aino kishi : This Is An Un Official Fan Site Tribute
aino kishi
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aino kishi

Kishi was a member of the Ebisu Muscats. In 2012, she took part in the music project Kiss, a J-pop group consisting of Kishi, Mayu Nozomi and Jessica Kizaki. Their debut and only album was titled Touch My
Aino Kishi (Japanese: ?????,, Hepburn: ?????, Kishi Aino), born February 1, 1988) is a Japanese actress, singer and former AV idol. Starting her career in 2008, Kishi starred in over 400 adult films and was named among the most popular adult film actresses of her generation, with her popularity crossing into mainstream acting appearances as well. She was also a member of the first generation of the idol group Ebisu Muscats between 2008 and 2013. Kishi retired from the adult film scene in December 2015[4] and returned into civil life.



Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Early life and AV career 1.2 Film career 1.3 Music career 1.4 Other works 2 Filmography 3 Bibliography 4 References 5 External links Life and career Early life and AV career Kishi was born in 1 February 1988 in Hokkaido, Japan. In an interview, she recalled that her first exposure to adult films was watching the popular AV idol Tina Yuzuki (Rio) at a hotel room, being stunned by her beauty and becoming fascinated with the idea of becoming an adult film actress.[5] Kishi debuted in AV at the age of 20 in February 22, 2008 with the famed AV studio Alice Japan.[6] Kishi's first two years as an AV actress was under an exclusive double contract under the Alice Japan and Max-A labels, but in February 2010 she transferred and made a similar double exclusivity contract with IdeaPocket[7] and S1 No. 1. Style.[8] Kishi performed with both studios till June, 2011 when she choose to stay with IdeaPocket, and became one of the studio's top actress till her retirement. During her tenure at IdeaPocket, Kishi formed a close friendship with other AV idols including Tina Yuzuki, Jessica Kizaki, Kaho Kasumi, Minori Hatsune and Airi Kijima. Kishi retired from AV in the end of 2015, and her retirement movie "Abayo!-Thank You Aino Kishi Retirement Special" was released in December 12, 2015.[4] Film career In addition to adult videos, her career has also included roles in theatrical films, V-cinema and television.[9] Her film credits include the mainstream ero guro Samurai Princess, in which she plays the title character[10] and the romantic comedy Rubbers (?????????, Rabazu ~Oou onna~), about a young girl with a latex fetish and the complications this causes in her love life. One critic wrote: "Kishi is fantastic in her role" and her performance is "one of last year's most delighting ones".[11] She also starred in the 2012 erotic action comedy Mask the Kekkou: Reborn (?????? ??-REBORN-, Kekko Kamen: Ribon), where she played the superhero Kekko Kamen.[12] In 2015, she starred in the Korean comedy film, The Maidroid (Korean: ??? ???, Chin-jeol-han ga-jeong-boo).[13] In 2015, she also starred in another Korean thriller film, Maze: Secret Love (Korean: ??:???, Migung: bimirae).[14] Music career Other works In December 2011, a video game, "Aino Kishi Slot Game", was launched for the Android operating system with Kishi as the main character.[18] Through IdeaPocket's working relationship with Union Pro, Kishi made her professional wrestling debut on May 3, 2013, at the promotion's event at Korakuen Hall. After Hiroshi Fukuda had become the inaugural World Aipoke Champion, Kishi slapped him and then pinned him to become the second World Aipoke Champion.[19] Filmography Samurai Princess (2009) The Maidroid (2015)[13] Maze: Secret Love (2015 Ueshima Jęn: Biyondo 2012Kekkô Kamen: Ribôn Mayumi / Kekko Kamen 2010Rabâzu: Oou onna 2010Digital Channel DC71 (Video) 2009Samurai purinsesu: Gedô-hime Gedôhime / Samurai Princess Born February 1, 1988 in Hokkaido, Japan Height 5' 2" (1,57 m) Mini Bio (1) Aino Kishi was born on February 1, 1988 in Hokkaido, Japan. She is an actress, known for Kekkô Kamen: Ribôn (2012), Samurai purinsesu: Gedô-hime (2009) and Rabâzu: Oou onna (2010). Trivia (1) Was a Professional Wrestler. A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was widely used in the 19th and early part of the 20th century. Most nations abandoned the gold standard as the basis of their monetary systems at some point in the 20th century, although many still hold substantial gold reserves.