with whites to the Khoikhoi and other free coloured people the imposition of heavy penalties for harsh treatment of slaves and finally the emancipation of the slaves in were measures which combined to aggravate the farmers dislike of government Moreover the inadequate compensation awarded to slave owners and the suspicions engendered by the method of payment caused much resentment and in the farmers again removed to unknown country to escape an unloved government Emigration beyond the colonial border had in fact been continuous for years but it now took on larger proportions Probably the most powerful motive of the Great Trek was the equality between the black and white races as proposed by the British The Boers considered such an equality to be intolerable This sentiment which found formal recognition later on in the constitution of the South African Republic was held in fullest force by the voortrekkers The exasperation caused by just grievances unremedied was no stronger a motive with the trekkers than the desire to be free from the restraints imposed on British subjects and the wish to be able to deal with the natives after their own fashion Sixth Frontier War edit Eastern frontier of the colony c Settled colonial area showing districts established in in various shades Neutral zone since as agreed by Lord Somerset and the Gaika Xhosa Tribal areas under British administration Military forts and district boundariesThe year which witnessed the emancipation of the slaves and the creation of the first treaty state also saw the beginning of another disastrous Frontier war Fighting began in December and lasted nearly a year The Xhosa wrought great havoc and Sir Benjamin D Urban the governor in order to secure peace extended the boundary of the colony to the Kei River The Xhosa had suffered much injustice especially from the commando reprisal system but they had also committed many injustices and the vacillating policy of the Cape government was largely to blame for the disturbed state of the border Sir Benjamin s policy? ?which had support of both Dutch and British colonists? was one of close settlement by whites in certain districts and military control of the Bantus in other regions and it would have done much to ensure peace Lord Glenelg secretary for the colonies in Lord Melbourne s second administration held that the Xhosa were in the right in the quarrel and he compelled D Urban to abandon the conquered territory an unwise decision adopted largely on the advice of John Philip and his supporters By a critical state had arisen in South Africa The colonists had lost their slaves the eastern frontier was in a state of insecurity the British immigrants of were still struggling against heavy odds and the Dutch colonists were in a state of great indignation Great trek edit Main article Great Trek The Great Trek occurred between and the early s During that period some to Boers including women and children impatient of British rule emigrated from Cape Colony into the great plains beyond the Orange River and across them again into Natal and the vastness of the Zoutspansberg in the northern part of the Transvaal Those Trekboere who occupied the eastern Cape were semi nomadic A significant number in the eastern Cape frontier later became Grensboere "border farmers" who were the direct ancestors of the Voortrekkers Map of the Route of the Dorsland Trekkers solid line Anglo Boer wars edit Main articles First Boer War and Second Boer War Though the Boers accepted British rule without resistance in they fought two Boer Wars in the late th century to defend their internationally recognised independent countries the republics of the Transvaal the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR and the Orange Free State OFS against the threat of annexation by the British Crown This led the key figure in organising the resistance Paul Kruger into conflict with the British Boer War diaspora edit See also Boer War diaspora After the second Anglo Boer War a Boer diaspora occurred Starting in the largest group emigrated to the Patagonia region of Argentina Another group emigrated to British ruled Kenya from where most returned to South Africa during the s while a third group under the leadership of General Ben Viljoen emigrated to Mexico and to New Mexico and Texas in the southwestern United States Jopie Fourie executed by firing squad for treason Boer Revolt edit Main article Maritz Rebellion The Maritz Rebellion or the Boer Revolt or the Five Shilling Rebellion or the Third Boer War occurred in at the start of World War I in which men who supported the re creation of the old Boer republics rose up against the government of the Union of South Africa because they did not want to side with the British against Germany so soon after a long bloody war with the British Many Boers had German ancestry and many members of the government were themselves former Boer military leaders who had fought with the Maritz rebels against the British in the Second Boer War The rebellion was put down by Louis Botha and Jan Smuts and the ringleaders received heavy fines and terms of imprisonment One Jopie Fourie was convicted for treason when as an officer in the Union Defence Force he refused to take up arms with the British and was executed in Characteristics edit Culture edit Trekboere crossing the Karoo The desire to wander known as trekgees was a notable characteristic of the Boers It figured prominently in the late th century when the Trekboere began to inhabit the northern and eastern Cape frontiers again during the Great Trek when the Voortrekkers left the eastern Cape en masse and after the major republics were established during the Thirstland Dorsland Trek When one such trekker was asked why he has emigrated he explained "a drifting spirit was in our hearts and we ourselves could not understand it We just sold our farms and set out northwestwards to find a new home " A rustic characteristic and tradition was developed quite early on as Boer society was born on the frontiers of white settlement and on the outskirts of civilisation The separation and declaration of the republics were made out of necessity rather than a personal choice The Dutch were unwilling to protect the people they abandoned at the Cape of Good Hope The Boer quest for independence manifested in a tradition of declaring republics which predates the arrival of the British when the British arrived Boer republics had already been declared and were in rebellion from the VOC Dutch East India Company Beliefs edit The Boers of the frontier were known for their independent spirit resourcefulness hardiness and self sufficiency whose political notions verged on anarchy but had begun to be influenced by republicanism Most of the men were also skilled with the use of guns as they would hunt and also were able to protect their families with them Boer family The Boers had cut their ties to Europe as they emerged from the Trekboer group They developed strong sense of independence born out of hundreds of years of fighting against imperialism and from enduring the harsh African climate Calvinism edit Main article Afrikaner Calvinism The Boer nation is mainly descended from the Dutch Germans and French Huguenots who migrated to South Africa during the th th and early th centuries The Boer nation has revealed a distinct Calvinist culture and the majority of Boers today are still members of a Reformed Church The Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk was the national Church of the South African Republic – The "Orange" in Orange Free State – was named after the Protestant House of Orange in the Netherlands The Calvinist influence in such fundamental Calvinist doctrines such as unconditional predestination and divine providence remains present in much of Boer culture who see their role in society as abiding by the national laws and accepting calamity and hardship as part of their Christian duty A small number of Boers may also be members of Baptist Pentecostal or Lutheran Churches Modern usage edit During recent times mainly during the apartheid reform and post eras some white Afrikaans speaking people mainly with "conservative" political views and of Trekboer and Voortrekker descent have chosen to be called "Boere" rather than "Afrikaners " to distinguish their identity They believe that many people of Voortrekker descent were not assimilated into what they see as the Cape based Afrikaner identity They suggest that this developed after the Second Anglo Boer War and the subsequent establishment of the Union of South Africa in Certain Boer nationalists have asserted that they do not identify as a right wing element of the political spectrum They contend that the Boers of the South African Republic ZAR and Orange Free State republics were