newspaper publishers in Murdoch's native Australia), News International (a newspaper publisher in the United Kingdom, whose properties include The Times, The Sun, and the now-defunct News of the World—which was the subject of a phone hacking scandal that led to its closure in July 2011), Dow Jones & Company (an American publisher of financial news outlets, including The Wall Street Journal), the book publisher HarperCollins, and the Fox Entertainment Group (owners of the 20th Century Fox film studio and the Fox Broadcasting Company—one of the United States' major television networks). Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Moving into the United States 1.2 Expansion and consolidation 1.3 Development since 2000 1.4 Scandals 1.5 Split 2 Shareholders 3 Annual conference 4 Political donations 5 Corporate governance 6 Office of the chairman 7 Final holdings 7.1 Books 7.2 Newspapers 7.3 Magazines 7.4 Music and radio 7.5 Sport 7.6 Studios 7.7 Production House 7.8 TV 7.8.1 Broadcast 7.8.2 Satellite television 7.8.3 Cable 7.9 Internet 7.10 Other assets 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History[edit] News Corp was created in 1979 by Rupert Murdoch as a holding company for News Limited. News Limited was created in 1923 in Adelaide; subsequently the controlling interest was bought by The Herald and Weekly Times. In 1949, Sir Keith Murdoch took control of The Adelaide News. When he died in 1952, his son Rupert inherited a controlling interest in an Adelaide afternoon tabloid, The News. News Limited operates today as News Corporation's Australian brand, The Australian operating out of Surry Hills, in Sydney. Moving into the United States[edit] News Ltd. made its first acquisition in the United States in 1973, when it purchased the San Antonio Express-News. Soon afterwards it founded the National Star, a supermarket tabloid, and in 1976 it purchased the New York Post.

In 1981, News Corp bought half of the movie studio 20th Century Fox, buying the other half in 1984. In 1985, News Corp announced it was buying the Metromedia group of stations, setting the stage for the launch of a fourth U.S. commercial broadcasting television network. On 4 September 1985, Murdoch became a naturalized citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only United States citizens could own American television stations. In 1986, the Metromedia deal closed, and the Fox Broadcasting Company was launched. This network, known on-screen as "Fox", can now be picked up in over 96% of U.S. households. Expansion and consolidation[edit] In 1986 and 1987, News Corp (through subsidiary News International) moved to adjust the production process of its British newspapers, over which the printing unions had long maintained a highly restrictive grip.[13] A number of senior Australian media moguls were brought into Murdoch's powerhouse, including John Dux, who was managing director of the South China Morning Post. This led to a confrontation with the printing unions National Graphical Association and Society of Graphical and Allied Trades. The move of News International's London operation to Wapping in the East End resulted in nightly battles outside the new plant. Delivery vans and depots were frequently and violently attacked.[13] Ultimately the unions capitulated.[citation needed] By 1992, News Corp had amassed huge[clarification needed] debts, which forced it to sell many of the American magazine interests it had acquired in the mid-1980s to K-III Communications, as well spinning off long-held Australian magazines interests as Pacific Magazines. Much of this debt came from its stake in the Sky Television satellite network in the UK, which incurred massive losses in its early years of operation, which (like many of its business interests) was heavily subsidised with profits from its other holdings until it was able to force[citation needed] rival satellite operator BSB to accept a merger on its terms in 1990. (The merged company, BSkyB, has dominated the British pay-TV market since.) In 1993, News Corp acquired a 63.6% stake of the Hong Kong-based STAR TV satellite network for over $500 million, followed by the purchase of the remaining 36.4% in July 1995.[14][15] Murdoch declared that:[16] "(Telecommunications) have proved an unambiguous threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere ... satellite broadcasting makes it possible for information-hungry residents of many closed societies to bypass state-controlled television channels." In 1995, the Fox network became the object of scrutiny from the FCC when it was alleged that its Australian base made Murdoch's ownership of Fox illegal. The FCC, however, ruled in Murdoch's favour, stating that his ownership of Fox was in the public's best interests. It was also noted that the stations themselves were owned by a separate company whose chief shareholder was a U.S. citizen, Murdoch, although nearly all of the stations' equity was controlled by News Corp. In the same year, News Corp announced a deal with MCI Communications to develop a major news website as well as funding a conservative news magazine, The Weekly Standard. In the same year, News Corp launched the Foxtel pay television network in Australia in a partnership with Telstra and Publishing and Broadcasting Limited. In 1996, Fox established the Fox News Channel, a 24-hour cable news station to compete against Ted Turner's rival channel CNN. In 1999, News Corp significantly expanded its music holdings in Australia by acquiring the controlling share in a leading Australian-based label, Michael Gudinski's Mushroom Records, merging it with already held Festival Records to create Festival Mushroom Records (FMR). Both Festival and FMR were managed by Rupert Murdoch's son James Murdoch for several years. Also in 1999, The Economist reported that News Corp paid comparatively lower taxes and Newscorp Investments specifically had made £11.4 billion ($20.1 billion) in profits over the previous 11 years but had not paid net corporation tax. It also reported that after an examination of the available accounts, Newscorp could normally have been expected to pay corporate tax of approximately $350 million. The article explained that in practice, the corporation's complex structure, international scope and use of offshore tax havens allowed News Corporation to pay minimal[clarification needed] taxes.[17][18] Development since 2000[edit] In late 2003, News Corp acquired a 34% stake in DirecTV Group (formerly Hughes Electronics), operator of the largest American satellite TV system, from General Motors for US $6 billion. DirecTV was sold to Liberty Media in 2008 in exchange for its holding in News International. In January 2005, shortly after reincorporation in the United States, News Corporation announced that it was buying out Fox Entertainment Group.[19] The manoeuvre delisted Fox from the New York Stock Exchange; Fox traded on the NYSE under the ticker FOX.[20] In July 2005, in one of the company's first major Internet purchases, News Corporation purchased the social networking website Myspace for $580 million.[21][22] News Corporation had beat out Viacom by offering a higher price for the website,[23] and the purchase was seen as a good investment at the time.[23] Of the $580 million purchase price, approximately $327 million has been attributed to the value of Myspace according to the financial adviser fairness opinion.[24] Within a year, Myspace had tripled in value from its purchase price.[23] In February 2007, Murdoch announced at the McGraw-Hill Media Summit that Fox would launch a new business news channel later in the year, which would compete directly against rival network CNBC. Murdoch explained that the channel would be more "business-friendly" than CNBC, because he felt that they "leap on every scandal, or what they think is a scandal."[25] In July 2007, News Corp. reached a deal to acquire Dow Jones & Company, owners of The Wall Street Journal, for $5 billion.[26] Despite CNBC already having a contract with Dow Jones to provide content and services to the network, Fox officially launched the Fox Business Channel on 15 October 2007. Alexis Glick, the network's original morning show host and vice president of business news, indicated that its lawyers had reviewed the details of Dow Jones' contract with CNBC, but noted that it would still "actively use" other Dow Jones properties.[27][28] In 2009, News Corp established NewsCore, a global wire service set up to provide news stories to all of News Corp's journalistic outlets.[29] In 2010, due to the Fijian government's requirement that the country's media outlet must be 90% owned by Fiji nationals, News Corporation sold 90% of their stake in their Fijian newspapers (Fiji Times, Nai Lalakai, and Shanti Dut) to Motibhai Group of Companies.[30] In late February 2011, News Corp officially put the now-struggling Myspace up for sale, which was estimated to be worth $50–200 million.[31] Losses from the last quarter of 2010 were $156 million, over double of the previous year, which dragged down the otherwise strong results of parent News Corp. Its struggles were attributed to the growth of the competing social network Facebook.[32][33] The deadline for bids, 31 May 2011, passed without any above the reserve price of $100 million being submitted.[34] The rapid deterioration in Myspace's business during the most recent quarter had deterred many potent suitors.[32] Later in June, Specific Media and pop singer Justin Timberlake bought the site for $35 million, which CNN reported noted was "far less than the $580 million News Corp. paid for Myspace in 2005."[35] Murdoch went on to call the Myspace purchase a "huge mistake".[36] On 13 July 2011, Rupert Murdoch announced that the company would withdraw its takeover bid for BSkyB due to concerns relating to the News of the World scandal.[37] News Corporation already owned, and continues to own, 39.1% of BSkyB. On 6 June 2012, News Corporation announced that it would buy out ESPN Inc.'s stake in ESPN Star Sports to gain full control over the Asian sports network.[38] In January 2013, News Corp. attained 54.5% majority control of Sky Deutschland.[39] On 4 February 2013, News Corporation announced the sale of IGN and its related properties to the publishing company Ziff Davis. News Corp. had planned to spin off IGN as an independent company, but failed to do so.[40][41] Scandals[edit] Main article: News Corporation scandal In July 2011, News Corp closed down the News of the World newspaper in the United Kingdom due to allegations of phone hackings. The allegations include trying to access former Prime Minister Gordon Brown's voice mail, and obtain information from his bank accounts, family's medical records, and private legal files. Allegations of hacking have also been brought up in relation to former Prime Minister Tony Blair, and the Royal Family.[42] Other allegations put out by The Guardian newspaper include the exploitation, with intent to gain access to or use private information, of a list of 4,332 names or partial names, 2,987 mobile phone numbers, 30 audio tapes of varying length and 91 PIN codes, of a kind required to access the voicemail of the minority of targets who change the factory settings on their mobile phones.[43] The names are said to include those of British victims of 11 September 2001 terror attacks, family members of victims of the "7/7" bombings on London's transit system, family members of British troops killed overseas, Milly Dowler, a 13-year-old missing British girl who was later found dead, actor Hugh Grant and a lawyer representing the family of Princess Diana's lover at the inquest into her death.[43] On 13 July 2011, News Corp withdrew its bid to purchase the final 61% stake in BSkyB after pressure from both the Labour and Conservative Parties in Parliament.[44] Allegations about the violation of ethical standards by the News Corporation subsidiary News of the World have been speculatively applied to News Corporation holdings in the United States. Senator John Rockefeller (D-WV) stated on 12 July 2011 that there should be a government investigation into News Corporation "to ensure that Americans have not had their privacy violated."[45] His statement was echoed on Wednesday[when?] by Sen. Robert Menendez (D-NJ), who specifically requested an investigation into 9/11 victims, as well as Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) who encouraged an investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission.[45] On 13 July 2011, Representative Peter King (R-NY) wrote a letter to the FBI requesting an investigation into News Corporation's ethical practices, and on 14 July, the FBI opened a probe into the hacking of 9/11 victims.[46] Les Hinton, chief executive of the media group's Dow Jones, resigned on 15 July, saying, "I have seen hundreds of news reports of both actual and alleged misconduct during the time I was executive chairman of News International and responsible for the company. The pain caused to innocent people is unimaginable. That I was ignorant of what apparently happened is irrelevant and in the circumstances I feel it is proper for me to resign from News Corp, and apologize to those hurt by the actions of the News of the World."[47] In 2012, following a BBC Panorama report, allegations were made that News Corp subsidiary NDS Group had used hackers to undermine pay TV rivals around the world. Some of the victims of the alleged hacking, such as Austar, were later taken over by News Corp and others such as Ondigital later went bust. NDS had originally been set up to provide security to News Corp's pay TV interests but emails obtained by Fairfax Media revealed they had also pursued a wider agenda by distributing the keys to rival set-top box operators and seeking to obtain phone records of suspected rivals.[48] The emails were from the hard drive of NDS European chief Ray Adams. In 2012, it was also revealed that Australian Federal police were working with UK police to investigate hacking by News Corp.