[1][2] Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Silver 1.3 Bimetallic standard 1.4 Fluctuations in the U.S. gold stock, 1862–1877 1.5 Gold exchange standard 1.6 Impact of World War I 2 Abandonment of the gold standard 2.1 Depression and World War II 2.2 Bretton Woods 3 Production of gold 4 Theory 4.1 Variations 5 Impact 5.1 Advantages 5.2 Disadvantages 6 Advocates 6.1 U.S. politics 7 See also 7.1 International institutions 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Gold standard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) All references to "dollars" in this section refer to the United States dollar, unless otherwise stated. The gold standard was originally implemented as a gold specie standard, by the circulation of gold coins. The monetary unit is associated with the value of circulating gold coins, or the monetary unit has the value of a certain circulating gold coin, but other coins may be made of less valuable metal. With the invention and spread in use of paper money, gold coins were eventually supplanted by banknotes, creating the gold bullion standard, a system in which gold coins do not circulate, but the authorities agree to sell gold bullion on demand at a fixed price in exchange for the circulating currency. Lastly, countries may implement a gold exchange standard, where the government guarantees a fixed exchange rate, not to a specified amount of gold, but rather to the currency of another country that uses a gold standard. This creates a de facto gold standard, where the value of the means of exchange has a fixed external value in terms of gold that is independent of the inherent value of the means of exchange itself. Origins The gold specie standard arose from the widespread acceptance of gold as currency.[3] Various commodities have been used as money; typically, the one that loses the least value over time becomes the accepted form.[4] The use of gold as money began thousands of years ago in Asia Minor.[5] During the early and high Middle Ages, the Byzantine gold solidus, commonly known as the bezant, was used widely throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. However, as the Byzantine Empire's economic influence declined, so too did the use of the bezant.[6] In its place, European territories chose silver as their currency over gold, leading to the development of silver standards.[7] Silver pennies based on the Roman denarius became the staple coin of Mercia in Great Britain around the time of King Offa, circa 757–796 CE.[8] Similar coins, including Italian denari, French deniers, and Spanish dineros, circulated in Europe. Spanish explorers discovered silver deposits in Mexico in 1522 and at Potosí in Bolivia in 1545.[9] International trade came to depend on coins such as the Spanish dollar, the Maria Theresa thaler, and, later, the United States trade dollar.[citation needed] In modern times, the British West Indies was one of the first regions to adopt a gold specie standard. Following Queen Anne's proclamation of 1704, the British West Indies gold standard was a de facto gold standard based on the Spanish gold doubloon. In 1717, Sir Isaac Newton, the master of the Royal Mint, established a new mint ratio between silver and gold that had the effect of driving silver out of circulation and putting Britain on a gold standard.[10][self-published source] A formal gold specie standard was first established in 1821, when Britain adopted it following the introduction of the gold sovereign by the new Royal Mint at Tower Hill in 1816. The Province of Canada in 1854, Newfoundland in 1865, and the United States and Germany (de jure) in 1873 adopted gold. The United States used the eagle as its unit, Germany introduced the new gold mark, while Canada adopted a dual system based on both the American gold eagle and the British gold sovereign.[11] Australia and New Zealand adopted the British gold standard, as did the British West Indies, while Newfoundland was the only British Empire territory to introduce its own gold coin.[12] Royal Mint branches were established in Sydney, Melbourne, and Perth for the purpose of minting gold sovereigns from Australia's rich gold deposits.[citation needed] The gold specie standard came to an end in the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Empire with the outbreak of World War I.[13] Silver From 1750 to 1870, wars within Europe as well as an ongoing trade deficit with China (which sold to Europe but had little use for European goods) drained silver from the economies of Western Europe and the United States. Coins were struck in smaller and smaller numbers, and there was a proliferation of bank and stock notes used as money. United Kingdom In the 1790s, the United Kingdom suffered a silver shortage. It ceased to mint larger silver coins and instead issued "token" silver coins and overstruck foreign coins. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Bank of England began the massive recoinage programme that created standard gold sovereigns, circulating crowns, half-crowns and eventually copper farthings in 1821. The recoinage of silver after a long drought produced a burst of coins. The United Kingdom struck nearly 40 million shillings between 1816 and 1820, 17 million half crowns and 1.3 million silver crowns. The 1819 Act for the Resumption of Cash Payments set 1823 as the date for resumption of convertibility, which was reached by 1821. Throughout the 1820s, small notes were issued by regional banks. This was restricted in 1826, while the Bank of England was allowed to set up regional branches. In 1833 however, Bank of England notes were made legal tender and redemption by other banks was discouraged. In 1844, the Bank Charter Act established that Bank of England notes were fully backed by gold and they became the legal standard. According to the strict interpretation of the gold standard, this 1844 act marked the establishment of a full gold standard for British money. The pound left the gold standard in 1931 and a number of currencies of countries that historically had performed a large amount of their trade in sterling were pegged to sterling instead of to gold. The Bank of England took the decision to leave the gold standard abruptly and unilaterally.[14] United States In the 1780s, Thomas Jefferson, Robert Morris and Alexander Hamilton recommended to Congress the value of a decimal system. This system would also apply to monies in the United States. The question was what type of standard: gold, silver or both.[15] The United States adopted a silver standard based on the Spanish milled dollar in 1785. International From 1860 to 1871 various attempts to resurrect bi-metallic standards were made, including one based on the gold and silver franc; however, with the rapid influx of silver from new deposits, the expectation of scarce silver ended. The interaction between central banking and currency basis formed the primary source of monetary instability during this period. The combination of a restricted supply of notes, a government monopoly on note issuance and indirectly, a central bank and a single unit of value produced economic stability. Deviation from these conditions produced monetary crises. Devalued notes or leaving silver as a store of value caused economic problems. Governments, demanding specie as payment, could drain the money out of the economy. Economic development expanded need for credit. The need for a solid basis in monetary affairs produced a rapid acceptance of the gold standard in the period that followed. Japan Following Germany's decision after the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War to extract reparations to facilitate a move to the gold standard, Japan gained the needed reserves after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. For Japan, moving to gold was considered vital for gaining access to Western capital markets.[16] Bimetallic standard US: Pre-Civil War In 1792, Congress passed the Mint and Coinage Act. It authorized the federal government's use of the Bank of the United States to hold its reserves, as well as establish a fixed ratio of gold to the U.S. dollar. Gold and silver coins were legal tender, as was the Spanish real. In 1792 the market price of gold was about 15 times that of silver.[15] Silver coins left circulation, exported to pay for the debts taken on to finance the American Revolutionary War. In 1806 President Jefferson suspended the minting of silver coins. This resulted in a derivative silver standard, since the Bank of the United States was not required to fully back its currency with reserves. This began a long series of attempts by the United States to create a bi-metallic standard. The intention was to use gold for large denominations, and silver for smaller denominations. A problem with bimetallic standards was that the metals' absolute and relative market prices changed. The mint ratio (the rate at which the mint was obligated to pay/receive for gold relative to silver) remained fixed at 15 ounces of silver to 1 ounce of gold, whereas the market rate fluctuated from 15.5 to 1 to 16 to 1. With the Coinage Act of 1834, Congress passed an act that changed the mint ratio to approximately 16 to 1. Gold discoveries in California in 1848 and later in Australia lowered the gold price relative to silver; this drove silver money from circulation because it was worth more in the market than as money.