recognised as a separate people or cultural group under international law by the Sand River Convention which created the South African Republic in the Bloemfontein Convention which created the Orange Free State Republic in the Pretoria Convention which re established the independence of the South African Republic the London Convention which granted the full independence to the South African Republic in and the Vereeniging Peace Treaty which formally ended the Second Anglo Boer War on May Others contend however that these treaties dealt only with agreements between governmental entities and do not imply the recognition of a Boer cultural identity per se The supporters of these views feel that the Afrikaner designation or label was used from the s onwards as a means of unifying politically at least the white Afrikaans speakers of the Western Cape with those of Trekboer and Voortrekker descent whose ancestors began migrating eastward during the late th century and throughout the th century and later northward during the Great Trek of the s in the north of South Africa where the Boer Republics were established Since the Anglo Boer war the term "Boerevolk" was rarely used in the th century by the various regimes because of the effort to assimilate the Boerevolk with the Afrikaners A portion of those who are the descendants of the Boerevolk have reasserted use of this designation The supporters of the "Boer" designation view the term "Afrikaner" as an artificial political label which usurped their history and culture turning "Boer" achievements into "Afrikaner" achievements They feel that the Western Cape based Afrikaners – whose ancestors did not trek eastwards or northwards – took advantage of the republican Boers destitution following the Anglo Boer War At that time the Afrikaners attempted to assimilate the Boers into a new politically based cultural label as "Afrikaners" In contemporary South Africa Boer and Afrikaner have often been used interchangeably The Boers are the smaller segment within the Afrikaner designation as the Afrikaners of Cape Dutch origin are more numerous Afrikaner directly translated means "African " and thus refers to all Afrikaans speaking people in Africa who have their origins in the Cape Colony founded by Jan Van Riebeeck Boer is the specific group within the larger Afrikaans speaking population citation needed Politics edit Freedom Front Plus Herstigte Nasionale Party Education edit The BCVO Movement for Christian National Education is a federation of Calvinist private schools primarily in the Free State and the Transvaal committed to educating Boer children from grade through to Media edit Some local Radio stations promote the ideals of those who identify with the Boer people like Radio Rosestad in Bloemfontein Overvaal Stereo and Radio Pretoria An internet based radio station Boerevolk Radio serves as a mouthpiece for Boer separatists Territories edit See also Volkstaat Territorial areas are being developed as settlements exclusively for Boer Afrikaners notably Orania in the Northern Cape and Kleinfontein near Pretoria Boers edit Voortrekker leaders Sarel Cilliers Andries Hendrik Potgieter Andries Pretorius Piet Retief Great trek Racheltjie de Beer Dirkie Uys Participants in the Second Anglo Boer War Koos de la Rey general and regarded as being one of the great military leaders of the Second Anglo Boer War Danie Theron soldier Christiaan Rudolf de Wet general Siener van Rensburg considered a prophet by some Sergeant Major Meyder Johannes Leibbrandt father of Robey Leibbrandt German special agent of the Abwehr during World War II Politicians Louis Botha first prime minister of South Africa – and former Boer general Petrus Jacobus Joubert general and cabinet member of the Transvaal Republic Paul Kruger president of the Transvaal Republic Eugene Terre Blanche founder of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging Spies Fritz Joubert Duquesne a Boer Captain known as the Black Panther served in the Second Boer War Captured in Mozambique he escaped prison in Portugal and returned to South Africa as a British officer In he was caught planning to sabotage strategic British installations in Cape Town and sentenced to life in prison however he escaped and was re captured several times again throughout his life In World War I Duquesne spied for Germany earning the Iron Cross for allegedly sinking the HMS Hampshire thereby killing Lord Kitchener in He also served as a Nazi spy in the United States and in he was caught by the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI in the largest espionage case in US history The Duquesne Spy Ring See also edit Boerboel Boerehaat Boer goat Boer music Great Trek Natalia Republic Orange Free State South African farm attacks South African Republic Transvaal Colony Volkstaat Voortrekker Transvaal civil war conflict Fuller Nicholas Montero Reimer Miller Ayala Academics edit Adil Zulfikarpašic politician and intellectual Aida Hadžialic Swedish youngest minister ever Asim Peco linguist and academic Edina Lekovic Director of Policy & Programming at the Muslim Public Affairs Council Emir Vildic Bosnian academic musician Faruk Caklovica Professor of Bromatology and Rector of the University of Sarajevo Ferid Muhic Professor of Philosophy Hasan Muratovic former rector of the University of Sarajevo Kemal Gekic professor of piano at the Florida International University Metin Bosnak citation needed scholar of American Studies and Comparative Literature Muhamed Filipovic Bosnian historian and philosopher Mustafa Imamovic Bosnian historian Nijaz Durakovic author intellectual professor and politician Nijaz Ibrulj philosopher and a professor at the University of Sarajevo s Department of Philosophy and Sociology Endi E Poskovic Professor at the University of Michigan School of Art and Design and Associate Faculty at the University of Michigan Center for Russian East European and Eurasian Studies CREES Seada Palavric judge of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina Senahid Halilovic Bosnian linguist Smail Balic Austrian historian and culturologist of Bosniak origin Šefik Bešlagic cultural historian Dr Šemso Tucakovic writer historian and faculty member in the Department of Political Sciences at the University of Sarajevo Šerbo Rastoder historian Zijad Delic Bosnian Canadian Imam activist teacher scholar and public speaker Music edit Main article List of Bosniaks in music Cinematography and theatre edit Adi Pasalic born model Ademir Kenovic born director and producer Adnan Haskovic born actor Ahmed Imamovic born director producer and screenwriter Ajla Hodžic born actress Amra Silajdžic born actress and model Bahrudin Cengic – film director and screenwriter Benjamin Filipovic – filmmaker Damir Nikšic born conceptual artist Danis Tanovic born filmmaker Elmir Jukic born director Emir Hadžihafizbegovic born actor Enis Bešlagic born actor Fadil Hadžic – film director Faruk Sokolovic born film director producer actor and screenwriter Hajrudin Krvavac – film director Haris Dubica director Haris Pašovic born theatre and film director Husein Alicajic filmmaker Idda van Munster born pin up and model Ismet Horo born comedian Jasmila Žbanic born filmmaker Jasmin Dizdar born filmmaker Kivanç Tatlitug born actor and model Tatlitug s paternal grandmother was an ethnic Bosniak Mustafa Nadarevic born actor Rejhan Demirdžic – actor TV writer and comedian Reshad Strik born Australian actor of Bosniak descent Sabina Vajraca born director screenwriter producer Senad Bašic born actor Sulejman Medencevic born producer Tahir Nikšic born actor Tarik Filipovic born actor Zaim Muzaferija – actor Zana Marjanovic born actress Zijah Sokolovic born actor writer director Zlatko Topcic born writer and screenwriter Painting edit Adi Granov comic book artist Mersad Berber painter Nesim Tahirovic painter sculptor Safet Zec painter graphic designer Sculpting edit Nela Hasanbegovic Sculptor Graphic Design edit Endi E Poskovic Bosnian American artist and printmaker whose graphic work merges visual representation with text often shifting the reading of the imagery through continuous representation and re contextualization Haris Cizmic Bosnian American artist musician video producer and graphic industrial and web designer Obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Design from University of Sarajevo Youngest member of the Bosnian Professional Artist Society Kemal Curic a Bosnian automobile designer Curic is known best for his work at Ford where he was responsible for numerous concept and production cars He graduated in Industrial design at Wuppertall University in and started to work for Ford in at first as interior designer and later as exterior designer Selma Harrington a Bosnian born architect and designer who currently lives in Dublin