[49] Split[edit] Main articles: News Corp and 21st Century Fox 21st Century Fox logo. On 28 June 2012, Rupert Murdoch announced that, after concerns from shareholders in response to the recent scandals and to "unlock even greater long-term shareholder value", News Corporation's assets would be split into two publicly traded companies, one oriented towards media, and the other towards publishing. News Corp's publishing operations were spun out into a new News Corporation with Robert James Thomson, editor of The Wall Street Journal, as CEO. The present News Corporation, which retains most of its media properties (such as the Fox Entertainment Group and 20th Century Fox) and Murdoch as CEO, was renamed 21st Century Fox. Murdoch remains chairman for both companies.[50][51][52] News Corp's post-split logo, based on Rupert Murdoch's personal handwriting.[53] Shareholders approved the split on 11 June 2013. On 19 June 2013, preliminary trading for the new News Corp on the Australian Securities Exchange commenced in preparation for the formal split that was finalized in 28 June 2013. Shareholders received one share of New News Corp for every four shares they owned of the old News Corp. The two new companies began trading on the NASDAQ on 1 July 2013.[54][55][56] Shareholders[edit] In August 2005, the Murdoch family owned only about 29% of the company of which as of June 2013 had been diluted to around 12%. However, nearly all of these shares were voting shares which currently stand at 39% of the total voting shares, and Rupert Murdoch retained effective control of the company. Nonetheless, John Malone of Liberty Media had built up a large stake, with about half of the shares being voting shares. Therefore, in November 2006, News Corporation announced its intention to transfer its 38.5% managing interest in DirecTV Group to John Malone's Liberty Media; in return it bought back Liberty's 16.3% stake in News Corp., giving Murdoch tighter control of the latter firm.[57] Murdoch sold 17.5 million class A shares in December 2007.[58] Another major stakeholder has been Al-Waleed bin Talal, of the Saudi Royal Family. In 1997, Time reported that Al-Waleed owned about five percent of News Corporation.[59] In 2010, Alwaleed's stake in News Corp. was about 7 percent, amounting to $3 billion. In 2013, News Corp. had a $175 million (19 percent) investment in Al-Waleed's Rotana Group, the Arab world's largest entertainment company.[60] Annual conference[edit] News Corporation organises an annual management conference, discussing media issues related to geopolitics. Attendees include News Corporation executives, senior journalists, politicians and celebrities. Previous events were in Cancún, Mexico, and the Hayman Island off the coast of Australia. The events are private and secretive, there are no records available for the agenda or talks given at the conferences, and no uninvited journalists are permitted access.[61] The 2006 event in Pebble Beach, California was led by Rupert Murdoch. According to a copy of the agenda leaked to the Los Angeles Times and other media accounts,[62] issues discussed related from Europe to broadcasting and new media, terrorism to the national policy.[63] The event included speeches from Murdoch, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Bono, Al Gore, Senator John McCain and Bill Clinton while Israel's President, Shimon Peres, appeared on a panel named "Islam and the West". Other notable attendees included Newt Gingrich and Nicole Kidman. Political donations[edit] In anticipation of US midterm elections, News Corp. donated $1 million to the Republican Governors Association in June 2010. The move was criticised by Democrats, who said this was evidence of News Corp's media outlets conservative leanings (see Fox News Channel controversies). The Democratic Governors Association also criticised the donation and demanded more transparency in the reporting by News Corp companies. DGA head Nathan Daschle wrote to the chairman of News Corp company Fox News, Roger Ailes: "In the interest of some fairness and balance, I request that you add a formal disclaimer to your coverage any time any of your programs covers governors or gubernatorial races between now and election day."[64] Around the same time, News Corp. also donated $1 million to the United States Chamber of Commerce. The Chamber aggressively supported the Republican effort to retake Congress in 2010.[65] This donation and an earlier $1 million contribution that News Corp. made to the Republican Governor's Association led media critics to question whether the company had crossed an ethical line for a media company.[65] Corporate governance[edit] Rupert Murdoch The company's Board of Directors consists of 16 individuals: Rupert Murdoch (Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer) José María Aznar (Former Spanish Prime Minister) Natalie Bancroft (Director) Peter Barnes James W. Breyer Chase Carey (President and Chief Operating Officer) Elaine Chao David F. DeVoe (Chief Financial Officer) Viet Dinh Sir Roderick Ian Eddington Joel I. Klein (Executive Vice President) James Murdoch (Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, Europe & Asia) Lachlan Murdoch Álvaro Uribe (Former President of Colombia) Stanley S. Shuman (Director Emeritus) Arthur M. Siskind (Director Emeritus, Senior Advisor to the Chairman) Office of the chairman[edit] Rupert Murdoch (Chairman and CEO) Chase Carey (President, Chief Operating Officer & Deputy Chairman) David DeVoe (Chief Financial Officer) James Murdoch (Deputy Chief Operating Officer; Chairman and CEO, International) Roger Ailes (Chairman, Fox Television Stations Group) Daniel Suárez García (Chairman and CEO, Latin America) Final holdings[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) List of companies and businesses owned by News Corporation prior to its formal split in 28 June 2013. All media and broadcasting assets, except media assets owned by News Limited, now belongs to 21st Century Fox, its legal successor. Meanwhile, newspapers and other publishing assets, including media assets under News Limited, were spun off as a new News Corp. Books[edit] HarperCollins book publishing company HarperCollins India (40%)[clarification needed] joint venture with India Today Group Zondervan Christian book publisher Inspirio – religious gift production. Newspapers[edit] Australia published by News Limited. The Australian (Nationwide) Community Media Group (16 QLD & NSW suburban/regional titles) Cumberland-Courier Newspapers (23 suburban/commuter titles) The Courier-Mail (Queensland) The Sunday Mail (Queensland) The Cairns Post (Cairns, Queensland) The Gold Coast Bulletin (Gold Coast, Queensland) The Townsville Bulletin (Townsville, Queensland) The Daily Telegraph (New South Wales) The Sunday Telegraph (New South Wales) Herald Sun (Victoria) Sunday Herald Sun (Victoria) The Weekly Times (Victoria) Leader Newspapers (33 suburban Melbourne titles) MX (Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane CBD) The Geelong Advertiser (Geelong, Victoria) The Advertiser (South Australia) The Sunday Mail (South Australia) Messenger Newspapers (11 suburban Adelaide, SA titles) The Sunday Times (Western Australia) The Mercury (Tasmania) Quest Newspapers (19 suburban Brisbane, QLD titles) The Sunday Tasmanian (Tasmania) Northern Territory News (Northern Territory) The Sunday Territorian (Northern Territory) The Tablelands Advertiser (Atherton Tablelands and the Far North, Queensland) Fiji Fiji Times (National) (10%) Nai Lalakai (10%) Shanti Dut (10%) Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Post-Courier (National) (62.5%) UK and Ireland newspapers, published by subsidiaries of News International Ltd. News Group Newspapers Ltd. The Sun (published in Scotland as The Scottish Sun and in Ireland as The Irish Sun) The Sun on Sunday Times Newspapers Ltd. The Sunday Times The Times The Times Literary Supplement US newspapers and magazines The New York Post Community Newspaper Group The Brooklyn Paper Bronx Times-Reporter Brooklyn Courier-Life TimesLedger Newspapers Dow Jones & Company Consumer Media Group The Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal Europe Wall Street Journal Asia Barron's – weekly financial markets magazine. Marketwatch – Financial news and information website. Far Eastern Economic Review Enterprise Media Group Dow Jones Newswires – global, real-time news and information provider. Factiva – provides business news and information together with content delivery tools and services. Dow Jones Indexes – stock market indexes and indicators, including the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Dow Jones Financial Information Services – produces databases, electronic media, newsletters, conferences, directories, and other information services on specialised markets and industry sectors. Betten Financial News – leading Dutch language financial and economic news service. Local Media Group Ottaway Community Newspapers – 8 daily and 15 weekly regional newspapers. STOXX (33%)- joint venture with Deutsche Boerse and SWG Group for the development and distribution of Dow Jones STOXX indices. Vedomosti (33%) – Russia's leading financial newspaper (joint venture with Financial Times and Independent Media). SmartMoney The Timesledger Newspapers of Queens, New York: Bayside Times, Whitestone Times, Flushing Times, Little Neck Ledger, Jamaica Times, Astoria Times, Forest Hills Ledger The Courier-Life Newspapers in Brooklyn The Brooklyn Paper Caribbean Life Flatbush Jewish Journal Times-Herald Record (Middletown, New York) The Leader – Corning, New York[66] Magazines[edit] U.S.A. SmartSource Magazine (weekly Sunday newspaper coupon insert) Australian Alpha Magazine Australian Country Style Australian Golf Digest Australian Good Taste Big League BCME Delicious Donna Hay Fast Fours GQ (Australia) Gardening Australia InsideOut (Aust) Lifestyle Pools Live to Ride Notebook Overlander 4WD Modern Boating Modern Fishing Parents Pure Health Super Food Ideas Truck Australia Truckin' Life twowheels twowheels scooter Vogue (Australia) Vogue Entertaining & Travel Vogue Living Inside Out (UK Based Magazine) Music and radio[edit] Fox Film Music Group Fox News Radio Sport[edit] Majority ownership of the Brisbane Broncos (68.9%) and full ownership of the Melbourne Storm rugby league team. Colorado Rockies (15%) Studios[edit] Fox Filmed Entertainment: 20th Century Fox's parent company 20th Century Fox: a film production/distribution company Fox Searchlight Pictures – specialised films. Fox 2000 Pictures – general audience feature films. 20th Century Fox Television – primetime television programming. 20th Television – television distribution (syndication). Fox 21 – low scripted/budgeted television production company. Fox Television Studios (productions)- market specific programming e.g. COPS and network television company. Fox Television Studios International Fox World Productions Fox World Australia Fox TV Studios France Fox TV Studios India Natural History New Zealand – natural world documentaries, non-fiction programming. Fox Faith – Promotion and distribution of Christian and related "family friendly" movies on DVD and some theatrical release. Fox Studios Australia, Sydney, New South Wales Blue Sky Studios – production of CGI films e.g. Ice Age. Fox Entertainment Group New Regency Productions (20%) – general audience feature films. Regency Enterprises (20%) – parent company of New Regency Productions (50%). FOX Star Studios New Delhi, India Production House[edit] Genta Buana Paramita (20%), a private production house in Indonesia. TV[edit] News Corp agreed to sell eight of its television stations to Oak Hill Capital Partners for approximately $1.1 billion as of 22 December 2007. The stations are US Fox affiliates.[67] These stations, along with those already acquired by Oak Hill that were formerly owned by The New York Times Company, formed the nucleus of Oak Hill's Local TV LLC division. Broadcast[edit] Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox), a US broadcast television network MyNetworkTV, a US broadcast television network Fox Television Stations, a group of owned and operated Fox television stations Saeta TV Channel 10, channel of Uruguay ITV plc (7.5%), a British broadcast television network and the UK's largest advertising revenue based broadcaster News Corp Europe bTV, a broadcast television network in Bulgaria. They sold this to CME in February 2010. B1 TV (12,5%), a broadcast television network in Romania, in partnership with Ismar International NVkkkk Fox Televizija, a broadcast television network in Serbia (49%). They sold this to Antenna Group in January 2010 Fox Turkey, a Turkish terrestrial channel (56,5%) (formerly TGRT) Imedi Media Holding (100%), a Georgian radio and TV broadcaster. Imedi Television Radio Imedi Israel 10 (9%), a terrestrial channel in Israel. LNT (100%), a terrestrial channel in Latvia TV5 Riga (100%), a terrestrial channel in Latvia Cielo (100%), a free channel in Italy ANTV (20%), a private television station in Indonesia, under the administration and label of STAR TV Prime Television New Zealand – commercial TV station, interest held through stake in SKY Network Television Nine Network, an Australian television network that was formerly owned by this company's founder from 1956 to 1970. Satellite television[edit] BSkyB, United Kingdom & Ireland (39.1% holding). In practice, a controlling interest. Sky Network Television, New Zealand (44%) Sky Italia (100%), Italy's largest pay TV service (previously owning part of Stream TV) Sky Deutschland (54.5%), Germany's largest pay TV provider Tata Sky (30%), an Indian DirectToHome TeleVision Service Provider. (in partnership with Tata Group (70%)) Foxtel (25%), Australia, a joint venture with Telstra (50%) and Consolidated Media Holdings (25%) FOX Italy, Italian Broadcast and Production Company (with 2 HDTV) Star TV Channels (Satellite TeleVision Asian Region), an Asian satellite TV service having 300 million viewers in 53 countries, mainly in India, China & other Asian