[17] Passage of the Independent Treasury Act of 1848 placed the U.S. on a strict hard-money standard. Doing business with the American government required gold or silver coins. Government accounts were legally separated from the banking system. However, the mint ratio (the fixed exchange rate between gold and silver at the mint) continued to overvalue gold. In 1853, the U.S. reduced the silver weight of coins to keep them in circulation and in 1857 removed legal tender status from foreign coinage. In 1857 the final crisis of the free banking era began as American banks suspended payment in silver, with ripples through the developing international financial system. Due to the inflationary finance measures undertaken to help pay for the U.S. Civil War, the government found it difficult to pay its obligations in gold or silver and suspended payments of obligations not legally specified in specie (gold bonds); this led banks to suspend the conversion of bank liabilities (bank notes and deposits) into specie. In 1862 paper money was made legal tender. It was a fiat money (not convertible on demand at a fixed rate into specie). These notes came to be called "greenbacks".[17] US: Post-Civil War After the Civil War, Congress wanted to reestablish the metallic standard at pre-war rates. The market price of gold in greenbacks was above the pre-War fixed price ($20.67 per ounce of gold) requiring deflation to achieve the pre-War price. This was accomplished by growing the stock of money less rapidly than real output. By 1879 the market price matched the mint price of gold. The coinage act of 1873 (also known as the Crime of ‘73) demonetized silver. This act removed the 412.5 grain silver dollar from circulation. Subsequently silver was only used in coins worth less than $1 (fractional currency). With the resumption of convertibility on June 30, 1879 the government again paid its debts in gold, accepted greenbacks for customs and redeemed greenbacks on demand in gold. Greenbacks were therefore perfect substitutes for gold coins. During the latter part of the nineteenth century the use of silver and a return to the bimetallic standard were recurrent political issues, raised especially by William Jennings Bryan, the People's Party and the Free Silver movement. In 1900 the gold dollar was declared the standard unit of account and a gold reserve for government issued paper notes was established. Greenbacks, silver certificates, and silver dollars continued to be legal tender, all redeemable in gold.[17] Fluctuations in the U.S. gold stock, 1862–1877 US gold stock 1862 59 tons 1866 81 tons 1875 50 tons 1878 78 tons The U.S. had a gold stock of 1.9 million ounces (59 t) in 1862. Stocks rose to 2.6 million ounces (81 t) in 1866, declined in 1875 to 1.6 million ounces (50 t) and rose to 2.5 million ounces (78 t) in 1878. Net exports did not mirror that pattern. In the decade before the Civil War net exports were roughly constant; postwar they varied erratically around pre-war levels, but fell significantly in 1877 and became negative in 1878 and 1879. The net import of gold meant that the foreign demand for American currency to purchase goods, services, and investments exceeded the corresponding American demands for foreign currencies. In the final years of the greenback period (1862–1879), gold production increased while gold exports decreased. The decrease in gold exports was considered by some to be a result of changing monetary conditions. The demands for gold during this period were as a speculative vehicle, and for its primary use in the foreign exchange markets financing international trade. The major effect of the increase in gold demand by the public and Treasury was to reduce exports of gold and increase the Greenback price of gold relative to purchasing power.[18] Gold exchange standard This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Gold standard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Towards the end of the 19th century, some silver standard countries began to peg their silver coin units to the gold standards of the United Kingdom or the United States. In 1898, British India pegged the silver rupee to the pound sterling at a fixed rate of 1s 4d, while in 1906, the Straits Settlements adopted a gold exchange standard against sterling, fixing the silver Straits dollar at 2s 4d. Around the start of the 20th century, the Philippines pegged the silver peso/dollar to the U.S. dollar at 50 cents. This move was assisted by the passage of the Philippines Coinage Act by the United States Congress on March 3, 1903.[19] Around the same time Mexico and Japan pegged their currencies to the dollar. When Siam adopted a gold exchange standard in 1908, only China and Hong Kong remained on the silver standard. When adopting the gold standard, many European nations changed the name of their currency, for instance from Daler (Sweden and Denmark) or Gulden (Austria-Hungary) to Crown, since the former names were traditionally associated with silver coins and the latter with gold coins. Impact of World War I Governments with insufficient tax revenue suspended convertibility repeatedly in the 19th century. The real test, however, came in the form of World War I, a test which "it failed utterly" according to economist Richard Lipsey.[3] By the end of 1913, the classical gold standard was at its peak but World War I caused many countries to suspend or abandon it.