Ireland She is President of the Architects Council of Europe ACE for the period She was Secretary General of the European Council of Interior Architects – President of the Institute of Designers in Ireland IDI and Honorary Treasurer of the Institute for Design and Disability in Ireland IDDI in Omer Halilhodžic a Bosnian automobile designer He was responsible for the styling of the Mitsubishi Colt and the concept cars which preceded it CZ CZ CZ cabriolet and CZT He has since penned the Mitsubishi Concept Sportback and the Mitsubishi Concept X which presages the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X production car Politicians edit Adem Huskic born member of the House of Representatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina Adil Zulfikarpašic – politician and intellectual Adnan Terzic born former Prime Minister Ahmet Hadžipašic – former Prime Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Behmen born Mayor of Sarajevo Alija Izetbegovic – served as president of Bosnia and Herzegovina Armin Halitovic born Arminka Helic special Adviser SPAD and Chief of Staff to the British Foreign Secretary William Hague Avdo Humo – Bakir Izetbegovic born politician and son of Alija Izetbegovic Beriz Belkic born Bisera Turkovic born Bosnian diplomat Džafer Kulenovic – Vice President of the Independent State of Croatia Džemal Bijedic – served as Prime Minister of former SFR Yugoslavia Ed Husic born Australian federal politician Ejup Ganic born President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from – – Fikret Abdic born served as President of former Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Hamdija Lipovaca born Prime Minister of the Una Sana Canton from – Hamdija Pozderac – served as Vice President of former SFR Yugoslavia Haris Silajdžic born served as prime minister and president of Bosnia and Herzegovina Hasan Brkic – Yugoslavian communist politician Hasan Cengic born former Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Ibran Mustafic politician and former soldier Irfan Ljubijankic – Minister of Foreign Affairs – Jasmin Imamovic born mayor of Tuzla Mehmed Kapetanovic – nd mayor of Sarajevo Mehmed Spaho – leader of the Yugoslav Muslim Organization Mustafa Fadilpašic – st Mayor of Sarajevo Mustafa Mujezinovic born former Prime Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Nahid Kulenovic – member of the Croatian Liberation Movement Nedžad Brankovic born Bosnian politician Nezir Škaljic – rd mayor of Sarajevo Omer Behmen – co founder of the Party of Democratic Action Osman Karabegovic – communist politician and Order of the People s Hero recipient Osman Kulenovic – politician and lawyer Raif Dizdarevic born former Yugoslav president – Rasim Ljajic born Bosniak politician in Serbia Rifat Rastoder deputy speaker of the Parliament of Montenegro and the vice president of the Social Democratic Party of Montenegro Sanjin Halimovic born involved in Sanski Most politics Safet Babic born German politician of Bosniak descent Semiha Borovac born former mayor of Sarajevo and Sarajevo s only female mayor Sulejman Tihic – leader of the Party of Democratic Action and former president Sulejman Ugljanin born Bosniak politician in Serbia Šahbaz Džihanovic born vice President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Zlatko Lagumdžija born former Foreign Minister Ottoman Period edit Damad Ibrahim Pasha Grand Vizier Dervish Mehmed Pasha Grand Vizier Gazi Hüsrev Pasha Grand Vizier Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha Kara Davud Pasha Grand Vizier Nevesinli Salih Pasha Grand Vizier Sari Süleyman Pasha Sinan paša Sijercic Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha Grand Vizier Topal Recep Pasha Grand Vizier Matrakçi Nasuh Ottoman Admiral Theologians edit Abdurahman Cokic Mufti Ali Džabic Antun Kneževic Džemaludin Cauševic Ivan Franjo Jukic Mehmed Handžic was one of the authors of Resolution of Sarajevo Muslims Mustafa Ceric is a Bosniak cleric who served as the reisu l ulema of Bosnia and Herzegovina and currently president of the World Bosniak Congress Šefko Omerbašic Mufti and president of the Islamic Community in Croatia and Slovenia Historical figures edit Ali paša Rizvanbegovic Vizier of Herzegovina Alija Sirotanovic famous miner Damat Ibrahim Pasha Grand Vizier Emina Sefic – subject of the poem Emina Fata Omanovic c ? –unknown historical figure Fata Orlovic born woman in legal battle with Republika Srpska over church illegally built on her property Ferhat paša Sokolovic Ottoman general and statesman from Bosnia and Herzegovina Gazi Husrev beg first notable Bosniak leader Hadim paša Boronivic Ottoman grand vizier Hasan Predojevic commander of the Ottoman northern army Husein Kapetan Gradašcevic Bosniak rebel aristocrat Isa Beg Isakovic founder of Sarajevo Mehmed beg Kulenovic commander of the Bosniak forces in Muhamed Hadžijamakovic one of the leaders of the movement for independent Bosnia in Muhamed Mehmedbašic revolutionary Osman Gradašcevic Bosniak nobleman Skender paša Mihajlovic sanjakbey of the Bosnian Sanjak in period – – and – Sokollu Mehmet Pasa or Mehmed paša Sokolovic Telli Hasan Pasha fifth Ottoman beylerbey of Bosnia and a notable Ottoman military commander Tiryaki Hasan Pasha or Hasan paša Tiro Businesspeople edit Cem Uzan businessman Fahrudin Radoncic businessman and owner of Dnevni Avaz Hakija Turajlic businessman economist and politician Irfan Škiljan creator of IrfanView Kemal Kozaric governor of the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina Muhamed Sacirbey Bosnian American lawyer businessman and diplomat Sanela Diana Jenkins entrepreneur and philanthropist Selma Prodanovic entrepreneur and philanthropist Mustafa Komadina businessman and former mayor of Mostar Sportspeople edit Main article List of Bosniak sportspeople Basketball edit Emir Sulejmanovic basketball player Mirza Teletovic basketball player Nihad Ðedovic basketball player Jusuf Nurkic basketball player Emir Preldžic basketball player Mirza Delibašic former basketball player and FIBA Hall of Famer Sabahudin Bilalovic basketball player Damir Mršic basketball player Football edit Hasan Salihamidžic football player Darijo Srna football player Bosniak father Croatian mother Asmir Begovic football player Edin Džeko football player Meho Kodro football player Miralem Pjanic football player Sergej Barbarez football player Bosnian Serb father Bosniak mother Vedad Ibiševic football player Safet Sušic football player Zlatan Ibrahimovic football player Bosniak father Croatian mother Elvir Bolic football player Muhamed Bešic football player Scientists medicine and inventors edit Asaf Durakovic physician and expert in nuclear medicine and depleted uranium Asim Kurjak physician gynecologist Asim Peco Linguist and professor of Philology at the University of Belgrade Dr Eso Sadikovic doctor of medicine Mahmut Bajraktarevic mathematician Military edit Abdulah Muhasilovic World War II army chaplain Ahmet Sejdic commander of the First Visegrad Brigade of the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina Arif Pašalic Bosnian military officer who commanded the th Corps of the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina Atif Dudakovic former general in the Bosnian Army Avdo Palic Bosnian military officer during the Bosnian War Elez Derviševic youngest soldier to fight in World War I Enver Hadžihasanovic General of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Ferid Džanic leader of the September Villefranche de Rouergue Mutiny within the SS Division Handschar Halim Malkoc Bosnian Muslim Imam and SS Obersturmführer in the Waffen SS division Handschar Husejin Bišcevic highest ranking Bosnian military officer in the th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar st Croatian Ismet Ðuheric first commander of the Meša Selimovic Company Bosnian War Izet Nanic Bosnian brigade commander Mehmed Alagic former general in the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Muhamed Hadžiefendic Domobran senior officer commander of a Bosniak militia and Bosnian autonomist in WWII Mehmed beg Kulenovic Ottoman soldier Murat beg Tardic Ottoman general Mušan Topalovic commander of the th Mountain Brigade in the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina Mustafa Hajrulahovic Talijan general of the Bosnian Army Mustafa Polutak Naser Oric war time military officer Ramiz Delalic commander of th Mountain Brigade in Sarajevo Rasim Delic former general and commander in the Bosnian Army Sabiha Gökçen first Turkish female combat pilot Sefer Halilovic former general and commander in the Bosnian Army politician Zaim Imamovic commander of the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina forces in Goražde during the Bosnian War Notable Criminals edit Hazim Delic Bosnian War criminal Ismet Bajramovic Bosnian