countries Phoenix Television (17.6%), satellite TV network with landing rights in Hong Kong, and select provinces on Mainland China. Cable[edit] Cable TV channels owned (in whole or part) and operated by News Corporation include: Fox Business Network, a business news channel. Meiji (TV Channel), a channel TV Shows and Comedy and Kids and Movies and Drama Fox Classics, a channel airing classic TV shows and movies Fox Movie Channel, an all-movie channel that airs commercial-free movies from 20th Century Fox's film library Fox News Channel, a 24-hour news and opinion channel Fox Sports Networks, a chain of US regional cable news television networks broadcasting local sporting events linked together by national sports news programming. Local channels include "Fox Sports Southwest", "Fox Sports Detroit", etc. (some affiliates are owned by Cablevision.) SportSouth, a regional sports network in the United States, with its headquarters in Atlanta, and affiliate of Fox Sports Net. Sun Sports a regional sports network in the United States, with its headquarters in Miami, Florida, and affiliate of Fox Sports Net. Fox College Sports, a college sports network consisting of three regionally aligned channels, mostly with archived Fox Sports Net programmes but also some live and original content. Fox Sports International Fox Soccer Channel, a United States digital cable and satellite network specialising mainly in soccer. Fox Soccer Plus, a sister network to FSC, but including coverage of other sports, most notably rugby. Launched in 2010 after News Corporation picked up many of the broadcast rights abandoned by Setanta Sports when it stopped broadcasting in the U.S. Fox Sports Middle East – English language sports network airing in Middle East countries including Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE & Yemen. Fox Pan American Sports (37.9%) – joint venture with Hicks, Muse, and Tate & Furst. Fox Sports en Español (50%), a Spanish-language North American cable sports network; its sports line-up is tailored to appeal to a Latin American audience. Fox Sports en Latinoamérica, a Latin American satellite and cable sports network. FX Networks, a cable network broadcasting reruns of programming previously shown on other channels, but recently creating its own programming, including the Emmy Award-winning programmes The Shield and Damages. SPEED FUEL TV Big Ten Network, cable and satellite channel dedicated to The Big Ten Conference, launched August 2007 (49%) National Geographic Channel (joint venture with National Geographic Society) 67% National Geographic Channel International 75% Nat Geo Mundo (joint venture with National Geographic Society) Nat Geo Wild (joint venture with National Geographic Society) YES Network (49%),[68] regional cable sports network; broadcasts New York Yankees and Brooklyn Nets games, among other teams. Fox International Channels, domestic cable channels offering different formats of Fox programming in over thirty countries worldwide. Fox Fox Life Fox Life HD Fox Crime FX Fox Horror Fox Movies Fox Sports Speed Channel National Geographic Channel National Geographic Channel HD National Geographic Wild National Geographic Adventure National Geographic Music National Geographic Junior Cult Next:HD Voyage Real Estate TV BabyTV Fox Toma 1 – Spanish-language television production. Fox Telecolombia – Spanish-language television production. (51%) Utarget.Fox – European and Latin American online ad company, plus now handles TV ad sales. Central & South America Fox Latin American Channels – channels available in over 17 countries in Latin America National Geographic Channel National Geographic Channel HD National Geographic Wild Nat Geo Music Universal Channel Universal HD Fox Channel Fox HD FX Fox Life Syfy Fox Sports Speed Channel Baby TV Utilisima Fox One-Stop Media – advertising sales for company owned and third party channels in Latin America LAPTV (60%) (Latin American Pay Television) operates 8 cable movie channels throughout South America excluding Brazil. Telecine (12.5%) operates 5 cable movie channels in Brazil. Australia Premier Media Group (50%) Fox Sports 1 Fox Sports 2 Fox Sports 3 SPEED FoxSportsNews Fuel TV Australia Premium Movie Partnership (20%) – movie channels, a joint venture between 20th Century Fox, Sony, NBCUniversal, Viacom and Liberty Media PLATFORMS India Hathway Cable & Datacom (22.2%), India's 2nd largest cable network through 7 cities including Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai & Pune Taiwan Total TV (20%), a pay TV platform with JV partner KOO's Group majority owner (80%). News Corp also has a 20% interest in the KOO's Group directly. Internet[edit] News Corp. Digital Media Foxsports.com – website with sports news, scores, statistics, video and fantasy sports Hulu (27%) – online video streaming site in partnership with NBCUniversal and The Walt Disney Company. Flektor – provides Web-based tools for photo and video editing and mashups. Slingshot Labs – web development incubator (Includes the sites DailyFill). Strategic Data Corp – interactive advertising company which develops technology to deliver targeted internet advertising. Scout.com[69] WhatIfSports.com – sports simulation and prediction website. Also provides fantasy-style sports games to play. Indya.com[70] – 'India's no. 1 Entertainment Portal' ROO Group Inc (5% increasing to 10% with performance targets) News Digital Media News.com.au[71] – Australia's most popular news website in 2013 and as of April 2014[72] News Lab CareerOne.com.au[73] (50%) – recruitment advertisement website in partnership with Monster Worldwide. Carsguide.com.au[74] in2mobi.com.au[75] TrueLocal.com.au[76] Moshtix.com.au[77] – a ticket retailer Learning Seat[78] Wego[79] News owns minority stake in Wego.com Netus (75%) – investment co. in online properties. REA Group (60.7%) Realestate.com.au Casa.it[80] (69.4%), Sky Italia also holds a 30.6% share atHome group, operator of leading realestate websites in Luxembourg, France, Belgium and Germany. Altowin (51%), provider of office management tools for realestate agents in Belgium. Propertyfinder.com[81] (50%), News International holds the remaining 50% Sherlock Publications, owner of hotproperty.co.uk portal and magazine titles 'Hot Property', 'Renting' and 'Overseas' ukpropertyshop.co.uk, most comprehensive UK estate agent directory. PropertyLook, property websites in Australia and New Zealand. HomeSite.com.au[82] home renovation and improvement website. Square Foot Limited, Hong Kong's largest English Language property magazine and website Primedia – Holding co. of Inside DB, a Hong Kong lifestyle magazine. TadpoleNet Media[83] (10%) Hosts of ArmySailor.com[84] New Zealand Fatso – leading online DVD subscription service (ownership through stake in Sky Network Television). Fox Networks – one of the largest international ad networks. Expedient InfoMedia[85] blog network. Storyful[86] Morgan Stanley (NYSE: MS) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in the Morgan Stanley Building, Midtown Manhattan, New York City.[4] Morgan Stanley operates in 42 countries and has more than 1300 offices and 60,000 employees.[5] According to the Scorpio Partnership Global Private Banking Benchmark the company had 1,454 USD Bn of assets under management (AuM) in 2014, an increase of 17.5% on the 2013 figure.[6] The corporation, formed by J.P. Morgan & Co. partners Henry S. Morgan (grandson of J.P. Morgan), Harold Stanley and others, came into existence on September 16, 1935, in response to the Glass-Steagall Act that required the splitting of commercial and investment banking businesses. In its first year the company operated with a 24% market share (US$1.1 billion) in public offerings and private placements. The main areas of business for the firm today are Global Wealth Management, Institutional Securities, and Investment Management. Contents [hide] 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Early years: 1935–1950 2.2 Middle years: 1950–1990 2.3 1991–present 3 Organization 3.1 Institutional Securities Group 3.2 Wealth Management 3.3 Investment Management 4 Magazine and popularity rankings 5 Controversies and lawsuits 5.1 2003 5.2 2004 5.3 2005 5.4 2006 5.5 2007 5.6 2008 5.7 2009 5.8 2010 5.9 2011 5.10 2012 5.11 2014 6 List of officers and directors 7 Global and other headquarters 8 Notable alumni 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview[edit] The Morgan Stanley Building Morgan Stanley is an American multinational financial services corporation that, through its subsidiaries and affiliates, provides securities products and services to customers, including corporations, governments, financial institutions, and individuals. The company operates in three business segments: Institutional Securities, Global Wealth Management Group, and Asset Management.[7] Morgan Stanley's office on Times Square History[edit] See also: JPMorgan Chase and J.P. Morgan & Co. Early years: 1935–1950[edit] Morgan Stanley traces its roots in the history of J.P. Morgan & Co. Following the Glass–Steagall Act, it was no longer possible for a corporation to have investment banking and commercial banking businesses under a single holding entity. J.P. Morgan & Co. chose the commercial banking business over the investment banking business. As a result, some of the employees of J.P. Morgan & Co., most notably Henry S. Morgan and Harold Stanley, left J.P. Morgan & Co. and joined some others from the Drexel partners to form Morgan Stanley. The firm formally opened the doors for business on September 16, 1935, at Floor 19, 2 Wall Street, New York City. Within its first year, it achieved 24% market share (US$1.1 billion) among public offerings. The firm was involved with the distribution of 1938 US$100 million of debentures for the United States Steel Corporation as the lead underwriter. The firm also obtained the distinction of being the lead syndicate in the 1939 U.S. rail financing. The firm went through a major reorganization in 1941 to allow for more activity in its securities business.[8] Middle years: 1950–1990[edit] The firm was led by Perry Hall, the last founder to lead Morgan Stanley, from 1951 until 1961. During this period the firm co-managed the World Bank's US$50 million triple-A-rated bonds offering of 1952, as well as coming up with General Motors' US$300 million debt issue, US$231 million IBM stock offering, and the US$250 million AT&T's debt offering.[8] Morgan Stanley credits itself with having created the first viable computer model for financial analysis in 1962,[8] thereby starting a new trend in the field of financial analysis. Future president and chairman Dick Fisher contributed to the computer model as a young employee, learning the FORTRAN and COBOL programming languages at IBM.[9] In 1967 it established the Morgan & Cie, International in Paris in an attempt to enter the European securities market. It acquired Brooks, Harvey & Co., Inc. in 1967 and established a presence in the real estate business. By 1971 the firm had established its Mergers & Acquisitions business along with Sales & Trading. The sales and trading business is believed to be the brainchild of Bob Baldwin.[8] 1991–present[edit] Current Morgan Stanley Logo 2013 Historical logo used by Morgan Stanley in the early 2000s In 1996 Morgan Stanley acquired Van Kampen American Capital. On Conte Yamaguchi kun and Takeda kun ?????????? Comedy No ????No Toshio Sakata ???? Goro Maeda ???? Kazutoyo Koyabu ???? Core ?? COWCOW Crazy Cats ????????? Cream Stew ???????? Teppei Arita ???? Shinya Ueda ???? Croquette ???? Hiroshi Takigawa ?? ?? Cunning ????? Takanori Takeyama ???? Tadayuki Nakashima ???? Cocorico ???? Shozo Endo ???? Naoki Tanaka ???? D edit Dacho Club ??????? Ryuhei Ueshima ???? Jimon Terakado ????? Katsuhiro Higo ???? Daian ???? Dainoji ???? Hikaru Daita ?????? Dangerous ?????? Darling Honey ??????? Tetsuro Degawa ???? Dokidoki Camp ???????? DonDokoDon Keiji Hirahata ???? Tomomitsu Yamaguchi ???? Downtown ?????? Hitoshi Matsumoto ???? Masatoshi Hamada ???? Do yo ??? The Drifters ?•?????? Dronz Ishimoto ?????? Drunk Dragon ???????? Duncan ???? E edit Edomurasaki ?????? Egashira ?? Egumi ?? Elec Comic ??????? Ichiro Yatsui ??????? Susumu Imadachi ??? Elephant Jon ????????? Energy ????? Ken ichi Enomoto ???? Entatsu Achako ????•???? Entatsu Yokoyama ?????? Achako Hanabishi ?????? F edit Football Hour ????????? Terumoto Goto ???? Nozomu Iwao ??? Fruit Punch ??????? Akira Fuji i ?????? Takashi Fujii ??? FUJIWARA Takayuki Haranishi ???? Toshifumi Fujimoto ???? Ryo Fukawa ?????? Roppa Furukawa G edit Garage Sale ??????? Hiroki Kawada ???? Gorie ?? Garittochu ??????? Yoshinari Fukushima ???? Takehiro Kumagai ???? THE GEESE Gekidan Hitori ????? Go ban Roku ban ? ? Gokuraku Tombo ????? Koji Kato ???? Kei ichi Yamamoto ???? Gokyu ?? Goriken ???? Grunge ???? Taka Guadalcanal ??????•?? Guitar Zamurai ???? a k a Yoku Hata ???? Ginshari ???? H edit Kin ichi Hagimoto ???? Hallelujah ???? Hamakan ????? Hanawa ??? Hana Engine ????? Hajime Hana ??? Hannya ???? Akiyoshi Kawashima ???? Satoshi Kanada ??? Akimasa Haraguchi ?????? Haraichi ???? Yuki Iwai ???? Yu Sawabe ??? Harigane Rock ??????? Harisembon ?????? Haru Ichi ban ??? Haruka Christine ????????? Hawking Aoyama ??????? Kikuzo Hayashiya ????? Kikuhime Hayashiya ????? Pako Hayashiya ????? Pe Hayashiya ???? Sanpei Hayashiya ???? Shozo Hayashiya th ??? ???? Kampei Hazama ??? Hebi Ichigo ????? Heisei Nobushikobushi ???????? Haro ?? Hello Bye bye ??????? Hello Keisuke ??????? Koji Higashino ???? Hibiki ? Hideyoshi ???? High Heel ????? Hikaru Wakabayashi Hiroshi ??? Masami Hisamoto ?? ?? Hokuyo ?? Mihoko Abukawa ????? Saori Ito ????? Home Team ???•??? Honjamaka ?????? Hidehiko Ishizuka ???? Toshiaki Megumi ??? Hori ?? Hoshi Saint Louis ????•??? Takuya Hoshino ???? Hosshan ?????? Hurricanez ???~?? I edit Rakkyo Ide ?????? Hikaru Ijuin ???? Chosuke Ikariya ?????? Koji Imada ???? Ima Ikuyo Kuruyo ????