[20] According to Lawrence Officer the main cause of the gold standard's failure to resume its previous position after World War I was “the Bank of England's precarious liquidity position and the gold-exchange standard.” A run on sterling caused Britain to impose exchange controls that fatally weakened the standard; convertibility was not legally suspended, but gold prices no longer played the role that they did before.[21] In financing the war and abandoning gold, many of the belligerents suffered drastic inflations. Price levels doubled in the U.S. and Britain, tripled in France and quadrupled in Italy. Exchange rates changed less, even though European inflations were more severe than America's. This meant that the costs of American goods decreased relative to those in Europe. Between August 1914 and spring of 1915, the dollar value of U.S. exports tripled and its trade surplus exceeded $1 billion for the first time.[22] Ultimately, the system could not deal quickly enough with the large balance of payments deficits and surpluses; this was previously attributed to downward wage rigidity brought about by the advent of unionized labor, but is now considered as an inherent fault of the system that arose under the pressures of war and rapid technological change. In any case, prices had not reached equilibrium by the time of the Great Depression, which served to kill off the system completely.[3] For example, Germany had gone off the gold standard in 1914, and could not effectively return to it because War reparations had cost it much of its gold reserves. During the Occupation of the Ruhr the German central bank (Reichsbank) issued enormous sums of non-convertible marks to support workers who were on strike against the French occupation and to buy foreign currency for reparations; this led to the German hyperinflation of the early 1920s and the decimation of the German middle class. The U.S. did not suspend the gold standard during the war. The newly created Federal Reserve intervened in currency markets and sold bonds to “sterilize” some of the gold imports that would have otherwise increased the stock of money.[citation needed] By 1927 many countries had returned to the gold standard.[17] As a result of World War I the United States, which had been a net debtor country, had become a net creditor by 1919.[23] Abandonment of the gold standard William McKinley ran for president on the basis of the gold standard. The gold specie standard ended in the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Empire at the outbreak of World War I, when Treasury notes replaced the circulation of gold sovereigns and gold half sovereigns. Legally, the gold specie standard was not repealed. The end of the gold standard was successfully effected by the Bank of England through appeals to patriotism urging citizens not to redeem paper money for gold specie. It was only in 1925, when Britain returned to the gold standard in conjunction with Australia and South Africa, that the gold specie standard was officially ended. The British Gold Standard Act 1925 both introduced the gold bullion standard and simultaneously repealed the gold specie standard. The new standard ended the circulation of gold specie coins. Instead, the law compelled the authorities to sell gold bullion on demand at a fixed price, but "only in the form of bars containing approximately four hundred ounces troy [12 kg] of fine gold".[24][25] John Maynard Keynes, citing deflationary dangers, argued against resumption of the gold standard.[26] By fixing the price at the pre-war rate of $4.86,[clarification needed] Churchill is argued to have made an error that led to depression, unemployment and the 1926 general strike. The decision was described by Andrew Turnbull as a "historic mistake".[27] Many other countries followed Britain in returning to the gold standard, leading to a period of relative stability but also deflation.[28] This state of affairs lasted until the Great Depression (1929–1939) forced countries off the gold standard. In September 19, 1931, speculative attacks on the pound led the Bank of England to abandon the gold standard, ostensibly "temporarily".[14] However, the ostensibly temporary departure from the gold standard had unexpectedly positive effects on the economy, leading to greater acceptance of departing from the gold standard.[14] Loans from American and French Central Banks of Ł50,000,000 were insufficient and exhausted in a matter of weeks, due to large gold outflows across the Atlantic.[29][30][31] The British benefited from this departure. They could now use monetary policy to stimulate the economy. Australia and New Zealand had already left the standard and Canada quickly followed suit.


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