soldier and organised crime figure Jusuf Prazina Sarajevan gangster and paramilitary warlord during the Bosnian War Other edit Dina Džankovic born Miss Serbia and Montenegro in Hasan Cemalovic born architect Hasan Nuhanovic born survivor of the Srebrenica genocide Himzo Selimovic born former head of the Ministry of Security Inela Nogic born won the Miss Sarajevo beauty pageant Kemal Kurspahic born Managing Editor of The Connection Newspapers Omer Halilhodžic born automotive designer Suada Dilberovic – first casualty of the Bosnian War Friesen McKenzie Velásquez Moore Middleton Teul Tzul Alice Braga Alinne Moraes Ana Paula Arósio Antônio Fagundes Bete Mendes actor politician Betty Lago Bruno Campos Bruna Lombardi Bruna Marquezine Carolina Dieckmann Dado Dolabella Daniel Benzali Daniele Suzuki Denise Fraga Dercy Gonçalves – artist Eliane Giardini Fernanda Montenegro Fernanda Torres Fábio Assunção Fábio Lago Francisca Queiroz Gianfrancesco Guarnieri – Giovanna Antonelli Glória Menezes Grande Otelo – Guilherme Berenguer Hebe Camargo TV presenter singer actress Jéssica Sodré José Lewgoy – José Wilker Juliana Didone Juliana Silveira actress singer Lázaro Ramos Lima Duarte Lucélia Santos actress film director and producer Malu Mader Carmen Miranda – singer Marco Nanini Maria Flor Matheus Nachtergaele Miguel Falabella Morena Baccarin Murilo Benício Natália Guimarães Miss Brasil actress Oscarito Paola Oliveira Paulo Autran – Paulo Betti Raul Cortez – Raw Leiba actor and sportsmodel Regina Duarte Renato Aragão Reynaldo Gianecchini Rodrigo Hilbert Rodrigo Lopes Big Brother finalist United Kingdom Actor and TV Reporter Rodrigo Santoro Ronald Golias – actor and comedian Sandy Leah actress singer songwriter Selton Mello Seu Jorge artist Sônia Braga Taís Araújo Tarcisio Meira Teresa Seiblitz Vera Fischer Viétia Zangrandi Xuxa Meneghel actress singer TV host Leonardo Villar Architects and urban planners edit Main article List of Brazilian architects Affonso Eduardo Reidy – architect and urban planner reformer of Rio de Janeiro João Batista Vilanova Artigas – architect and professor Lina Bo Bardi architect Lúcio Costa – architect and urban planner creator of Brasília Oscar Niemeyer – architect of international renown winner of the Pritzker Prize Paulo Mendes da Rocha born architect and professor winner of the Pritzker Prize Roberto Burle Marx – architect and landscape designer Jaime Lerner born architect and urban planner Ruy Ohtake born architect Marcio Kogan born architect Igor de Vetyemy born architect and professor Artists edit Main article List of Brazilian artists Artur Barrio Anita Malfatti painter Alfredo Volpi – painter Almeida Junior – painter Ana Lucia Souza born ballet dancer Ana Maria Pacheco born painter and sculptor Antonio Francisco Lisboa "O Aleijadinho" – Baroque sculptor Cândido Portinari – painter Cybèle Varela born painter mixed media artist Emiliano Di Cavalcanti – painter Hélio Oiticica – painter José Pancetti born painter Lasar Segall Carlos Latuff political cartoonist Lygia Clark – Lygia Pape – Manabu Mabe – Mauricio de Sousa cartoonist Moysés Baumstein holographer painter film video producer – Naza painter Visual Artist Oswaldo Goeldi – illustrator and engraver Raul Bopp painter Taiguara – singer songwriter Tarsila do Amaral – painter Victor Brecheret – sculptor Victor Meirelles – Sidnei Tendler Ricardo Graziano born ballet dancer Diplomats edit Main article List of Brazilian diplomats Barão do Rio Branco – Joaquim Nabuco – Luiz Martins de Souza Dantas Oswaldo Aranha Rui Barbosa Sérgio Vieira de Mello Walter Moreira Salles Sérgio Vieira de Mello – UN representative Film directors edit Main article List of Brazilian film directors Aluizio Abranches Ana Carolina Andrucha Waddington Alberto Cavalcanti – pioneer filmmaker Ana Maria Magalhães director and actress Anselmo Duarte born winner of a Cannes Film Festival Palme d Or Bruno Barreto Golden Berlin Bear nominated director Arnaldo Jabor director writer and journalist Silver Berlin Bear winner Cacá Diegues Cao Hamburger Carlos Coimbra – Carlos Reichenbach Daniel Filho director and actor Daniela Thomas David Neves – Domingos Oliveira Eduardo Coutinho documentary filmmaker Fabio Barreto Bruno Barreto s brother Fernando Meirelles Academy Award nominated director Glauber Rocha – founder of Brazilian New Cinema – Cinema Novo Cannes Film Festival award – winning director Guilherme de Almeida Prado Hugo Carvana director and actor Hector Babenco Argentine born Brazilian Academy Award nominated director Heitor Dhalia Humberto Mauro – pioneer and inventive filmmaker João Moreira Salles documentary director and Walter Salles s brother Joaquim Pedro de Andrade – member of Brazilian New Cinema – Cinema Novo Joel Zito Araújo Jom Tob Azulay Jorge Furtado José Mojica Marins born also known as Coffin Joe filmmaker expert in horror movies José Padilha Golden Berlin Bear winner Karim Aïnouz Lima Barreto – Lucélia Santos director and actress Luiz de Barros – Luiz Duarte born director and screenplaywriter Luiz Fernando Carvalho Marcelo Gomes Mário Peixoto – pioneer filmmaker Nelson Pereira dos Santos director Norma Bengell director and actress Paulo Morelli Paulo Porto – director and actor Paulo Thiago Roberto Farias Roberto Santos – Ruy Guerra born in Mozambique member of Brazilian New Cinema – Cinema Novo Sérgio Machado Sérgio Rezende Suzana Amaral Tata Amaral Walter Hugo Khouri – Walter Lima Jr Walter Salles director of "Central do Brasil" Central Station Executives and business entrepreneurs edit Main article List of Brazilian entrepreneurs Abílio Diniz Aloysio de Andrade Faria Andre Medici Antônio Ermírio de Moraes Armínio Fraga Assis Chateaubriand Bob Falkenburg Carlos Ghosn Daniel Dantas Edmond Safra Eduardo Saverin Eike Batista Count Francesco Matarazzo Germán Efromovich Gustavo Brigagão Gustavo Franco Henrique Meirelles João Carlos di Genio Jorge Paulo Lemann José Alencar José Mentor Guilherme de Mello Julio Bozano Mike Krieger Norberto Odebrecht Pedro Moreira Salles Ricardo Samuel Goldstein Ricardo Semler Roberto Marinho Samuel Klein Victor Civita Walter Moreira Salles Explorers and discoverers edit Cândido Rondon – famous explorer and engineer Orlando Villas Boas – explorer and indigenist Amyr Klink adventurer and navigator first solo rowing across the South Atlantic Sydney Possuelo – explorer social activist and Indian expert Fashion designers edit Alexandre Herchcovitch Amir Slama Rosa Chá André Lima Carlos Falchi Carlos Tufvesson Clodovil Hernandes Haute Couture David Azulay Blue Man Francisco Costa Calvin Klein

Igor Cavalera Cavalera João Pimenta Ocimar Versolato Ricardo Almeida Tufi Duek Fórum Triton Zuzu Angel Geologists edit Djalma Guimarães – born Santa Luzia MG died Belo Horizonte Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida born Rio de Janeiro one of the most outstanding geologists of the th century he is still active in researching teaching lecturing and publishing in the st century José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva – Louis Agassiz Louis de Loczy Hungria – born Brazil Rio de Janeiro Orville Adalbert Derby – born Kellogsville New York died Rio de Janeiro American geologist who worked in Brazil particularly for the DNPM CPRM Reinhard Maack – born in Herford Germany died in Curitiba Brazil Walter K Link USA geologist Controversial organizer of Oil Exploration in Brazil Octávio Barbosa – Brazilian field geologist prospector Heinz Ebert – born in Saxony Germany died Rio Claro São Paulo Aziz Ab Saber born São Luiz do Paraitinga São Paulo Brazilian geoscientist Sérgio Estanislau do Amaral Peter Szatmari geologist Hungarian geologist Heroes and historical figures edit Admiral Tamandaré military combatant war veteran Father of the Navy Ana Néri pioneering nurse she assisted Brazilian forces on the battlefield Mother of Nursery Anita Garibaldi – revolutionary combatant fought in Brazil and Italy was married to Giuseppe Garibaldi Ayrton Senna – Brazilian racing driver and a source of inspiration for many Brazilians Formula Barão do Amazonas Admiral of the Navy war hero led the decisive Battle of Riachuelo Bento Gonçalves military commander led a separatist movement Chico Mendes – murdered rural leader and martyr of ecological movements in the Amazon Luís Alves de Lima e Silva Duke of Caxias military commander nationalist leader Father of the Army José Bonifácio Patriarch of the Independence Princess Isabel – Princess Imperial of Brazil later de jure Empress of Brazil daughter of Emperor D Pedro II signed the abolition of slavery in the country Tiradentes – leader of a failed conspiracy against the Portuguese executed by hanging followed by quartering Tristão de Alencar Araripe republican leader Zumbi dos Palmares – African born leader of a slave revolt killed in battle Intellectuals and