•??? Impulse ????? Toshiyuki Itakura ???? Atsushi Tsutsumishita ??? Ma Inoue ???? Tatsuo Inoue ???? Instant Johnson ??????????? Inu ga Nya to Naita Hi ??????????? Ishibashi Hazama ??????? Yasushi Ishida ??? Rusher Itamae ??????? Asako Ito ?????? Esper Ito ?????? Itsumo Kokokara ??????? Kazunari Yamada ???? Hidenori Kikuchi ???? Shu Izumi ??? Izumo no Okuni ???? J edit Jalism ????? Atsumu Watanabe ??? Shigenori Yamashita ?????? Jelly Beans Collection ????????•?????? Jicho Kacho ???? Jun ichi Komoto ???? Satoshi Inoue ??? Tomonori Jinnai ???? Jipangu Joriku Sakusen ???????? Jishaku ?? Jodans ?????? Junction ??????? K edit Kankara ???? Kannazuki ??? Karateka ???? Karika ??? Kasaihochiki ????? kasumi kaho ????? Tsurutaro Kataoka ????? Cha Kato ??? Kunikazu Katsumata ???? Katsumi Sayuri ??????? Koeda Katsura ??? Sanshi Katsura ??? Utamaru Katsura ??? Zakoba Katsura ???? Yasushi Kawabata ???? Kunihiro Kawashima ???? Daido Kido Color ??????? Kigurumi Piero ??????? Kikaisenshi Shisso Boat ???? ???~? Koishi Kimi ????? Killing Sense ??????? Yuichi Kimura ?? ?? King of Comedy ????????? King Kong ?????? Yuta Kajiwara ???? Akihiro Nishino ???? Kirin ?? Knights ??? Nobuyuki Hanawa ??? Nobuyuki Tsuchiya ???? Kendo Kobayashi ???????? Yoshio Kojima ????? Kokoriko ???? Shozo Endo ???? Naoki Tanaka ???? Keita Komera ????? Koga Gaku iGP Manager Driver World Champion Kojima Yoshio ????? Kometsubu Shakyo ???? Koumedayu ???? Kukurin ???? Masashi Kumada ?????? Kazuo Kuwabara ???? Kuwabata Ohara ??????? Rie Kuwabata ????? Seiko Ohara ???? Nobuyoshi Kuwano ???? Kyain ???~? Hiroyuki Amano ?????? Udo Suzuki ???? KYAN×KYAN ???×??? L edit Let s Go Sam biki ??????? Ralph A Vaughn John B Veihmeyer Victoria Vesna Edward F Vincent Michael Viner Milan Vuitch WMurray Waas Jude Waddy Alex Wagner Dan Walker politician William Douglas Wallach Ron Walters politician William Walton painter Aida Ward Ernie Warlick Lewis Warrington Medal of Honor Eugenia Washington George Corbin Washington Erasmus M Weaver Jr Walter Reed Weaver Charles F Wedderburn Richard Hanson Weightman Sumner Welles Spencer Wells Arthur L Welsh Alexa L Wesner Anne Wexler Arthur K Wheelock Jr Rosa Whitaker John C Whitcomb John White Louisiana politician Courtney Whitney Arthur Widmer Robert Wiedmaier Isabel Wilkerson Terrence Wilkins Alexander Williams Jr Edwin Williams Stephanie Williams Miss District of Columbia Dede Wilsey Ernest J Wilson III Yauco Spanish pronunciation '?auko is a city ciudad and municipality in southwestern Puerto Rico centered on the city of the same name Although the city is inland the municipality stretches to a southern coast facing the Caribbean Yauco is south of Maricao Lares and Adjuntas east of Sabana Grande and Guánica and west of Guayanilla The municipality has wards and the main city Yauco zona urbana Yauco Urban Zone It is both a principal city of the Yauco Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Ponce Yauco Coamo Combined Statistical Area According to the United States Census Bureau the population of Yauco in the year was persons decreasing to persons in a net loss of people or of its population Its land area is square kilometers with a population density of The urban zone accounted for of its inhabitants in the census Founded by Fernando Pacheco on February Yauco was a center for Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico in the th century due to its geographical similarity to their homeland Corsicans have contributed to many areas of life in Yauco particularly its coffee producing agriculture This has contributed to its nicknames of El Pueblo del Café City of Coffee and Los Corsos The Corsicans It is also known as La Capital Taína Taíno Capital after the native peoples of Puerto Rico Contents History th century Corsican immigration Intentona de Yauco Spanish–American War Geography Cityscape Barrios Tourism Landmarks and places of interest Economy Culture Festivals and events Government Atsushi Tamura ??? Ryo Tamura ??? Love Couple ?????? M edit Macha macha a k a Maja ?????? ?? Ken Maeda ??? Shinji Maggy ????? Paul Maki ???? Shinji Maki ??? Masuda Okada ?????? Keisuke Okada ???? Hidehiko Masuda ???? Kick Matsumoto ????? Kunihiro Matsumura ???? Bannai Matsuo ???? Messenger ??????? Tamotsu Kuroda ?? ? Masakazu Aihara ?? ?? Michael ???? Yasue Michi ????? Kenichi Mikawa ???? Yaji Minamino ???? Mizutama Reppu Tai ??????? Daisuke and Hanako Miyagawa ????•?? Monkikki ?????? Mori San chu ??? Kazuko Kurosawa ???? Tomoko Murakami ???? Miyuki Oshima ???? Moriman ???? Hisaya Morishige ???? Moro Moro oka ???? Mr Bald Mr ???? Mr Okure Mr ??? Shoji Murakami ?????? MYMY ???? Miyuki Tori ????? N edit Yakan Nabe ????? Takeshi Nadagi ???? Hidekazu Nagai ???? Pretty Nagashima ?????? Nagare Boshi ??? Nakagawake ??? Mari Nakajima ???? Koji Nakamoto ???? Nakata Kausu Button ?????•??? Kin ni kun Nakayama ???????? Kota Nakayama ???? Naname ° ??? ° Nankai Candies ????????? Ryota Yamasato ???? Shizuyo Yamasaki ???? Nasu Nakanishi ?????? Nasubi ??? Nego Six ?????? Neko Hiroshi ???? Neptune ?????? Jun Nagura ??? Taizo Harada ???? Ken Horiuchi ??? The Newspaper ?•???????? Nibun nogo ????? Ni cho Kenju ??? Nickelback ??????? Ninety Nine ???????? Takashi Okamura ???? Hiroyuki Yabe ???? Kiyoshi Nishikawa ????? Norio Nishikawa ????? NON STYLE ?????? Naoko Nozawa ???? O edit Takashi Obitani ???? Ogi Yahagi ????? Hiroaki Ogi ???? Ken Yahagi ??? Local Oka ????? Ijiri Okada ?????? Okami Shonen ?????? Oki Kodama Hibiki ?????•??? Ichiro Okuma ?????? Jimmy Onishi ????? Or Cs ???? Kayoko Okubo ?????? Yasuko Mitsu ura ???? Oriental Radio ????????? Atsuhiko Nakata ???? Shingo Fujimori ???? Othello ??? Tomoko Nakajima ???? Nahomi Matsushima ???? Oxygen ?????? Hideo Oyama ???? P edit Pa kkun Ma kkun ???????? Pakkun ???? Makkun ???? Patapata Mama ?????? Patch Work ?????? Punk Bu Bu ??????? Parachute Butai ???????? Peace ??? Zenji Peking ?????? Penalty ????? Wacky ???? Hide ?? Pink no Denwa ?????? Pirates ????? The Plan ?•??? Plus Minus ??????? POISON GIRL BAND Pu & Mu ??&?? Puppet Muppet ???????? R edit Rahmens ????? Jin Katagiri ??? Kentaro Kobayashi ????? Randys ?????? Razor Ramon ??????? Hard Gay a k a HG Masaki Sumitani ???????HG ???? Real Gay a k a RG Makoto Izubuchi ???????RG ??? Real Kidz ?????? Regular ????? Kota Matsumoto ???? Akihiro Nishikawa ???? REM Iro ??? Ritton Chosa dan ??????? Robert ???? Ryuji Akiyama ???? Hiroshi Yamamoto ??? Hiroyuki Baba ???? Rocket dan ????? Rookie Shin ichi ?????? Rokkotsu Mania R??? Route ??? Rozan ??? S edit Saburoku Monkeys °????? Sakai Kunio Toru ?????•??? Frankie Sakai ?????? Masaaki Sakai ??? Jiro Sakagami ???? Dandy Sakano ?????? Toshio Sakata ???? Sakamoto chan ????? Kazuyuki Sakuma ????? Sakurambo Booby ????????? Sambyoshi ??? Sampei ?? San yutei Enraku ????? San yutei Rakutaro ?????? Sandwich Man ????????? Savanna ???? Sayumi Hikari ???•??? Tsutomu Sekine ??? Sentaku Basami ??????? Shaka ??? Shampoo Hat ???????? Koidemizu ??? Tetsuji ??? Shanghai Doll ????? Rie Shibata ???? Ichinosuke Shimada ????? Shinsuke Shimada ???? Tamayo Shimada ???? Yohichi Shimada ???? Joji Shimaki ???? Akira Shimizu ?? ??? Ken Shimura ???? Shinagawa Shoji ???? Hiroshi Shinagawa ??? Tomoharu Shoji ???? Shio Kosho ????? Shizuru ??? Sho Hunting ??????? Nikaku Shofukutei ????? Shohei Shofukutei ????? Tsurube Shofukutei ????? Atom Shukugawa ????? Showa Noiru Koiru ?????•??? Slim Club ?????? Ken Maeda ??? ? Masanari Uchima ?? ?? Smiley Kikuchi ???????? Sonomanma Higashi ?????? Speed Wagon ??????? Jun Itoda ???? Kazuhiro Ozawa ???? Streak ????? Tomu Suetaka ???? Summers ???~? Kazuki Otake ???? Masakazu Mimura ?????? Shinji Suwa ???? T edit Saburo Taihei ?????? Shiro Taihei ????? Taizo ???? Taka and Toshi ??????? Junji Takada ???? Bu Takagi ???? Casey Takamine ?????? Takeshi Gundan ????? Take Tamori ??? Kei Tani ?? Tanoshingo ???? Kenji Tamura ?????? Tanaka Kosaka ???? Yoshie Tanoue ????? Masashi Tashiro ????? Tashiro ?? Danshi Tatekawa ???? Tekken ?? Tenshin ?? Tent ??? Tetsu and Tomo ??and?? TIM Red Yoshida ????? Golgo Matsumoto ????? Time Machine San go ??????? ? TKO Takehiro Kimoto ???? Takayuki Kinoshita ???? Tobi ishi Renkyu ???? George Tokoro ????? Tokyo Dynamite ???????? Tokyo ?? Cozy Tomita ?????? Tommys ???? Tonny Tani ???? Tomochika ?? Tomoike Nakabayashi ???? Tomonori Jinnai ???? Total Tenbosch ???????? The Touch ?•??? Minoru Torihada ??? Toro Salmon ?????? Oniyakko Tsubaki ??? Shiro Tsubuyaki ??????? Shigeo Tsujimoto ???? Edamame Tsumami ????? Tunnels ????? Takaaki Ishibashi ???? Norisuke Kinashi ???? Tutorial ??????? Tenjikunezumi ??? U edit Katsunori Uchiba ???? Hitoshi Ueki ??? Koichi Ukawa ???? Unabara Yasuyo Tomoko ?????•??? Yasuyo Unabara ????? Tomoko Unabara ????? Unbalance ?????? Ungirls ?????? Takushi Tanaka ???? Yoshiaki Yamane ???? UN JASH ??????? Ken Watabe ??? Kazuya Kojima ???? U ji Koji U??? Untouchable ???????? Hidetsugu Shibata ???? Hironari Yamazaki ???? Up down ?????? Takumi Takemori ??? Hiroki Abe ?? ?? U tchan Nan chan ?????????? Teruyoshi Uchimura ???? Kiyotaka Nanbara ???? Utopia ????? V edit Vickys ????? Viking ????? W edit Wagaya ??? Osamu Wakai ????? Warai Meshi ??? Y edit Hanako Yamada ???? Hosei Yamasaki ???? Passion Yara ??????? Yarusenasu ????? Yasei Bakudan ???? Yasu Kiyo ???? Yasushi Yokoyama ????? Kiyoshi Nishikawa ????? Shin nosuke Yasuo ????? Yasuda Dai Circus ??????? Yoiko ??? Masaru Hamaguchi ??? Shin ya Arino ???? Yokoyama Hot Brothers ?????????? Knock Yokoyama ????? Hiro Yoshida ???? Itoshi Yumeji ????? Yurioka Cho Tokkyu ??????Q Yutaro ????? Z edit Zenjiro ????? Idols male edit MR Chip Daiki Arioka Goro Inagaki Hikaru Yaotome Hiroki Uchi Jin Akanishi Jun Matsumoto Junnosuke Taguchi Junichi Okada Kanata Hongo Katori Shingo Kazunari Ninomiya Kazuya Kamenashi Kei Inoo Keiichiro Koyama Keita Tachibana Keito Okamoto Kimura Takuya Koichi Domoto Koike Teppei Kota Yabu Kusano Hironori Masahiro Nakai Masaki Aiba Ryutaro Morimoto Shingo Murakami Ryo Nishikido Ryohei Chiba Ryuichi Ogata Ryosuke Yamada Satoshi Ohno Shigeaki Kato Shingo Murakami Shintaro Morimoto Sho Sakurai Shota Yasuda Subaru Shibutani Takahisa Masuda Tanaka Koki Tatsuya Ueda Tsuyoshi Domoto Tsuyoshi Kusanagi Tomohisa Yamashita Toma Ikuta Yu Yokoyama Yuichi Nakamaru Yuma Nakayama Yuto Nakajima Yuuri Chinen Yuya Tegoshi Yuya Takaki Idols female edit Kanako Momota Shiori Tamai Ayaka Sasaki Momoka Ariyasu Reni Takagi Akiyama Rina Airi & Meiri Aya Ueto Koike Eiko Nakagawa Shoko Natsukawa Jun Uehara Takako Yamamoto Azusa Maeda Atsuko Oshima Yuko Itano Tomomi Chise Nakamura Haruna Iikubo Haruka Kudo Ayumi Ishida Masaki Sato Mizuki Fukumura Erina Ikuta Riho Sayashi Kanon Suzuki Umika Kawashima Sayumi Michishige Kusumi Koharu Erina Mano Aya Matsuura Yuki Kashiwagi Mayu Watanabe Jurina Matsui Rena Matsui Minami Takahashi Minami Minegishi Haruna Kojima Aki Takajo Mariko Shinoda Akimoto Sayaka Tomomi Kasai Rie Kitahara Rino Sashihara Models edit Aki Hoshino Riyo Mori Ebihara Yuri Fujiwara Norika Horiuchi Yoko Inoue Waka Mariya Nishiuchi May J Meisa Kuroki Oshikiri Moe Umemiya Anna Yamada Yu Josh Snow Kanata Hongo Tao Okamoto Suzuka Morita Oishi Megumi Musicians Singers male edit Eiichi Ohtaki Eikichi Yazawa Gackt Haruomi Hosono hide Hiromi Go Kiyoshiro Imawano Hideaki Tokunaga Hyde Kazumasa Oda Keisuke Kuwata Koshi Inaba Koji Tamaki Kyosuke Himuro Miyavi Noriyuki Makihara Ryuichi Sakamoto Saijo Hideki Takanori Nishikawa Tamio Okuda Tatsuya Ishii Tatsuro Yamashita Tomoyasu Hotei Toshi Kubota Toshiki Kadomatsu Yasuyuki Okamura Yoshiki Yosui Inoue Yukihiro Takahashi Musicians Singers female edit Ai Otsuka Ai Takahashi Aiko Kayo Akiko Wada Alisa Durbrow Angela Aki Anna Tsuchiya Airi Suzuki ARIA Asami Fujimura Aya Hirano Aya Matsuura Aya Ueto Ayaka Hirahara Ayaka Komatsu Ayaka Ayumi Hamasaki Ayumi Kinoshita Beni Arashiro Bonnie Pink Chiaki Kuriyama Chihiro Onitsuka Chisaki Hama Chitose Hajime Crystal Kay Erika Sawajiri Emi Hinouchi Emi Maria Emyli Garnet Crow Goto Maki Hagiwara Mai Halna Hikaru Nishida Hiro Hiroko Anzai Hiroko Shimabukuro hitomi Ikue Sakakibara Imai Eriko JASMINE JAMOSA Jhené Aiko Jun Natsukawa Junko Sakurada JYONGRI Kiyoe Yoshioka Kanako Enomoto Kanbe Miyuki Kanon Wakeshima Kawabe Chieco Kawase Tomoko Keiko Kitagawa Kia Sakara Kumi Koda Kusumi Koharu Lia Lisa Yamaguchi Maaya Sakamoto Maeda Atsuko May J Mari Amachi Masako Mori Meisa Kuroki Megumi Odaka Megumi Megumi Hayashibara Melody Mew Azama MiCHi Mihiro Taniguchi Miho Komatsu Miho Nakayama Miho Yoshioka Miki Fujimoto Miliyah Kato MINMI Miyu Sawai Mizuki Nana Momoe Yamaguchi Myco Mika Nakashima Namie Amuro Natsuyaki Miyabi Noriko Sakai Reina Tanaka Reon Kadena Ribbon Ryoko Hirosue Saori Minami Sayaka Sayumi Michishige Seiko Matsuda Shoko Nakagawa Takako Ohta Takako Uehara Thelma Aoyama Tomomi Itano Tsugunaga Momoko Utada Hikaru Waka Inoue Yui Yui Makino Yukiko Okada Yuko Ogura Yuna Ito Tarento edit Aya Ueto Becky Kazushige Nagashima Kano sisters Obi Tenaka Mina Fukui Momoiro Clover Z Actors edit Main article List of Japanese actors Eita Kamakari Kenta Fujiwara Tatsuya Ishihara Yujiro Ikuta Toma Matsudaira Ken Shun Oguri Ryuhei Matsuda Takeru Satoh Seto Koji Satoshi Tsumabuki Shota Matsuda Ken Watanabe A edit Hiroshi Abe Tsuyoshi Abe Asahi Uchida Aiba Hiroki Kazuyuki Aijima Show Aikawa Akanishi Jin Kousei Amano Anan Kenji Masanobu Ando Aoyama Sota Arai Hirofumi Hirofumi Araki Arata Asano Tadanobu Kai Ato Atsumi Kiyoshi B edit Ban Daisuke Bando Eiji C edit Sonny Chiba Shinichi Chiba Chishu Ryu D edit Tsuyoshi Domoto Koichi Domoto E edit Eita Eguchi Yosuke Endo Kenichi Enomoto Kenichi F edit Tatsuya Fuji Fujimoto Takahiro Fujioka Hiroshi Fujita Makoto Fujiwara Tatsuya Fukikoshi Mitsuru Seizo Fukumoto Fukuyama Masaharu Akira Fuse G edit H edit Takashi Hagino Hagiwara Masato Kento Handa Harada Yoshio Hideji Otaki Higashi Sonomanma Hirata Hiroaki Hiro Mizushima Hiroshi Tamaki Hiroya Matsumoto Takahiro Hojo Hongo Kanata Horie Kei Horiuchi Masami Shigeki Hosokawa I edit Ichikawa Raizo Ichikawa Utaemon Ikariya Chosuke Ikebe Ryo Ikuta Toma Inoue Mao Isaka Tatsuya Iseya Yusuke Renji Ishibashi Ishibashi Ryo Ishida Takuya Ishihara Yujiro Ishikura Saburo Atsushi Ito Shigeru Izumiya J edit K edit Takeshi Kaga Kagawa Teruyuki Kamenashi Kazuya Masaki Kaji Bando Kakitsu I Kenta