thinkers edit Alessandro Hirata jurist Benjamin Sodré Benjamin Constant abolitionist and republican Darcy Ribeiro – anthropologist and educator scientific leader and politician Florestan Fernandes – sociologist Gilberto Freyre – sociologist Jorge Stolfi born computer scientist José do Patrocínio liberal abolitionist and republican Leonardo Boff friar theologian silenced by the Vatican due to his socialist stance Milton Santos – geographer writer and university professor Paulo Freire – educator and university professor Pontes de Miranda – jurist mathematician philosopher and writer Raymundo Faoro – jurist Models edit Female edit Adriana Lima Alessandra Ambrosio Ana Beatriz Barros Ana Carolina Reston Ana Claudia Michels Ana Hickmann Bruna Erhardt Bruna Tenório Camilla Finn Caroline Ribeiro Caroline Trentini Cintia Dicker Daniella Cicarelli Daniella Sarahyba Emanuela de Paula Fabiana Semprebom Fernanda Lessa Fernanda Motta Fernanda Tavares Flavia de Oliveira Gianne Albertoni Gisele Bündchen Isabeli Fontana Izabel Goulart Jeisa Chiminazzo Jéssica Pauletto Juliana Martins Lais Ribeiro Letícia Birkheuer Luciana Curtis Luciana Gimenez Luíza Brunet Marcelle Bittar Mariana Weickert Michelle Alves Monique Olsen Raica Oliveira Raquel Zimmermann Shirley Mallmann Yasmin Brunet Male edit Marlon Teixeira Anderson Silva Evandro Soldati Miro Moreira Rafael Verga Romulo Pires Francisco Lachowski Monarchs edit Main article List of Brazilian monarchs King John VI Emperor Pedro I Emperor Pedro II Musicians edit Main article List of Brazilian musicians Caetano Veloso mpb singer songwriter Sandy pop singer Marisa Monte mpb singer Anitta funk melody singer Kelly Key pop r&b singer Ivete Sangalo axé singer Mallu Magalhães folk singer Politicians edit See also List of Brazilian presidents Aécio Neves senator of Minas Gerais grandson of former president Tancredo Neves André Franco Montoro senator and governor of the state of São Paulo Adhemar de Barros governor of the state of São Paulo Artur da Costa e Silva general and president during the military regime Carlos Lacerda – journalist and governor of former Guanabara State Cesar Maia mayor of Rio de Janeiro Ciro Gomes mayor of Fortaleza governor of Ceará presidential candidate and minister Dilma Rousseff president Ernesto Geisel – general and president during the military regime started the political liberalization Esperidião Amin senator and governor of Santa Catarina Eurico Gaspar Dutra – marshal of the Army war minister during the WWII succeeded by Getúlio Vargas in Fernando Collor de Mello mayor governor of Alagoas and impeached president in Fernando Henrique Cardoso born sociologist and university professor senator minister and twice president Geraldo Alckmin ex mayor of Pindamonhangaba vice governor and ex governor of São Paulo Getúlio Vargas – senator and twice president – – was also a dictator – killed himself in Golbery do Couto e Silva – early conspirator of the military coup against Goulart and powerful political figure behind the office of the president under Ernesto Geisel José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva statesman first Brazil s foreign minister hero of the independence José Sarney born governor of Maranhão and senator vice president of Tancredo Neves became president upon the latter s sudden death Júlio Prestes governor of the state of São Paulo and defeated presidential candidate Juscelino Kubitschek – mayor governor of Minas Gerais senator and president Jânio Quadros mayor and governor of São Paulo president renounced João Goulart vice president of Jânio Quadros president deposed by a military coup in Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva born labor activist and politician former president Mário Covas – mayor and governor of the state of São Paulo senator and federal representative Marta Suplicy Federal representative mayor of São Paulo minister of Tourism and senator Paulo Maluf state governor and twice mayor of the state capital of São Paulo defeated presidential candidate Paulo Renato Souza education minister – Tancredo Neves – several times federal representative and senator elected president by the Congress in being the first civil president after the military ruled but died before taking office Religious leaders edit Antonio Conselheiro also known outside Brazil as "The Counselor" founder of Canudos Edir Macedo founder of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God Inri Cristo born claims to be Jesus R R Soares founder of the International Church of the Grace of God Saint Anthony of Saint Anne Galvão Friar Galvão friar Catholic saint D Helder Câmara – Archbishop of Olinda and Recife a fierce defender of civil rights during the military regime D Paulo Evaristo Arns former Archbishop of São Paulo also a civil rights leader D Cláudio Hummes Bishop Archbishop and Cardinal of São Paulo current Mayor of the Congregation for the Clergy Helvécio Martins General Authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints Chico Xavier – main figure of Spiritism Journalists and TV celebrities edit Main article List of Brazilian journalists Abelardo Barbosa Angélica Boris Casoy Eliana Jô Soares Luciano Huck Pedro Bial Silvio Santos William Bonner Xuxa Sportsmen edit Marta Vieira da Silva http en m wikipedia org wiki Marta footballer Daniel Adler sailing Olympic silver yachting sailing class Francisco Arrué footballer Kevin Alves Thiago Alves Mixed Martial Arts Jade Barbosa – gymnast Leandro Barbosa basketball player Rubens Barrichello Bebeto Adriana Behar volleyball beach player time Olympic silver Pan American champion time world champion Bob Burnquist professional skateboarder Cafu Roberto Carlos Ayrton Senna da Silva – time Formula World Champion died on May in an accident during the San Marino Grand Prix at the Tamburello curve at the circuit at Imola Eurico Rosa Da Silva Jockey Eronilde de Araújo – athlete who specializes in meters hurdles Dida Junior dos Santos World Champion Mixed Martial Artist Benny Feilhaber Footballer center attacking midfielder AGF Aarhus & US national team César Cielo Filho – professional swimmer having obtained two Olympic medals Emerson Fittipaldi Formula One two time champion Raced for McLaren Lotus and Fittipaldi automotive which was founded by him and his brother it was the only Brazilian Formula One team ever founded Garrincha – Legendary Footballer Giba born volleyball player eight time World League champion Bruno Demetrio Iotti born footballer Nenê Hilário basketball player Jairzinho footballer Kaká Footballer Felipe Kitadai Olympic medalist judoka Lúcio Lyoto Machida Black Belt in Machida Karate Mixed Martial Arts World Champion Maurren Maggi Felipe Massa Formula One Driver noticeably for Scuderia Ferrari Marcio Navarro professional kickboxer and mixed martial artist Neymar footballer playing for FC Barcelona Nick Briddon star of popular series Nick VS Nick Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira Black Belt in Brazilian jiu jitsu Mixed Martial Arts World Champion Antônio Rogério Nogueira Black Belt in Brazilian jiu jitsu Pelé most famous Brazilian football player three times World Cup Champion Nelson Piquet Three time Formula One world champion raced for Williams Benetton McLaren Ensign and Brabham Bernard Rajzman volleyball Olympic silver Pan American champion world silver Rivaldo footballer Rivelino footballer Robinho footballer Rodrigo Pessoa Olympic Champion Show Jumper Rogério Ceni footballer goalkeeper Romário footballer Ronaldinho Footballer two time Fifa World Player Of The Year Ronaldo Footballer two times World Cup champion Mauricio "Shogun" Rua Younger Brother of "Ninja" Rua Black Belt in Brazilian jiu jitsu Mixed Martial Arts World Champion Murilo Rua Older brother of "Shogun" Rua Black Belt in Brazilian jiu jitsu Mixed Martial Arts World Champion Alefein Santos Oscar Schmidt retired basketball player Bruno Senna Formula One racing driver and the nephew of the late three time Formula One world champion Ayrton Senna Anderson Silva Black Belt in Brazilian jiu jitsu Mixed Martial Arts World Champion Wanderlei Silva Black Belt in Brazilian jiu jitsu Mixed Martial Arts World Champion Tiago Splitter basketball player Anderson Varejão basketball player Diego Walsh Zico retired footballer Zizinho retired footballer Thiago Silva football player for Paris Saint Germain Lucas Leiva football player for Liverpool FC Philippe Coutinho football player for Liverpool FC David Luiz football player for Paris Saint Germain Daniel Dias Swimming Most successful Brazilian paralympian medals Writers and poets edit Main article List of Brazilian writers Álvares de Azevedo – poet and writer Alfredo D Escragnolle Taunay – writer and historian Augusto dos Anjos – poet Antônio Gonçalves Dias – poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade – poet and writer Castro Alves – poet and writer Cecília Meireles – poet Clarice Lispector – writer Érico Verissimo – writer Fernando Sabino – writer Ferreira Gullar writer and poet Gustavo Dourado – writer and poet Haroldo de Campos – poet Holdemar Menezes – writer João Cabral de Melo Neto – poet João Guimarães Rosa – writer Jorge Amado – writer José de Alencar – writer Luis Fernando Veríssimo born writer Lya Luft born writer and poet Machado de Assis – writer Manuel Bandeira – poet Maria Clara Machado – playwright Mário de Andrade – writer Márcio Souza born writer Menotti del Picchia critic and writer Monteiro Lobato – writer and publisher Nelson Rodrigues – journalist and writer Oduvaldo Vianna Filho – playwright Olavo Bilac – poet Otto Maria Carpeaux – critic Oswald de Andrade – writer and critic Paulo Coelho born writer Vinícius de Morais – poet Luiz Duarte born writer playwright and screenplaywriter Paulo Fernando Craveiro born romance writer chronicalist poet journalist Science and technology edit Main article List of Brazilian scientists Adib Jatene heart surgeon Adolfo Lutz physician and pioneer of public health Alexander Kellner proeminent Liechtensteinian Brazilian paleontologist Alberto Santos Dumont aviator and inventor André Rebouças – pioneer engineer brother of Antônio Rebouças Filho Aristides Leão physician and physiologist discovered Leão s depression Carlos Chagas physician and biomedical scientist discovered Chagas Disease Carlos Chagas Filho physician and physiologist former president of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences Son of Carlos Chagas Celso Furtado noted economist and ideologue of economy of developing nations César Lattes experimental physicist co discoverer of pi meson a type of subatomic particle Daniel Martins de Souza Brazilian biologist biochemist ref Eduardo Krieger physician and physiologist current president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences Emmanuel Dias Neto Brazilian biologist and geneticist described the sequencing methodology ORESTES Ennio Candotti physicist and scientific leader Euryclides Zerbini heart surgeon pioneer of first heart transplant in Brazil Evandro Chagas physician and biomedical scientist specialized in tropical medicine Son of Carlos Chagas Florestan Fernandes – father of Brazilian sociology Gilberto Freyre – historiographer and sociologist Henrique da Rocha Lima Hércules Florence pioneer in photography Ivan Izquierdo physician and neuroscientist discovered neural mechanisms of memory Jacob Palis mathematician Jorge Stolfi computer scientist currently professor at UNICAMP Johanna Döbereiner – biologist discoverer of the nitrogen fixing role of soil bacteria José Aristodemo Pinotti physician and gynecologist former president of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics José Goldemberg physicist former Minister of Science & Technology and Dean of the University of São Paulo José Leite Lopes theoretical physicist José Lutzenberger – ecologist and zoologist José Reis biologist science writer Manuel de Abreu physician inventor of abreugraphy mass radiography of the lungs for screening for tuberculosis Marcelo Gleiser physicist writer and professor of physics and astronomy at the Dartmouth College since Marcos Pontes first Brazilian astronaut Expedition Mário Schenberg theoretical physicist Maurício Peixoto mathematician Maurício Rocha e Silva physician and pharmacologist discovered bradykinin an active cardiovascular peptide Mayana Zatz biologist and geneticist Miguel Nicolelis neuroscientist one of Scientific American s best scientists of Milton Santos – geographer Newton da Costa born mathematician and logician recognised for his works in paraconsistent logic Nise da Silveira – psychiatrist and mental health reformer Oswaldo Cruz physician and public health champion eliminated yellow fever bubonic plague and smallpox in Rio de Janeiro at the turn of the th century Paulo Vanzolini zoologist and composer of Brazilian popular music Roberto Landell de Moura pioneer of telephony Santiago Americano Freire – physician and professor of pharmacology psychiatrist writer painter Sérgio Henrique Ferreira physician and pharmacologist discovered the active principle of a drug for hypertension Vital Brazil physician and scientist discoverer of the antivenom for snakes and other venomous animals Wagner Farid Gattaz physician and scientist member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences Warwick Estevam Kerr geneticist researcher on the biology and genetics of bees Wilson Teixeira Beraldo co discoverer of bradykinin Foreign scientists and engineers who lived in Brazil edit Carl August Wilhelm Schwacke German botanist Charles Frederick Hartt Canadian American geologist and paleontologist Claude Lévi Strauss French anthropologist Émil Goeldi Swiss naturalist Emmanuel Liais French astronomer and naturalist Friedrich Sellow German botanist Fritz Müller German naturalist Fritz Köberle Austrian physician and pathologist Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff German Russian naturalist Giuseppe Occhialini Italian physicist Gleb Wataghin Ukrainian Italian physicist Helmut Sick German zoologist Hermann von Ihering German naturalist Louis Couty French physiologist and pharmacologist Lucien Lison Belgian anatomist Ludwig Riedel German botanist Miguel Rolando Covian Argentinian physiologist Orville Adalbert Derby American geologist Peter Wilhelm Lund Danish zoologist and paleontologist Richard Feynman American physicist David Bohm American physicist Favorite Music Video Politicians edit Orlando Smith OBE H Lavity Stoutt Cyril Romney Ralph T O Neal OBE Willard Wheatley Terrance B Lettsome Omar Hodge Howard Reynold Penn MBE Qwominer William Osborne Isaac Glanville Fonseca Alvin Christopher Ivan Dawson Conrad Maduro John Charles Brudenell Bruce MBE OStJ Julian Fraser Sportsmen edit Dion Crabbe Tahesia Harrigan Corey Sadlier Military edit Samuel Hodge VC Tony Snell RAF officer DSO Other public figures edit Michael Riegels QC Dancia Penn QC Melanie Amaro Iyaz Joseph Archibald QC Inez Archibald Famous residents edit Peter Jennings Morgan Freeman Sir Richard Branson Henry Jarecki Larry Page Daniel Wildenstein Historical figures edit Joost van Dyk privateer Arthur William Hodge murderer John C Lettsome physician Samuel Nottingham philanthropist William Thornton architect "Black" Samuel Bellamy pirate Retrieved from "https en wikipedia org w index php title List of British Virgin Islanders&oldid " Favorite Music Fan Following Favorite Male Artist Favorite Female Artist Favorite Band Favorite Rock Band Musicians edit Alain Barrière singer Dan Ar Braz guitarist Brigitte Fontaine singer actress and writer Nolwenn Leroy singer Denez Prigent singer Gilles Servat singer Alan Stivell harpist piper and singer Yann Tiersen composer notable for the score to the Jean Pierre Jeunet movie Amélie Tri Yann folk rock group Rulers politicians soldiers edit Anne of Brittany Duchess of Brittany and later Queen of France Jacques Cartier explorer Lancelot one of the Knights of the Round Table in the Arthurian Legend Robert Surcouf a famous corsair Scientists edit René Laennec physician inventor of the stethoscope Writers edit François René de Chateaubriand romantic writer and politician Ernest Renan philosopher and writer Jules Verne pioneer science fiction author Tristan Corbière symbolist poet Sailors edit Jacques Cartier explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France Eric Tabarly notable French yachtsman Olivier de Kersauson notable French yachtsman Footballers edit Yann Kermorgant Stéphane Guivarc h World Cup winner Paul Le Guen former French international Favorite Pop Artist Favorite Hip Hop Artist monarchs edit Kubrat Batbayan Asparukh of Bulgaria Tervel of Bulgaria Kormesiy of Bulgaria Sevar of Bulgaria Kormisosh of Bulgaria Vinekh of Bulgaria Telets of Bulgaria Sabin of Bulgaria Umor of Bulgaria Toktu of Bulgaria Pagan of Bulgaria Telerig of Bulgaria Kardam of Bulgaria Krum of Bulgaria Omurtag of Bulgaria Malamir of Bulgaria Presian of Bulgaria Boris I Michael Simeon the Great Peter I of Bulgaria Boris II of Bulgaria Roman of Bulgaria Samuil of Bulgaria Gavril Radomir of Bulgaria Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria Presian II of Bulgaria Peter II Delyan of Bulgaria Constantin Bodin Peter III Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria Peter IV of Bulgaria Kaloyan of Bulgaria Boril of Bulgaria Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria Kaliman I of Bulgaria Michael Asen I of Bulgaria Kaliman II of Bulgaria Mitso Asen of Bulgaria Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria Michael Asen II of Bulgaria Ivaylo of Bulgaria Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria George I of Bulgaria Smilets of