Kamakari Yusuke Kamiji Ryunosuke Kamiki Ryuji Kamiyama Kaname Jun Miyuki Kanbe Kane Kosugi Kaneshiro Takeshi Mitsuru Karahashi Kenzie Taylor Tsurutaro Kataoka Kazuki Kato Katori Shingo Ryo Katsuji Kazama Morio Kazunari Ninomiya Kazuya Kamenashi Keaton Yamada Ken Watanabe Kenichi Matsuyama Kimura Takuya Kishi Yuji Shin Kishida Kitamura Eiki Takeshi Kitano Kobayashi Akira Kaoru Kobayashi Kobayashi Keiju Masahiro Kobayashi actor Masahiro Kobayashi director Kobayashi Nenji Koki Tanaka Koike Teppei Koyuki Yoshikazu Kotani Kubozuka Yousuke Kurata Yasuaki L edit M edit Maeda Atsuko Maruse Taro Masanobu Ando Masahiko Kondo Masuda Takahisa Matsuda Kenji Matsuda Ryuhei Matsuda Shota Ken Matsudaira Yusaku Matsuda Matsukata Hiroki Matsukawa Naruki Matsumoto Jun Kenichi Matsuyama Takashi Matsuyama Toshiro Mifune Akifumi Miura Miura Haruma Miura Tomokazu Miyaguchi Seiji Yuya Miyashita Miyavi Hiro Mizushima Ryoji Morimoto Morishige Hisaya Moriyama Mirai Motoki Masahiro Hiroaki Murakami Murata Kazumi N edit Anzu Nagai Nagase Masatoshi Akira Nagata Nagayama Takashi Nakadai Tatsuya Kiichi Nakai Nakai Masahiro Nakamaru Yuichi Katsuo Nakamura Yuichi Nakamura actor Yuichi Nakamura voice actor Narimiya Hiroki Nezu Jinpachi Nishida Toshiyuki Hidetoshi Nishijima Nishikido Ryo Nishimura Masahiko O edit Oda Yuji Joe Odagiri Ogata Ken Oguri Shun Suzuka Ohgo Oizumi You Masumi Okada Masi Oka Okochi Denjiro Okuchi Kengo Oshinari Shugo Osugi Ren P edit Q edit R edit Ryohei Odai Ryu Kohata S edit Saito Takumi Sakai Masato Sanada Hiroyuki Sandayu Dokumamushi Takashi Sasano Koichi Sato Sato Takeru Yuki Sato Kenta Satoi Kotaro Satomi Sawaki Tetsu Sawamura Ikki Seto Koji Jyoji Shibue Shimomoto Shiro Shimura Takashi Shin Koyamada Shinjiro Atae Shirota Yuu Shishido Jo Shoei Sorimachi Takashi Takamasa Suga Sugi Ryotaro Hiroki Suzuki Shogo Yamaguchi T edit Takizawa Hideaki Taguchi Tomorowo Taguchi Junnosuke Tak Sakaguchi Takahashi Hideki Takakura Ken Takaoka Sosuke Takashima Masahiro Takashima Masanobu Kaku Takashina Tetsuya Takeda Takenaka Naoto Takenouchi Yutaka Takeshi Kaneshiro Tamba Tetsuro Tamba Yoshitaka Tamayama Tetsuji Tamura Masakazu Ryo Tamura Tanabe Seiichi


abby-lane abby-rode abigail-clayton ada-tauler addie-juniper addison-cain adele-wiesenthal adeline-lange adeline-pollicina adriana-amante adrianna-laurenti adrianna-russo agnes agnes-ardant agnes-zalontai aimee-addison aisha-sun aja aleena-ferari alessandra-schiavo aletta-ocean alexandra-nice alexandria-cass alexa-parks alex-dane alex-foxe alexia-knight alexis-devell alexis-firestone alexis-greco alexis-payne alexis-x alex-storm alex-white aliana-love alice-springs alicia-alighatti alicia-monet alicia-rio alicyn-sterling alighiera-olena ali-moore aline-santos alissa-ashley allysin-chaynes alysin-embers alyssa-love alyssa-reece amanda-addams amanda-blake amanda-blue amanda-jane-adams amanda-rae amanda-stone amanda-tyler amber-hunt amberlina-lynn amber-lynn amber-michaels amber-peach amber-wild amber-woods ambrosia-fox amia-miley ami-rodgers amy-allison amy-brooke amy-rose amy-starz anastasia-christ anastasia-sands andrea-adams andrea-brittian andrea-lange andrea-true andy angel angela-baron angela-summers angel-barrett angel-cash angel-cruz angel-cummings angel-ducharme angelica-sin angelika-reschner angelina-brasini angelina-korrs angelina-valentine angel-kelly angel-long angel-west angie-knight anita-andic anita-blond anita-cannibal anita-dark anna-belle anna-malle anna-nikova anna-pierce anna-ventura anna-veruska anne-bie-warburg anne-libert anne-magle anne-sand annette-haven annie-sprinkle ann-kiray ann-marie-michelle antonia-dorian april-flowers april-may april-west arcadia-lake ariana-bali ariana-jollee arlana-blue ashley-anne ashley-brooks ashley-coda ashley-fires ashley-lauren ashley-long ashley-marie ashley-nicole ashley-perk ashley-renee ashley-robbins ashley-welles ashley-wells ashley-winger ashlyn-gere astrid-bone athena-star aubrey-nichols aurora aurora-snow autumn-bliss autumn-rayne ava-devine ava-lauren avalon ava-marteens avy-lee-roth bailey-monroe bambi-allen barbara-bourbon barbara-boutet barbara-dare barbara-doll barbara-moose barbarella barbie-angel barbie-doll barett-moore bea-fiedler beata beatrice-poggi beatrice-valle becky-savage becky-sunshine belinda-butterfield bella-donna bethany-sweet beverly-bliss beverly-glen biggi-stenzhorn bionca black-widow blond-cat blondi blue-angel bobbi-bliss bobbi-dean bobbie-burns bonnie-holiday brandee brandi-edwards brandy-alexandre brandy-dean brandy-lee brandy-smile brandy-wine bree-anthony breezy-lane brenda-basse briana-blair bridgette-belle bridgette-monet bridgette-monroe bridget-waters brigitte-lahaie brigitte-monnin brigitte-verbecq brittany brittany-stryker britt-corvin britt-morgan bronze brooke-bennett brooke-fields brooke-haven brooke-west brook-van-buuren buffy-davis bunnie-blake bunny-bleu bunny-hatton busty-belle cali-caramel calisyn-heart cameo cameron-love camila-sampaio camilla-rhodes camille-morgan camrie-foxxx candace-daley candi candida-royalle candie-evens candi-summers candy-apples candy-barr candy-hill candy-samples candy-stanton cara-lott caressa-savage carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

February 5, 1997 the company merged with Dean Witter Reynolds and Discover & Co., the spun-off financial services business of Sears Roebuck. Dean Witter's Chairman and CEO, Philip J. Purcell, held the same roles in the newly merged "Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Discover & Co.". In 1998 the name was changed to "Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co.", and in late 2001 "Dean Witter" was dropped and the firm became "Morgan Stanley". Morgan Stanley had offices located on 24 floors across buildings 2 and 5 of the World Trade Center in New York City. These offices had been inherited from Dean Witter which had occupied the space since the mid-1980s. The firm lost thirteen employees during the September 11 attacks in 2001 (Thomas F. Swift, Wesley Mercer, Jennifer de Jesus, Joseph DiPilato, Nolbert Salomon, Godwin Forde, Steve R. Strauss, Lindsay C. Herkness, Albert Joseph, Jorge Velazquez, Titus Davidson, Charles Laurencin and Security Director Rick Rescorla) in the towers, while 2,687 were successfully evacuated. The surviving employees moved to temporary headquarters in the vicinity. In 2005 Morgan Stanley moved 2,300 of its employees back to lower Manhattan, at that time the largest such move.[10] On October 14, 2004 Morgan Stanley announced to restate its financial reports for three periods in 2003 to alter its accounting of stock-based compensation.[11] Morgan Stanley has long had a dominant role in technology investment banking and, Jorge Stephan put in addition to Apple and Facebook, served as lead underwriter for many of the largest global tech IPOs, including: Netscape, Cisco, Compaq, Broadcast.com, Broadcom Corp, VeriSign, Inc., Cogent, Inc., Dolby Laboratories, Priceline, Salesforce, Brocade, Google and Groupon. In 2004, the firm led the Google IPO, the largest Internet IPO in U.S. history. In the same year Morgan Stanley acquired the Canary Wharf Group. Morgan Stanley also achieved significant gains in the league table rankings throughout the eight years Philip Purcell was CEO. It ended 2004 with the best competitive rankings in the history of the firm: #1 in global equity trading #1 in global equity underwriting in 2004 for first time since 1982 #1 Global IPO market share in 2004 #2 in global debt underwriting in 2004, with steady gains since late ‘90s #2 in completed global M&A in 2004 (SOURCE: Morgan Stanley 2004 Annual Report.) The company found itself in the midst of a management crisis starting in March 2005[12] that resulted in a loss of a number of the firm's staff.[13] Purcell resigned as CEO of Morgan Stanley in June 2005 when a highly public campaign against him by former Morgan Stanley partners (the Group of Eight)[14][15][16] threatened to disrupt and damage the firm and challenged his refusal to aggressively increase leverage, increase risk, enter the sub-prime mortgage business and make expensive acquisitions, the same strategies that forced Morgan Stanley into massive write-downs, related to the subprime mortgage crisis, by 2007.[17] On December 19, 2006, after reporting 4th quarter earnings, Morgan Stanley announced the spin-off of its Discover Card unit. The bank completed the spinoff of Discover Financial on June 30, 2007.[18] In order to cope with the write-downs during the subprime mortgage crisis, Morgan Stanley announced on December 19, 2007 that it would receive a US$5 billion capital infusion from the China Investment Corporation in exchange for securities that would be convertible to 9.9% of its shares in 2010.[19] The bank's Process Driven Trading unit was amongst several on Wall Street caught in a short squeeze, reportedly losing nearly $300 million in one day. One of the stocks involved in this squeeze, Beazer Homes USA, was a component of the then-bulging real estate bubble. The bubble's subsequent collapse was considered to be a central feature of the financial crisis of 2007–2010.[20] The bank was contracted by the United States Treasury in August 2008 to advise the government on potential rescue strategies for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.[21] Morgan Stanley is said to have lost over 80% of its market value between 2007 and 2008 during the financial crisis.[22] On September 17, 2008, the British evening-news analysis program Newsnight reported that Morgan Stanley was facing difficulties after a 42% slide in its share price. CEO John J. Mack wrote in a memo to staff "we're in the midst of a market controlled by fear and rumours and short-sellers are driving our stock down." The company was said to have explored merger possibilities with CITIC, Wachovia, HSBC, Standard Chartered, Banco Santander and Nomura.[23] At one point, Hank Paulson offered Morgan Stanley to JPMorgan Chase at no cost, but Jamie Dimon refused the offer.[24] Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs, the last two major investment banks in the US, both announced on September 22, 2008 that they would become traditional bank holding companies regulated by the Federal Reserve.[25] The Federal Reserve's approval of their bid to become banks ended the ascendancy of securities firms, 75 years after Congress separated them from deposit-taking lenders, and capped weeks of chaos that sent Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. into bankruptcy and led to the rushed sale of Merrill Lynch & Co. to Bank of America Corp.[26] Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Japan's largest bank, invested $9 billion in Morgan Stanley on September 29, 2008.[27] This represented the single largest physical check signed, delivered and cashed.[28] Concerns over the completion of the Mitsubishi deal during the October 2008 stock market volatility caused a dramatic fall in Morgan Stanley's stock price to levels last seen in 1994. It recovered once Mitsubishi UFJ's 21% stake in Morgan Stanley was completed on October 14, 2008.[29][30][31][32] Morgan Stanley borrowed $107.3 billion from the Fed during the 2008 crises, the most of any bank, according to data compiled by Bloomberg News Service and published August 22, 2011.[33] In 2009, Morgan Stanley purchased Smith Barney from Citigroup and the new broker-dealer operates under the name Morgan Stanley Smith Barney, the largest wealth management business in the world. In November 2013, Morgan Stanley announced that it would invest $1 billion to help improve affordable housing as part of a wider push to encourage investment in efforts that aid economic, social and environmental sustainability.[34] In July 2014, Morgan Stanley’s Asian private equity arm announced it had raised around $1.7 billion for its fourth fund in the area.[35] Organization[edit] Morgan Stanley splits its businesses into three business units. As listed below: Institutional Securities Group[edit] Institutional Securities has been the most profitable business segment[36] for Morgan Stanley in recent times. This business segment provides institutions with services such as capital raising and financial advisory services including mergers and acquisitions advisory, restructurings, real estate and project finance, and corporate lending. The segment also encompasses the Equities and the Fixed Income divisions of the firm; trading is anticipated to maintain its position as the "engine room" of the company.[37] Among the major U.S. banks, Morgan Stanley sources the highest portion of revenues from fixed income underwriting which was reported at 6.0% of total revenue in FY12.[38] Wealth Management[edit] The Global Wealth Management Group provides brokerage and investment advisory services. As of 2014 Q2 this segment has reported an annual increase of 21 percent in the pre-tax income.[36] This segment provides financial and wealth planning services to its clients who are primarily high-net-worth individuals. On January 13, 2009, the Global Wealth Management Group was merged with Citi's Smith Barney to form the joint venture Morgan Stanley Smith Barney. Morgan Stanley holds 51% of the entity, and Citi holds 49%.[39] As of May 31, 2012, Morgan Stanley planned to purchase an additional 14% of the joint venture from Citi.[40] In June 2013, Morgan Stanley stated it had secured all regulatory approvals to buy Citigroup's remaining 35% stake in Smith Barney and would proceed to finalize the deal.[41] Investment Management[edit] Investment Management provides asset management products and services in equity, fixed income, alternative investments, real estate investment, and private equity to institutional and retail clients through third-party retail distribution channels, intermediaries and Morgan Stanley's institutional distribution channel. Morgan Stanley's asset management activities were principally conducted under the Morgan Stanley and Van Kampen brands until 2009. On October 19, 2009, Morgan Stanley announced that it would sell Van Kampen to Invesco for $1.5 billion, but would retain the Morgan Stanley brand.