Bulgaria Chaka of Bulgaria Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria George II of Bulgaria Michael III Shishman of Bulgaria Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria Constantine II of Bulgaria Alexander I of Bulgaria Ferdinand I of Bulgaria Boris III of Bulgaria Simeon II of Bulgaria Performing arts edit Directors edit Christo Christov Slatan Dudow Tonislav Hristov Lyudmil Kirkov Nikola Korabov Nikola Kovachev Vulo Radev Petar B Vasilev Binka Zhelyazkova Actors and actresses edit See also List of Bulgarian actors and actresses Apostol Karamitev Moni Moshonov born Bulgarian born Israeli actor and comedian Bashar Rahal Georgi Georgiev George Baker Georgi Georgiev Getz Georgi Kaloyanchev Georgi Partsalev Gloria Ivanova Grigor Vachkov Hristo Shopov Itzhak Fintzi Kamen Vodenicharov Katya Paskaleva Kiril Gospodinov Kosta Tsonev Lyubomir Neikov Marius Kurkinski Naum Shopov Nevena Kokanova Nikolay Binev Nina Dobrev Petar Slabakov Stanislav Ianevski Stefan Danailov Stoyanka Mutafova Todor Kolev Victoria Koleva Paulina Boneva Dancers edit Asen Gavrilov Pavel Pavlov disambiguation needed Journalists edit Nikolay Kolev Michmana Elena Yoncheva Oggy Boytchev Television edit TV hosts edit Milen Tsvetkov Niki Kunchev TV News presenters edit Ralitsa Vassileva Showmen edit Todor Kolev Slavi Trifonov Literature edit Main article List of Bulgarian writers Authors edit Aleko Konstantinov Alexenia Dimitrova Angel Karaliychev Anton Strashimirov Assen Bossev Atanas Dalchev Chernorizetz Hrabar Chudomir Clement of Ohrid Constantine of Preslav Dimcho Debelyanov Dimitar Dimov Dimitar Talev Dobri Chintulov Dobri Voinikov Dora Gabe Edvin Sugarev Elias Canetti Elin Pelin Elisaveta Bagryana Emiliyan Stanev Grigor Parlichev Hristo Botev Hristo Smirnenski Ivailo Petrov Ivan Vazov John Exarch Julian Popov Kuzman Shapkarev Lyuben Karavelov Miladinov Brothers Nedyalko Yordanov Nikola Vaptsarov Nikolai Haitov Paisiy Hilendarski Pavel Vezhinov Pencho Slaveykov Petar Beron Petko Slaveykov Petya Dubarova Peyo Yavorov Radoy Ralin Ran Bosilek Sofronii Vrachanski Stanislav Stratiev Stefan Kisyov Stefan Tzanev Tzvetan Todorov Valeri Petrov Vasil Drumev Virginia Zaharieva Vladislav the Grammarian Yordan Radichkov Yordan Yovkov Zahari Stoyanov Theory of Literature edit Marco Mincoff Music edit Composers edit See also List of Bulgarian composers Albena Petrovic Vratchanska Alexandra Fol Anna Maria Ravnopolska Dean Dimitar Nenov Dobri Hristov Dobrinka Tabakova Emanuil Manolov Filip Kutev Georgi Minchev Georgi Tutev Ivo Papasov John Kukuzelis Marin Goleminov Michail Goleminov Milcho Leviev Nikola Atanasov Nikolo Kotzev Pancho Vladigerov Penka Kouneva Petar Krumov Petko Stainov Dobrinka Tabakova Ralitsa Tcholakova Stefan Popov Stefan Valdobrev Singers and musicians edit See also List of Bulgarian musicians and singers Alexis Weissenberg Angela Tosheva Boris Christoff Desi Slava Elena Nicolai Emil Dimitrov Gena Dimitrova Gloria Ivo Papasov Kiril Marichkov Georgi Minchev Lili Ivanova Ljuba Welitsch Ludmilla Diakovska Maria Elena Infantino Marius Kurkinski Mira Aroyo Nayden Todorov Neva Krysteva Nicolai Ghiaurov Nikola Giuzelev Raina Kabaivanska Ralitsa Tcholakova Slavi Trifonov Spens Stefan Valdobrev Svetla Protich Svilen Noev Theodosii Spassov Valya Balkanska Vassil Naidenov Veneta Vicheva Vesselina Kasarova Yildiz Ibrahimova Yoan Kukuzel Visual arts edit Photographers edit Vladimir Krumov Nacho Kamenov Sculptors edit Assen Botev Ivan Minekov Christo Lyubomir Dalchev Petar Koutzarov Todor Todorov Vezhdi Rashidov Graphic artists edit Marin Gruev Peter Lazarov Toma Tomov Painters edit Main article List of Bulgarian painters Angel Metodiev Bencho Obreshkov Boris Georgiev Christo Yavashev Christo Chudomir Dechko Uzunov Dimitre Mehandjiysky Ekaterina Savova Nenova George Papazov Gredi Assa Hristofor Zhefarovich Iliya Beshkov Ivan Markvichka Ivan Nenov Jules Pascin Keratza Vissulceva Konstantin Shtarkelov Nikola Avramov Nikola Marinov Radi Nedelchev Silvia Dimitrova Vladimir Dimitrov Maistora Yaroslav Veshin Yanko Tihov Zahariy Zograf Zlatyu Boyadzhiev Architects edit Main article List of Bulgarian architects Victoria Angelova – Bulgaria s first woman architect Milka Bliznakov Andrey Damyanov Kolyu Ficheto Georgi Fingov Naum Torbov Cartoonists edit Alex Maleev Vlad Kolarov Arts Curators edit Annie Ivanova Business edit Businessmen edit Igor Velikov Emil Kyulev Georgi Naydenov Igor Parvanov Iliya Pavlov Kroum Pindoff State edit Politicians edit Georgi Atanasov Prince Alexander of Battenberg Bogomil Bonev Boyko Borisov Todor Burmov Vulko Chervenkov Filip Dimitrov Georgi Dimitrov Konstantin Dimitrov Anastasia Dimitrova Moser Kimon Georgiev Lyubcho Georgievski Reneta Indzhova Vasil Kolarov Ivan Kostov Andrey Lukanov Nadezhda Mihailova Georgi Parvanov Solomon Pasi Vasil Radoslavov Simeon Saxe Coburg Gotha Blagovest Sendov Volen Siderov Stefan Sofiyanski Aleksandar Stamboliyski Stefan Stambolov Sergey Stanishev Stoyan Stavrev Petar Stoyanov Vasile Tarlev Borislav Tsekov Zhan Videnov Zhelyu Zhelev Todor Zhivkov Revolutionaries edit Todor Aleksandrov Georgi Benkovski Dame Gruev Gotse Delchev Tsanko Dyustabanov Hadzhi Dimitar Panayot Hitov Todor Kableshkov Stefan Karadzha Lyuben Karavelov Vasil Levski Georgi Obretenov Nikola Karev Nikola Obretenov Tonka Obretenova Gjorche Petrov Yane Sandanski Boris Sarafov Georgi Sava Rakovski Hristo Tatarchev Filip Totyu Panayot Volov Stoyan Zaimov Hristo Botev revolutionary poet Mara Buneva Voivodes edit Angel Apostol Petkov Chakar Chavdar Ilyo Indzhe Karposh Manush Kapitan Petko Voyvoda Valchan Voyvoda Academicians edit Scientists edit Asen Hadjiolov biologist George Chaldakov vascular biologist Stephan Angeloff microbiologist Anastas Ishirkov human geographer John Vincent Atanasoff inventor of the digital electronic computer Krassimir Atanassov mathematician Angel Balevski inventor Petar Beron educator Veselin Beshevliev classicist Georgi Bliznakoff chemist Kiril Bratanov biologist Ljubomir Chakaloff mathematician Kiril Chukanov scientist Stamen Grigorov physician Assen Jordanoff airplane constructor Georgi Kitov archaeologist Stefka Petrova nutritionist Rostislaw Kaischew physical chemist Boicho Kokinov Cognitive Scientist Georgi Lozanov psychologist Georgi Manev physicist Stefan Marinov dissident physicist Georgi Nadjakov physicist discovered the external photoeffect Nikola Obreshkov prominent mathematician Dimiter Orahovats prominent physiologist Dimitar Paskov pharmacist and chemist Angel Penchev neurologist Peter Petroff enormously prolific inventor Dimitar Sasselov astrophysicist Blagovest Sendov mathematician Stantcho Stanev engineer Colonel Gaddafi s former Chief Camel Herder Ivan Stranski physical chemist proposed the mechanism of Stranski Krastanov growth Elka Todorova social psychologist Asen Zlatarov chemist Christo Ivanov prominent organic chemist Vasil Zlatarski historian Ivan Atanassov Petrov neurologist Georgi Yordanov Georgiev physicist Economists edit Stoyan Alexandrov Lyuben Berov Martin Dimitrov Ivan Iskrov Nikolay Nenovsky Antoaneta Vassileva Political Scientists edit Philosophers edit Julia Kristeva Isaac Passy Tzvetan Todorov Petar Deunov Maria Todorova Ivan Stefanov Sports edit Athletics edit Stefka Kostadinova World Record holder and World Titles High Jump Yordanka Donkova World Record holder and World Title Hurdling Tereza Marinova Petya Pendareva sprinter Iva Prandzheva Rostislav Dimitrov triple jumper Boxing edit Daisy Lang A female boxer A world champion in different weight categories Georgi Kostadinov boxer won the Olympic Flyweight gold medal at the Munich Olympic Games for Bulgaria Ivailo Marinov boxer won the Olympic Flyweight gold medal at the Seoul Olympic Games among others Svilen Rusinov boxer Kubrat Pulev boxer Tervel Pulev boxer Chess edit Veselin Topalov FIDE World Chess Champion Antoaneta Stefanova Women s World Chess Champion Ivan Cheparinov chess player Silvio Danailov manager Volleyball edit Lyubomir Ganev Plamen Konstantinov Martin Stoev Hristo Tsvetanov Matey Kaziyski Vladimir Nikolov Evgeni Ivanov Boyan Yordanov Ivan Zarev Andrey Zhekov Dimitar Zlatanov Nikolay Nikolov Teodor Salparov Antonina Zetova Eva Yaneva Strashimira Filipova Football edit See also List of Bulgarian footballers Georgi Asparuhov Krassimir Balakov Dimitar Berbatov Hristo Bonev Dinko Dermendzhiev Petar Houbchev Trifon Ivanov Ivan Kolev Emil Kostadinov Nikola Kotkov Yordan Letchkov Borislav Mikhailov Dimitar Penev Luboslav Penev Martin Petrov Stiliyan Petrov Aleksandar Shalamanov Nasko Sirakov Hristo Stoichkov World Cup Top Scorer European Footballer of the Year Dimitar Yakimov Zlatko Yankov Petar Zhekov Stanislav Manolev Tennis edit Manuela Maleeva Katerina Maleeva Magdalena Maleeva Grigor Dimitrov Tsvetana Pironkova Other sports edit Maria Gigova Rhythmic Gymnastics