[42] It provides asset management products and services to institutional investors worldwide, including pension plans, corporations, private funds, non-profit organizations, foundations, endowments, governmental agencies, insurance companies and banks. On September 29, 2013, Morgan Stanley announced a partnership with Longchamp Asset Management, a French-based asset manager that specialises in the distribution of UCITS hedge funds, and La Française AM, a multi-specialist asset manager with a 10-year track record in alternative investments.[43] Magazine and popularity rankings[edit] Morgan Stanley was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 by Working Mothers magazine. Family Digest magazine named Morgan Stanley one of the "Best Companies for African Americans" in June 2004 Essence magazine named Morgan Stanley as one of the "30 Great Places to Work" in May 2004 Asian Enterprise magazine named Morgan Stanley as one of the "Top Companies for Asian Americans" in April 2004 Hispanic magazine selected Morgan Stanley as one of the "100 Companies Providing the Most Opportunities to Hispanics" in February 2004 Morgan Stanley is listed in The Times Top 100 Graduate Employers, only recently dropping out of the top 40 The Times listed Morgan Stanley 5th in its 20 Best Big Companies to Work For 2006 list[44] Great Place to Work Institute Japan in 2007 ranked Morgan Stanley as the second best corporation to work in Japan, based on the opinions of the employees and the corporate culture[45] Controversies and lawsuits[edit] 2003[edit] In 2003, Morgan Stanley agreed to pay $125 million in order to settle its portion of a $1.4 billion settlement brought by Eliot Spitzer, the Attorney General of New York, the National Association of Securities Dealers (now the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)), the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, (SEC) and a number of state securities regulators, relating to intentionally misleading research motivated by a desire to win investment banking business with the companies covered.[46] 2004[edit] In June 2004, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) imposed a penalty of a censure and $140,000 fine for incorrectly using customers’ margined securities as collateral for cash management loans.[47] Morgan Stanley settled a sex discrimination suit brought by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for $54 million on July 12, 2004.[48] In 2007, the firm agreed to pay $46 million to settle a class action lawsuit brought by eight female brokers.[49] In July 2004, the firm paid NASD a $2.2 million fine for more than 1,800 late disclosures of reportable information about its brokers.[50] In September 2004, the firm paid a $19 million fine imposed by NYSE for failure to deliver prospectuses to customers in registered offerings, inaccurate reporting of certain program trading information, short sale violations, failures to fingerprint new employees and failure to timely file exchange forms.[51] In December 2004, the firm paid a $100,000 to NASD and paid $211,510 in restitution to customers for failure to make proper disclosures to municipal bond investors. In the course of NASD's investigation, Morgan Stanley' failure make a timely response to requests for information resulted in censure and an additional $25,000 fine.[52] 2005[edit] The New York Stock Exchange imposed a $19 million fine on January 12, 2005 for alleged regulatory and supervisory lapses. At the time, it was the largest fine ever imposed by the New York Stock Exchange.[53] On May 16, 2005, a Florida jury found that Morgan Stanley failed to give adequate information to Ronald Perelman about Sunbeam thereby defrauding him and causing damages to him of $604 million. In addition, punitive damages were added for total damages of $1.450 billion. This verdict was directed by the judge as a sanction against Morgan Stanley after the firm's attorneys infuriated the court by failing and refusing to produce documents, and falsely telling the court that certain documents did not exist.[citation needed] The ruling was overturned on March 21, 2007 and Morgan Stanley was no longer required to pay the $1.57 billion verdict.[54] 2006[edit] Morgan Stanley settled a class action lawsuit on March 2, 2006. It had been filed in California by both current and former Morgan Stanley employees for unfair labor practices instituted to those in the financial advisor training program. Employees of the program had claimed the firm expected trainees to clock overtime hours without additional pay and handle various administrative expenses as a result of their expected duties. A $42.5 million settlement was reached and Morgan Stanley admitted no fault.[55] In May the firm agreed to pay a $15 million fine. The Securities and Exchange Commission accused the firm of deleting emails and failing to cooperate with SEC investigators.[56] On September 25, 2009, Citigroup Inc. filed a federal lawsuit against Morgan Stanley, claiming its rival failed to pay $245 million due under a credit default swap agreement. The breach-of-contract lawsuit was filed in Manhattan federal court and seeks unspecified damages.[57] 2007[edit] The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) announced a $12.5 million settlement with Morgan Stanley on September 27, 2007. This resolved charges that the firm's former affiliate, Morgan Stanley DW, Inc. (MSDW), failed on numerous occasions to provide emails to claimants in arbitration proceedings as well as to regulators. The company had claimed that the destruction of the firm's email servers in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York's World Trade Center resulted in the loss of all email before that date. In fact, the firm had millions of earlier emails that had been retrieved from backup copies stored in another location that was not destroyed in the attacks.[58] Customers who had lost their arbitration cases against Morgan Stanley DW Inc. because of their inability to obtain these emails to demonstrate Morgan Stanley's misconduct received a token amount of money as a result of the settlement. In July 2007, Morgan Stanley agreed to pay $4.4 million to settle a class-action lawsuit. The firm was accused of incorrectly charging clients for storage of precious metals.[59] In August 2007, Morgan Stanley was fined $1.5 million and paid $4.6 million in restitution to customers related to excessive mark-ups in 2,800 transactions. An employee was charged $40,000 and suspended for 15 days.[60] 2008[edit] Under a settlement with New York Attorney General Andrew M. Cuomo, the firm agreed to repurchase approximately $4.5 billion worth of auction rate securities. The firm was accused of misrepresenting auction rate securities in their sales and marketing.[61] 2009[edit] In March 2009, FINRA announced Morgan Stanley was to pay more than $7 million for misconduct in the handling the accounts of 90 Rochester, NY-area retirees. [62] In May 2009, a trader at the firm was suspended by the FSA for a series of unauthorized commodities trades entered after becoming intoxicated during a three and half hour lunch.[63] A week later another trader at the firm was banned for deliberately disadvantaging clients by 'pre-hedging' trades without their consent.[64] The Financial Services Authority fined the firm £1.4m for failing to use controls properly relating to the actions of a rogue trader on one of its trading desks. Morgan Stanley admitted on June 18, 2008 this resulted in a $120m loss for the firm.[65] Morgan Stanley managing director Du Jun was convicted of insider trading after a criminal trial in Hong Kong. Mr. Du was accused of buying 26.7 million shares of Citic Resource Holdings while in possession of confidential information about the company. He gained this information as part of a Morgan Stanley team working with the company on a bond issuance and the purchase of an oil field in Kazakhstan. Morgan Stanley's compliance department was criticized for failing to detect Mr. Du's illegal trades.[66] 2010[edit] In April, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission announced the firm agreed to pay $14 million related to an attempt to hide prohibited trading activity in oil futures.[67] 2011[edit] A Morgan Stanley trader was barred from the brokerage industry and fined for entering fake trades to fool firm risk management systems causing millions in losses.[68] The Department of Justice sought a $4.8 million fine from Morgan Stanley for its part in an electricity price-fixing scandal. Con Edison estimated that the crime cost New York state consumers about $300 million. Morgan Stanley earned revenues of $21.6 million from the fraud.[69] 2012[edit] On April 3, the Federal Reserve announced Consent Order against the firm "a pattern of misconduct and negligence in residential mortgage loan servicing and foreclosure processing." The consent order requires the firm to review foreclosure proceedings conducted by the firm. The firm will also be responsible for monetary sanctions. [70] Garth R. Peterson, one of Morgan Stanley’s highest-ranking real estate executives in China pleaded guilty on April 25 to violating U.S. federal anticorruption laws. He was charged with secretly acquiring millions of dollars’ worth of property investments for himself and a Chinese government official. The official steered business to Morgan Stanley.[71] Morgan Stanley was fined $55,000 by Nasdaq OMX for three separate violations of exchange rules. A Morgan Stanley client algorithm started buying and selling enormous volumes by mistake. Furthermore, after the exchange detected the error, they were unable to contact the employee responsible.[72] Morgan Stanley settled a claim from FINRA and paid restitution together totaling almost $2.4 million. Morgan Stanley was accused of improperly supervising and training financial advisors in the use of non-traditional ETF products. This resulted in inappropriate recommendations to several of its retail brokerage customers.[73] Morgan Stanley is facing lawsuits and government investigation surrounding the Facebook IPO. It is claimed that Morgan Stanley downgraded their earnings forecasts for the company while conducting the IPO roadshow. Allegedly, they passed this information to only a handful of institutional investors. "The allegations, if true, are a matter of regulatory concern" to FINRA and SEC according to FINRA Chairman Richard Ketchum.[74] Morgan Stanley agreed to pay a $5 million fine to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and an additional $1.75 million to CME and the Chicago Board of Trade. Morgan Stanley employees improperly executed fictitious sales in Eurodollar and Treasury Note futures contracts.[75] On August 7, 2012, it was announced that Morgan Stanley would have to pay $4.8 million in fines in order to settle a price fixing scandal, which has been estimated to have cost New Yorkers $300 million to date. Morgan Stanley has currently made no admission of any wrongdoing; however, the Justice department commented that they hoped this would "send a message to the banking industry".[76] 2014[edit] In September 2014, Morgan Stanley agreed to pay $95 million to resolve a lawsuit pursued by the Public Employees' Retirement System of Mississippi (MissPERS) and the West Virginia Investment Management Board. Morgan Stanley was accused of misleading investors in mortgage-backed securities.[77] List of officers and directors[edit] Operating Committee: James P. Gorman: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Jonathan Pruzan: Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President Jeff Brodsky: Global Head of Human Resources Robert Rooney: Global Co-Head of Fixed Income Sales and Trading Michael Heany: Global Co-Head of Fixed Income Sales and Trading Greg Fleming: President of Investment Management, President of Morgan Stanley Smith Barney Eric Grossman: Chief Legal Officer Keishi Hotsuki: Chief Risk Officer Ted Pick: Global Head of Institutional Sales and Trading Jim Rosenthal: Chief Operating Officer Colm Kelleher: President, Institutional Securities Board of Directors: James P. Gorman Erskine B. Bowles Thomas H. Glocer Robert H. Herz Klaus Kleinfeld Sir Howard J. Davies Ryosuke Tamakoshi Masaaki Tanaka C. Robert Kidder Donald T. Nicolaisen Hutham S. Olayan James W. Owens O. Griffith Sexton Laura D. Tyson Rayford Wilkins, Jr. Global and other headquarters[edit] The Morgan Stanley World Headquarters are located in New York City, the European headquarters are based in London and Asia Pacific Headquarters are based in both Hong Kong and Tokyo. [78][79] Notable alumni[edit] Daniel Ammann, General Motors, Chief Financial Officer Barton Biggs, Author and Hedge Fund Manager Erskine Bowles, Clinton White House Chief of Staff Richard A. Debs, Chairman of Carnegie Hall; Middle East power-broker Bob Diamond, former Chief Executive Officer, Barclays Richard B. Fisher, Chairman of the Board, Rockefeller University; member, Trilateral Commission Ben Fried, Google CIO Eric Gleacher, founder of Gleacher & Co. Nina Godiwalla, Author of Suits: A Woman on Wall Street David Grimaldi, Chief Administrative Officer, New Castle County Government John Havens, President, Citigroup, Inc. John J. Mack, Chairman, New York-Presbyterian Hospital Mary Meeker, Author and Venture Capitalist Eileen Murray, Co-President, Bridgewater Associates Thomas R. Nides, Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of State Stephen A. Oxman, Assistant Secretary of State; Chair, Princeton University Board of Trustees Vikram Pandit, Chief Executive Officer, Citigroup Joseph R. Perella, philanthropist; founder of Perella Weinberg Partners Charles E. Phillips, former President of Oracle, Inc.; C.E.O. of Infor Frank Quattrone, founder, Qatalyst Group Steven Rattner, Private Equity Manager and Commentator Stephen S. Roach, Yale University Professor Benjamin M. Rosen, Technology Investor; founder, Compaq David E. Shaw, Hedge Fund Manager John J. Studzinski, CBE, American-British investment banker and philanthropist Sir David Walker, Chairman, Barclays PLC Kevin Warsh, G.W. Bush economic advisor; Member, Federal Reserve Board of Governors See also[edit] Portal icon New York City portal Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association – College Retirement Equities Fund (TIAA–CREF) is a Fortune 100 financial services organization that is the leading retirement provider for people who work in the academic, research, medical and cultural fields. TIAA–CREF serves 3.9 million active and retired employees participating at more than 15,000 institutions and has $502 billion[2] in combined assets under management (as of December 31, 2012). Much of TIAA–CREF operates on a not-for-profit basis, with surplus returned to participants. TIAA–CREF is headquartered in New York City in the United States and has major offices in Denver, Colorado; Charlotte, North Carolina; and Dallas, Texas; as well as seventy local offices throughout the U.S.. In 2013, TIAA–CREF ranked 97th on Fortune's list of the 500 largest corporations in America.