World Titles Guinness World Records Maria Petrova Rhythmic Gymnastics World Titles Guinness World Records Albena Denkova World Figure Skating Champion Ice dancing pairs Valentin Yordanov Olympic World and European Titles Wrestling Nikolay Bukhalov Olympic and World Titles Canoeing Georgi Georgiev World Titles Sambo Mariya Grozdeva sport shooter Blagoy Blagoev Silver medalist in Olympic Games & All time senior world record holder in snatch kg competing at kg Ivan Ivanov Olympic weightlifter Yordan Yovchev world champion and six time Olympic gymnast Tanyu Kiryakov Dan Kolov a famous Bulgarian wrestler Hristo Prodanov mountaineer Evgeniya Radanova Neshka Robeva Kaloyan Mahlyanov Kotooshu Sumo Wrestler Theology edit Antim I Evtimiy of Tarnovo Vladislav the Grammarian Peter Deunov Master Beinsa Douno Founder of the Universal White Brotherhood Cuisine edit Ivan Zvezdev Silvena Rowe Notorious criminals edit See also Bulgarian mafia Assassinated edit Vasil Iliev Assassinated edit Konstantin "Samokovetsa" Dimitrov Iliya Pavlov Assassinated edit Georgi Iliev Emil Kyulev Assassinated edit Georgi Stoev Borislav Georgiev Gallery edit Khan Asparukh founder of the First Bulgarian Empire Saint Clement of Ohrid – often associated as the creator of the Cyrillic script Saint Ivan of Rila – the patron saint of the Bulgarian people Tsar Ivan Asen II led the Second Bulgarian Empire to its largest territorial extent Saint John Kukuzel – composer singer and reformer of the Orthodox Church music known as the "Angel voiced" Panayot Hitov – revolutionary hajduk and voivode national hero of Bulgaria Stefan Karadzha – revolutionary voivode national hero of Bulgaria Vasil Levski – revolutionary and national hero of Bulgaria Hristo Botev – revolutionary and poet national hero of Bulgaria Georgi Benkovski – revolutionary and national hero of Bulgaria Panayot Volov – revolutionary and national hero of Bulgaria Todor Kableshkov – revolutionary and national hero of Bulgaria Aleko Konstantinov – writer created one of the most popular Bulgarian works Metropolitan Nathanael Ohridski – revolutionary and organizer of the Kresna Razlog Uprising Gotse Delchev – revolutionary and leader of the Bulgarian Macedonian Adrianople Revolutionary Committees Ivan Vazov – considered as the best Bulgarian author of all time Todor Aleksandrov – revolutionary and leader of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization national hero of Bulgaria Vladimir Vazov – general and war hero Filmmakers edit Sarah Bouyain born French Burkinabé film director Gaston Kaboré born film director Fanta Régina Nacro born film director Idrissa Ouedraogo born film and television director whose films include Yaaba Politicians edit Laurent Bado member of the National Rebirth Party and Burkina Faso presidential candidate Ali Barraud Minister of Public Health and Population for Upper Volta Djibril Bassolé born Minister of Foreign Affairs and Regional Cooperation from June Juliette Bonkoungou born Burkinabé ambassador to Canada Blaise Compaoré born president of Burkina Faso from Simon Compaoré born mayor of Ouagadougou Joseph Conombo – president of Upper Volta from to Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly – president of governing council of Upper Volta from to Toubé Clément Dakio born member of the Union for Democracy and Development party and Burkina Faso presidential candidate Bernadette Sanou Dao born Burkinabé Minister for Culture from to Frédéric Guirma politician head of the RDA and Burkina Faso presidential candidate Nayabtigungu Congo Kaboré born leader of the Movement for Tolerance and Progress party and Burkina Faso presidential candidate Roch Marc Christian Kaboré born president of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso Michel Kafando born Burkinabé ambassador to the United Nations Joseph Ki Zerbo – politician historian writer and activist Sangoulé Lamizana – president of Upper Volta from to Ali Lankoandé member of the Party for Democracy and Progress Socialist Party and Burkina Faso presidential candidate Ablassé Ouedraogo Regional Adviser for Africa within the African Development Bank and former foreign minister for Burkina Faso Gérard Kango Ouédraogo born Prime Minister for Upper Volta from to Gilbert Noël Ouédraogo member of the Pan African Parliament Jean Baptiste Ouédraogo born president of Upper Volta from to Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo born Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from to Burkinabé ambassador to the United Kingdom Philippe Ouédraogo born leader of the African Independence Party and Burkina Faso presidential candidate Ram Ouédraogo born member of the Rally of the Democrats of Burkina party and Burkina Faso presidential candidate Youssouf Ouédraogo born first Prime Minister of Burkina Faso serving from to Pargui Emile Paré member of the People s Movement for Socialism Federal Party and Burkina Faso presidential candidate Bénéwendé Stanislas Sankara born president of the Union for Rebirth Sankarist Movement party and Burkina Faso presidential candidate Thomas Sankara – first president of Burkina Faso serving from to also president of Upper Volta from to Marie Blandine Sawadogo member of the Pan African Parliament Salimata Sawadogo born Burkinabé ambassador to several African countries Hermann Yaméogo born leader of the National Union for the Defence of Democracy party Maurice Yaméogo – first president of Upper Volta serving from to Salvador Yaméogo Minister of Transportation and Tourism Oubkiri Marc Yao member of the Pan African Parliament Larba Yarga member of the Pan African Parliament Paramanga Ernest Yonli born Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from to Marlène Zebango Minister for Youth and Sports from to Saye Zerbo born president of Upper Volta from to Tertius Zongo born Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from June Alain Zoubga born medical doctor and leader of the Party for Democracy and Progress Socialist Party Sportspeople edit Oumar Barro born soccer player Tanguy Barro born soccer player Abdoulaye Cissé born soccer player Brahima Cissé born soccer player Daouda Compaoré born soccer player Henoc Conombo born soccer player Amadou Coulibaly born soccer player Moumouni Dagano born soccer player Mohamed Ali Diallo soccer player Salif Dianda born soccer player Madou Dossama born soccer player Asmane Gnegne born soccer player Jean Michel Liade Gnonka born soccer player Mohamed Kaboré born soccer player Bèbè Kambou born soccer player Mahamoudou Kéré born soccer player Yssouf Koné born soccer player Brahima Korbeogo born soccer player Pan Pierre Koulibaly born soccer player Moustapha Kourouma born soccer player Dieudonné Minoungou born soccer player Toussaint Natama born soccer player Abdoul Aziz Nikiema born soccer player Amara Ahmed Ouattara born soccer player Boureima Ouattara born soccer player Moussa Ouattara born soccer player Ali Ouédraogo born soccer player Rabaki Jeremie Ouedraogo born road racing cyclist Rahim Ouédraogo born soccer player Saïdou Panandétiguiri born soccer player Jonathan Pitroipa born soccer player Firmin Sanou born soccer player Geography of Burundi edit An enlargeable topographic map of BurundiMain article Geography of Burundi Burundi is a landlocked country Location Africa Southern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere Africa Central Africa East Africa Time zone Central Africa Time UTC Extreme points of Burundi High Mount Heha m ft Low Lake Tanganyika m ft Land boundaries km Tanzania km Rwanda km Democratic Republic of the Congo km Coastline none Population Size square kilometres sq mi th largest country Atlas of Burundi Environment of Burundi edit An enlargeable satellite image of BurundiClimate of Burundi Ecoregions in Burundi Renewable energy in Burundi Geology of Burundi Protected areas of Burundi Biosphere reserves in Burundi National parks of Burundi Wildlife of Burundi Fauna of Burundi Birds of Burundi Mammals of Burundi Natural geographic features of Burundi edit Glaciers in Burundi none Islands of Burundi Lakes of Burundi Lake Tanganyika Lake Cohoha Lake Rweru Lake Rwihinda Mountains of Burundi Mitumba Mountains Volcanoes in Burundi Rivers of Burundi Kagera River Ruvyironza River Rurubu River Ruzizi River Waterfalls of Burundi Valleys of Burundi World Heritage Sites in Burundi none Regions of Burundi edit Main article Regions of Burundi Ecoregions of Burundi edit Main article Ecoregions in Burundi Administrative divisions of Burundi edit Main article Administrative divisions of Burundi Provinces of Burundi Communes of Burundi Collines of Burundi Provinces of Burundi edit Main article Provinces of Burundi Bubanza Bujumbura Mairie Bujumbura Rural Bururi Cankuzo Cibitoke Gitega Karuzi Kayanza Kirundo Makamba Muramvya Muyinga Mwaro Ngozi Rutana Ruyigi