[3] Contents [hide] 1 Profile Major[edit] Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hub Airport(s) Founded Notes Alaska Airlines Alaska Airlines, Boeing 737-890(WL), N520AS - LAX (22028085353).jpg AS ASA ALASKA Seattle-Tacoma Anchorage Los Angeles Portland, OR 1932 Founded as McGee Airways and commenced operations in 1944 as Alaska Airlines Allegiant Air EM N876DA (2766336057).jpg G4 AAY ALLEGIANT Las Vegas Bellingham Cincinnati Fort Lauderdale Fort Myers/Punta Gorda Los Angeles Oakland Orlando/Sanford Phoenix/Mesa Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater 1997 Founded as WestJet Express American Airlines American Airlines Boeing 777-200ER N773AN LHR 2014-03-29.png AA AAL AMERICAN Dallas-Ft. Worth Charlotte Chicago O'Hare Los Angeles Miami New York-JFK New York-LaGuardia Philadelphia Phoenix Washington-National 1934 Founded as American Airways Delta Air Lines Delta B747-400(N665US) (4609000460).jpg DL DAL DELTA Atlanta Amsterdam Detroit Minneapolis/St Paul Cincinnati New York-JFK New York-LaGuardia Paris Salt Lake City Seattle Tokyo-Narita 1924 Founded as Huff Daland Dusters Frontier Airlines Airbus A320-214, Frontier Airlines AN1393352.jpg F9 FFT FRONTIER FLIGHT Denver Atlanta Chicago-O'Hare Cleveland Miami Orlando Trenton Washington-Dulles 1994 Hawaiian Airlines Airbus A330-200 Hawaiian AL (HAL) F-WWKR - MSN 1217 - Named Hanaiakamalama - Will be N383HA (5843118846).jpg HA HAL HAWAIIAN Honolulu Kahului (Maui) 1929 JetBlue Airways JetBlue Airways, N903JB, Airbus A321-231 (19561503063).jpg B6 JBU JETBLUE New York-JFK Boston Fort Lauderdale Long Beach (CA) Orlando San Juan 1998 Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines, Boeing 737-3H4(WL), N600WN - LAX (22725329016).jpg WN SWA SOUTHWEST Dallas-Love Field Chicago-Midway Atlanta Baltimore Denver Houston-Hobby Las Vegas Los Angeles Milwaukee Nashville Oakland Orlando Phoenix St. Louis San Diego Tampa 1967 Commenced operations June 1971 Spirit Airlines Spirit Airlines Airbus A321-231(WL) N658NK.jpg NK NKS SPIRIT WINGS Fort Lauderdale Chicago-O'Hare Detroit 1980 Founded as Charter One Sun Country Airlines Sun Country Airlines Boeing 737-800 LDS.jpg SY SCX Sun Country Minneapolis-St. Paul Dallas/Fort Worth 1982 United Airlines N787UA - United Airlines - Boeing 777-222(ER) - PVG (13889266106).jpg UA UAL UNITED Chicago-O'Hare Denver Houston Los Angeles Newark San Francisco Washington-Dulles 1926 Founded as Varney Air Lines and commenced operations 1934 as United Air Lines Virgin America Virgin America, Airbus A320-214, N623VA - LAX (22423927010).jpg VX VRD REDWOOD San Francisco Los Angeles Dallas-Love Field 2004 Minor[edit] Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hub Airport(s) Founded Notes Air Choice One Airlines Air Choice One - Cessna Caravan 208B EX.jpg 3E WBR ACO St. Louis Chicago 1979 Founded as Multi-Aero Corporation Aero Contractors 1979 Air Evac 1969 Formerly Samaritan AirEvac AirStar Executive Airways AIRSTAR Marathon 2004 Air Sunshine N123HY EMB.110P1 Air Sunshine FLL 28APR00 (6852018399).jpg YI RSI AIR SUNSHINE 1982 Air Wisconsin Swear SA-226AT N261S Air WI ORD 02.12.73 edited-2.jpg ZW AWI WISCONSIN Philadelphia ?? ??? Suzuki Kantaro – April August Taisei Yokusankai Suzuki K — Higashikuni Naruhiko ???? ?? ? Higashikuni no miya Naruhiko o – August October Imperial Family Higashikuni — The only member of the Imperial Family to serve as Prime Minister Kijuro Shidehara ?? ??? Shidehara Kijuro – October May None Shidehara — Shigeru Yoshida ?? ? Yoshida Shigeru – May May Japan Liberal Yoshida I Prime Ministers during the Showa period – edit Under the Showa Emperor ? Prime Minister Term of office Political Party Government Elected Ref Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Days Gen Coun Tetsu Katayama ?? ? Katayama Tetsu – Rep for Kanagawa rd May March JSP Nihon Shakaito Katayama JSP–DP–PCP Under Allied Occupation The first Prime Minister and the first socialist to serve as Prime Minister of Japan Member of Diet from to Formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party and the People s Cooperative Party Hitoshi Ashida ?? ? Ashida Hitoshi – Rep for Kyoto nd March October DP Minshuto Ashida DP–JSP–PCP — — Under Allied Occupation Ashida s cabinet resigned after seven months in office due to alleged ministerial corruption in the Showa Electric scandal Shigeru Yoshida ?? ? Yoshida Shigeru – Rep for Kochi At large October February DLP Minshu Jiyuto Yoshida II DLP — — February October Liberal Jiyuto Yoshida III Reshuffle DLP Lib –DP October May Yoshida IV Liberal — May December Yoshida V Liberal Under Allied Occupation until the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April Developed the Yoshida Doctrine prioritising economic development and reliance on United States military protection Ichiro Hatoyama ?? ?? Hatoyama Ichiro – Rep for Tokyo st December March JDP Nihon Minshuto Hatoyama I I JDP — — March November Hatoyama I II JDP — November December LDP Jiminto Hatoyama I III LDP — — Rebuilt diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union Favored parole for some of the Class A war criminals who had been sentenced to life imprisonment at the Tokyo Trial Tanzan Ishibashi ?? ?? Ishibashi Tanzan – Rep for Shizuoka nd December February LDP Jiminto Ishibashi LDP — Incapacitated due to minor stroke on January Foreign Minister Kishi Nobusuke served as Deputy Prime Minister until February Nobusuke Kishi ? ?? Kishi Nobusuke – Rep for Yamaguchi st February June LDP Jiminto Kishi I Reshuffle LDP — — June July Kishi II Reshuffle LDP Hayato Ikeda ?? ?? Ikeda Hayato – Rep for Hiroshima nd July December LDP Jiminto Ikeda I LDP — — December December Ikeda II Reshuffle LDP December November Ikeda III Reshuffle LDP — Eisaku Sato ?? ?? Sato Eisaku – Rep for Yamaguchi nd November February LDP Jiminto Sato I Reshuffle LDP — February January Sato II Reshuffle LDP January July Sato III Reshuffle Kakuei Tanaka ?? ?? Tanaka Kakuei – Rep for Niigata rd July December LDP Jiminto Tanaka K I LDP — — December December Tanaka K II Reshuffle LDP — Takeo Miki ?? ?? Miki Takeo – Rep for Tokushima At large December December LDP Jiminto Miki Reshuffle LDP — Takeo Fukuda ?? ?? Fukuda Takeo – Rep for Gunma rd December December LDP Jiminto Fukuda T Reshuffle LDP Masayoshi Ohira ?? ?? Ohira Masayoshi – Rep for Kagawa nd December November LDP Jiminto Ohira I LDP — — November June Ohira II LDP — Died in office of natural causes During this interval Chief Cabinet Secretary Masayoshi Ito ?? ?? Ito Masayoshi was the Acting Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki ?? ?? Suzuki Zenko – Rep for Iwate st July November LDP Jiminto Suzuki Z Reshuffle LDP Yasuhiro Nakasone ??? ?? Nakasone Yasuhiro – Rep for Gunma rd November December LDP Jiminto Nakasone I LDP — — December July Nakasone II Reshuffle LDP–NLC July November Nakasone III LDP Noboru Takeshita ?? ? Takeshita Noboru – Rep for Shimane At large November June LDP Jiminto Takeshita Reshuffle LDP — — Prime Ministers during the Heisei period –present edit Under Emperor Akihito ? Prime Minister Term of office Political Party Government Elected Ref Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Days Gen Coun Sosuke Uno ?? ?? Uno Sosuke – Rep for Shiga At large June August LDP Jiminto Uno LDP — Soon after he was elected Prime Minister allegations arose that he had an extramarital relationship with a geisha which damaged his reputation and his party s performance in the House of Councillors election for which he resigned He died in Served as Minister of Defense Chief of the Science and Technology Agency – Chief of the Civil Administration Agency – Minister of Economy Trade and Industry and Minister for Foreign Affairs – Member of the Diet from to Toshiki Kaifu ?? ?? Kaifu Toshiki – Rep for Aichi rd August February LDP Jiminto Kaifu I LDP — — February November Kaifu II Reshuffle LDP — Defeated in he was the longest serving member of the lower house of the Diet and he was also the first former prime minister to be defeated at a re election since Served as Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary – Minister of Education – – Member of the Diet from to Kiichi Miyazawa ?? ?? Miyazawa Kiichi – Rep for Hiroshima rd November August LDP Jiminto Kiichi Reshuffle LDP — Originally a bureaucrat in the Treasury Ministry he accompanied Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida at the Treaty of San Francisco A firm critic of the revision of the constitution he advocated peace throughout his political career After his party s stunning defeat in the general election he was forced to resign the Prime Ministership but became Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Keizo Obuchi and Yoshiro Mori from to He died in Served as Minister of Economy Trade and Industry – – – – Chief Cabinet Secretary – Minister of Finance – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications and Minister of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Member of the House of Councillors – Symbols Flag Coat of Arms Notable people Gallery See also References External links History edit The city of Yauco was named after the river Yauco which was originally known as coayuco by the Taínos meaning "yucca plantation" The area of Yauco was considered as the capital of "Boriken" Taíno name of Puerto Rico and was governed by Agüeybana the most powerful Taíno "cacique" chief in the island All the other Caciques were subject to and had to obey Agüeybaná even though they governed their own tribes Upon Agüeybaná s death in his nephew Güeybaná also known as Agüeybaná II became the most powerful Cacique in the island Agüeybaná II had his doubts about the "godly" status of the Spaniards He came up with a plan to test these doubts he and Urayoán cacique of Añasco sent some of their tribe members to lure a Spaniard by the name of Diego Salcedo into a river and drown him They watched over Salcedo s body to make sure that he would not resuscitate Salcedo s death was enough to convince him and the rest of the Taíno people that the Spaniards were not gods This in turn led to the failed Taíno rebellion of In the Spanish settlers of the region built a small chapel and named it "Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario" Our Lady of the Rosary The settlers sent Fernando Pacheco as their representative to the Spanish Government to request the establishment of a municipality since one of the requisites to such a request the establishment of a place of worship had been met On February the King of Spain granted the settlers their request and the town of Yauco was established Fernando Pacheco was named First Lieutenant of War of the new town th century Corsican immigration edit Early Yauco Coffee Plantation Pre Main article Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico The island of Puerto Rico is very similar in geography to the island of Corsica and therefore appealed to the many Corsicans who wanted to start a "new" life Under the Spanish Royal Decree of Graces the Corsicans and other immigrants were granted land and initially given a "Letter of Domicile" after swearing loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Catholic Church After five years they could request a "Letter of Naturalization" that would make them Spanish subjects Hundreds of Corsicans and their families immigrated to Puerto Rico from as early as and their numbers peaked in the s The first Spanish settlers settled and owned the land in the coastal areas the Corsicans tended to settle the mountainous southwestern region of the island primary in the towns of Adjuntas Lares Utuado Ponce Coamo Yauco Guayanilla and Guánica However it was Yauco whose rich agricultural area attracted the majority of the Corsican settlers The three main crops in Yauco were coffee sugar cane and tobacco The new settlers dedicated themselves to the cultivation of these crops and within a short period of time some were even able to own and operate their own grocery stores However it was with the cultivation of the coffee bean that they would make their fortunes Cultivation of coffee in Yauco originally began in the Rancheras and Diego Hernández sectors and later extended to the Aguas Blancas Frailes and Rubias sectors The Mariani family created a machine out of a cotton gin in the s which was used in the dehusking of coffee This represented a significant improvement in Puerto Rico s coffee appearance and an opportunity to stand out in the international coffee market By the s the Corsican settlers were the leaders of the coffee industry in Puerto Rico and seven out of ten coffee plantations were owned by Corsicans Intentona de Yauco edit Flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the "Intentona de Yauco" revoltMain article Intentona de Yauco The second and last major revolt against Spanish colonial rule in Puerto Rico by Puerto Rico s pro independence movement known as the Intentona de Yauco a k a the "Attempted Coup of Yauco" was staged in Yauco The revolt which occurred on of March was organized by Antonio Mattei Lluberas Mateo Mercado and Fidel Vélez and was backed up by leaders of "El Grito de Lares" the first major independence attempt who were in exile in New York City as members of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee

Washington National 1965 Operates as American Eagle Alaska Central Express ACE turboprop at ANC.jpg KO AER Ace Air Anchorage 1996 Alaska Seaplane Service J5 Juneau 1997[1] Ameristar Jet Charter N786TW (8474765778).jpg None AJI AMERISTAR Dallas-Addison El Paso Willow Run 2000 Cargo and charter company Atlantic Airlines EX BJK BLACKJACK Lakeland OrlandoTampa 1982[2] Bemidji Airlines CH BMJ BEMIDJI Minneapolis-St. Paul 1946 Bering Air Beechcraft 1900 of Bering Air.jpg 8E BRG BERING AIR Nome Kotzebue Unalakleet 1979 Berry Aviation BYA BERRY San Marcos 1983 Big Island Air BIG BIG ISLE Kona 1985 Blue Moon Aviation Blue Moon Aviation Airbus A319.jpg Minneapolis-Saint Paul 2003 Boutique Air 4B BTQ BOUTIQUE Albuquerque Dallas-Ft. Worth Denver Phoenix 2007 Cape Air Cape Air at TJMZ.jpg 9K KAP CAIR Cape Cod 1989 CommutAir N362PH (7368596202).jpg C5 UCA COMMUTAIR Cleveland Newark 1989 Operates as United Express Compass Airlines N621CZ.jpg CP CPZ COMPASS ROSE Minneapolis-St. Paul Detroit Memphis 2006 Operates as Delta Connection Corporate Flight Management N789KG.JPG VTE VOLUNTEER Smyrna 1982 Critical Air Medicine 1984 Delta Private Jets Cessna CitationJet 525 at BIL.jpg DPJ JET CARD Cincinnati 1984 Endeavor Air Pinnacle Airlines CRJ-200 N823AY KDCA.JPG 9E FLG FLAGSHIP Minneapolis-St Paul Cincinnati Detroit New York JFK New York LaGuardia Operates as Delta Connection Envoy Air Bombardier CRJ-702 'N546FF' American Eagle (14192211342).jpg MQ EGF EAGLE FLIGHT Dallas-Ft. Worth Boston Chicago O'Hare Los Angeles Miami New York LaGuardia 1984 Founded as American Eagle Airlines; Operates as American Eagle Era Alaska Era Aviation, loading.jpg 7H ERR ERAH Anchorage Barrow Fairbanks Unalakleet 2010 Everts Air 3Z VTS EVERTS Fairbanks Anchorage 1978 ExpressJet Xjetrdu1.JPG EV ASQ ACEY Houston Atlanta Chicago Cleveland Dallas-Fort Worth Denver Newark Washington Dulles 1986 Operates as American Eagle, United Express, and Delta Connection Express One International Express One International DC-10 OH-LHA at KJFK 19930812.jpg EO LHN LONGHORN Orlando-Sanford 1983 Flight Alaska 4Y TUD TUNDRA Bethel 1955 Frontier Flying Service 2F FTA FRONTIER-AIR Fairbanks 1950 FS Air Service 4A EYE SOCKEYE Anchorage 1986 GoJet Airlines GoJet CRJ-700 ORD N159GJ.jpg G7 GJS LINDBERGH Chicago-O'Hare Cincinnati Denver Detroit New York-LaGuardia 2005 Operates as United Express and Delta Connection Grand Canyon Airlines De Havilland Canada DHC-6-300 Twin Otter-VistaLiner AN1974570.jpg YR CVU CANYON VIEW 1927 Grant Aviation GV GUN HOOT 1971 Great Lakes Airlines Great Lakes Airlines EMB120 N293UX.jpg ZK GLA LAKES AIR Denver Los Angeles Minneapolis-St Paul Phoenix Horizon Air N427QX-2008-09-13-YVR.jpg QX QXE HORIZON AIR Seattle Portland ImagineAir IAcirrus.JPG IMG IMAGINE 2005 Island Air Island Air Dash 8-100 N829EX.jpg WP MKU MOKU 1980 Island Airlines Island Airlines Caravan Flight.jpg ISA ISLAND Barnstable Municipal Airport Nantucket Memorial Airport Island Airways Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System Conair.jpg DOJ Justice Oklahoma City Anchorage Alexandria, LA Mesa, AZ Virgin Islands Kalitta Charters N722CK Boeing B.727F Kalitta Charters II (8392188982).jpg K9 KFS KALITTA Ypsilanti Kenmore Air Kenmore Air Cessna Grand Caravan.jpg L-3 Flight International Aviation Lansing Merlin Airways MEI AVALON Mesa Airlines Mesa Airlines Beech 1300 Silagi-1.jpg YV ASH AIRSHUTTLE Miami Air International N752MA B737-400 Miami Air (5577462158).jpg LL BSK BICKAYNE Miami Mid-Atlantic Freight Mokulele Airlines Mokulele Express C208 N862MA OGG.jpg MW Millennium Aviation Nantucket Airlines Nantucket Airlines Cessna 402C II (N763EA) at Provincetown Municipal Airport.jpg New England Airlines New England Airlines Islander at Block Island State Airport 7-23-2015.jpg EJ NEA NEW ENGLAND Omni Air International Omni Air International DC-10-30ER N270AX.JPG OY OAE OMNI EXPRESS Tulsa Orange Air ORN ORANGE JET 2011 Operates as Branson Air Express PenAir PenAir Saab 340B.jpg KS PEN PENINSULA Phoenix Air Phoenix Air Learjet landing at North Island NAS (3767183347).jpg Piedmont Airlines USAirways-Piedmont-Dash8-at-ALB.JPG PDT PIEDMONT Charlotte Philadelphia Washington-National Operates as US Airways Express PSA Airlines JIA BLUE STREAK Charlotte Philadelphia Washington-National Operates as US Airways Express Republic Airlines XY RPA BRICKYARD Atlantic City Charlotte Chicago-O'Hare Denver Laughlin/Bullhead City Miami Newark Philadelphia Tunica Washington-Dulles Washington-National Operates as American Eagle, Caesars Entertainment, United Express, and US Airways Express Salmon Air S6 MBI Scenic Airlines N146GC DHC-6 Twin Otter Scenic Airlines (8980367898).jpg YR SCE SCENIC 1967 SeaPort Airlines Seaport Airlines Pilatus PC-12 N933SP KBFI.jpg K5 SQH SASQUATCH Memphis Portland San Diego Shuttle America Shuttle America E170 N640RW.jpg S5 TCF MERCURY Chicago-O'Hare Newark New York-LaGuardia Operates as United Express and Delta Connection Sierra Pacific Airlines Sp-737-N712S-040902-01.jpg SI SPA SIERRA PACIFIC 1971 Silver Airways Silver Airways Saab 340B+.JPG 3M SIL SILVER WINGS Fort Lauderdale Operates as United Express and Silver Airways Sky King, Inc. SkyKing Boeing 737-400; N916SK@MIA;17.10.2011 626en (6446908745).jpg 5K SGB SONGBIRD Miami 1990 SkyWest Airlines SkyWest.JPG OO SKW SKYWEST Chicago-O'Hare Denver Detroit Houston Los Angeles Minneapolis/St Paul Phoenix Portland, OR Salt Lake City San Francisco Seattle 1972 Operates as United Express, US Airways Express, Delta Connection, and American Eagle, and as SkyWest Airlines in a partnership with Alaska Airlines Sportsflight Airways 1994 Superior Aviation SO HKA SPEND AIR 1979 Swift Air N802TJ (6336741576).jpg Q7 SWQ SWIFTFLIGHT Phoenix 1997 Trans-Florida Airlines TFA TRANS FLORIDA Daytona Beach 1966 Trans States Airlines AX LOF WATERSKI Chicago-O'Hare Cleveland Denver Pittsburgh 1982 Founded as Resort Air. Operates as United Express and US Airways Express Ultimate Air Shuttle Ultimate Air Shuttle Dornier 328Jet.JPG UJC ULTIMATE Cincinnati-CVG Cincinnati-Lunken 2009 Victory Air Transport 2003 West Air PCM PAC VALLEY Las Vegas Oakland Ontario Sacramento San Diego 1988 Wiggins Airways WG WIG WIGGINS AIRWAYS Manchester 1929 Wings of Alaska K5 SQH SASQUACH Juneau 1982 Xtra Airways XTRA Airways B737-400 N148AS parked at Jacksonville, Florida December 2014.jpg XP CXP CASINO EXPRESS Myrtle Beach San Antonio 1987 Cargo[edit] Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hub Airport(s) Founded Notes ABX Air N750AX (15237383461).jpg GB ABX ABEX Wilmington, OH Cincinnati 1980 Cargo and charter company Air Cargo Carriers Air Cargo Carriers Inc - SHORT SD3-60 - N124CA (SNC1288) (3525005585).jpg 2Q SNC NIGHT CARGO 1986 AirNet Express N105AN-01.JPG USC STAR CHECK 1974 Air Transport International McDonnell Douglas DC-8-72CF, Air Transport International - ATI AN2172876.jpg 8C ATN AIR TRANSPORT Toledo 1978 Founded as US Airways and Commenced operations 1988 as Air Transport International Aloha Air Cargo Aloha Air Cargo Boeing 737-330(SF) at Honolulu.jpg KH AAH ALOHA Honolulu 1946 Founded as Trans-Pacific Airlines and separated from now-defunct Aloha Airlines in 2008. Alpine Air Express 5A AIP ALPINE AIR 1972 Ameriflight Beech 99A Airliner, Ameriflight AN1392805.jpg A8 AMF AMFLIGHT Burbank Cincinnati 1968 Founded as California Air Charter Amerijet International N395AJ B727-233 Amerijet 19 maart 2011 miami int (8269112277).jpg M6 AJT AMERIJET Fort Lauderdale Miami 1974 Ameristar Air Cargo Dassault Falcon 20C, Ameristar Air Cargo JP7699886.jpg None AJI AMERISTAR Dallas-Addison El Paso Willow Run 2000 Cargo and charter company Asia Pacific Airlines 424am - Asia Pacific Airlines Boeing 727-212F (winglets), N319NE@HNL,30.09.2006 - Flickr - Aero Icarus.jpg P9 MGE MAGELLAN Guam Honolulu 1998 Atlas Air Cargo ATLASAIR YMML.jpg 5Y GTI GIANT Cincinnati New York-JFK Anchorage Houston Huntsville Los Angeles Miami 1992 C&M Airways RWG RED WING El Paso 1983 Castle Aviation None CSJ CASTLE Akron 1986 Centurion Air Cargo Centurion Air Cargo, Boeing 747-400ERF,N904AR - NRT (21516205529).jpg WE CWC CHALLENGE CARGO Miami 1985 Contract Air Cargo N141FL (6855249436).jpg TSU TRANSAUTO 1983 Corporate Air N330SB Short SD.330 Corporate Air (7359150738).jpg OJ CPT AIRSPUR Billings 1981 CSA Air IRO IRON AIR Iron Mountain 1998 Custom Air Transport EM CAT 727 (2458324088).jpg 5R CTT CATT Fort Lauderdale 1995 Empire Airlines Fokker F-28-4000 Fellowship, Empire Airlines AN1198042.jpg EM CFS EMPIRE Hayden, ID Spokane 1977 Everts Air Cargo Everts Air Cargo DC-6 landing at ANC (6259046385).jpg 3Z VTS EVERTS Fairbanks Anchorage 1978 FedEx Express FedEx Boeing 777-F28 Zhao.jpg FX FDX FEDEX Memphis Anchorage Fort Worth Greensboro Guangzhou Indianapolis Miami Newark Oakland Paris Toronto 1971 Florida West International Airways 166am - Florida West Airlines Boeing 767-300F; N316LA@UIO;26.02.2002 (8063272825).jpg RF FWL FLO WEST Miami 1981 Freight Runners Express FRG FREIGHT Milwaukee 1985 Kalitta Air Boeing 747 Kalitta airlines.jpg K4 CKS CONNIE Ypsilanti Anchorage Bahrain Cincinnati Hong Kong Newark New York-JFK Oscoda 1967 Oscoda, MI is home to Kalitta's maintenance base/hub Key Lime Air Swearingen Metro (N184SW).jpg Logistic Air Lynden Air Cargo Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules (L-382G), Lynden Air Cargo AN0219029.jpg Martinaire Addison Mountain Air Cargo C2 MTN MOUNTAIN National Airlines Douglas DC-8-73(CF), National Airlines JP7091750.jpg N8 NCR NATIONAL CARGO Northern Air Cargo Northern Air Cargo 737 off to the Alaskan Bush (6349644956).jpg NC NAC YUKON Anchorage Fairbanks 1956 Polar Air Cargo Polar Air Cargo Boeing 747-46NF(SCD) N450PA.jpg PO PAC POLAR Cincinnati 1993 Presidential Airways Ryan Air Services 7S RYA RYAN AIR Aniak Bethel Emmonak Kotzebue Nome St. Mary's Unalakleet Cargo airline; Not associated with Ireland's Ryanair Sky Lease Cargo Skylease Cargo MD-11.jpg GG KYE TRADEWINDS EXPRESS 1969 Skyway Enterprises Lear Jet 23, SkyWay Enterprises AN0215751.jpg KI SKZ SKYWAY-INC 1981 Southern Air Southern Air Boeing 747-200 KvW.jpg 9S SOO SOUTHERN AIR Cincinnati Anchorage 1999 Tepper Aviation Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules (L-382G) AN0758785.jpg Bob Sikes Airport 1987 Transair KH MUI MAUI Honolulu 1982 UPS Airlines UPS Boeing 747-400 in Dubai KvW.jpg 5X UPS UPS Louisville Chicago-Rockford Cologne-Bonn Dallas/Fort Worth Hamilton Hong Kong Los Angeles/Ontario Philadelphia Shanghai Shenzhen 1988 USA Jet Airlines The most patriotic of jets. (7861046874).jpg UJ JUS JET USA Ypsilanti Laredo 1994 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Profile[edit] TIAA–CREF was created to replace the system of free pensions provided by Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching for professors. When the original fund proved inadequate, TIAA was created in an Act of the New York State Legislature in 1918 as a stock life insurance company for the purpose of providing retirement income for professors through fixed premium guaranteed deferred annuity contracts. Later in 1952, CREF was created to allow professors to invest in the stock market through the nation's first variable annuity. Its core business continues to be retirement plan administration and annuity products. It is by far the largest manager of employer-sponsored 403(b) tax-sheltered annuity plans, a defined contribution retirement plan for employees of 501(c)(3) educational, religious, and charitable organizations. The company also offers 401(k) and 457 plans, Keogh plans, and Supplemental Retirement Plans. Contributions from these plans are typically invested in the company's traditional or variable annuities or its line of mutual funds. In recent years the company has greatly expanded its capabilities and advisory services and broadened clients' investment choices. Internally it has focused on developing customer support IT infrastructure and leadership development.[4] At the retail level, TIAA–CREF offers Traditional and Rollover Individual Retirement Accounts, Roth IRAs, mutual funds, after-tax annuities and life insurance (through TIAA–CREF Life), 529 college savings plans, Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, financial planning, and trust and investment management (through TIAA–CREF Trust Company, FSB). These investments are offered to the general public, and TIAA–CREF is no longer limited to the academic community.[5] On the institutional side, TIAA–CREF Asset Management serves institutional investors and intermediaries, including registered investment advisors, investment-only defined contribution platforms and broker/dealers. While TIAA–CREF is considered to be an academic pension option at universities in the US, it is not associated with the concept of unions or organized labor (which traditionally sought and protected the pensions of workers in the US). So, if a worker's lifetime pension is affected at a university, TIAA–CREF is not operated as a party involved in labor-management or management-management disputes. History[edit] In 1918, Andrew Carnegie and his Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, under the leadership of Henry S. Pritchett, created the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America (TIAA), a fully funded system of pensions for professors. Funding was provided by a combination of grants from the foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York, as well as ongoing contributions from participating institutions and individuals. In 1921, the policyholders voted to nominate Professor Samuel M. Lindsay of Columbia University to represent them on the TIAA board of trustees. Policyholder representation on the TIAA board was consistent with the Carnegie Foundation desire that educators assume a role in running the organization.[5] Conservative investing allowed TIAA to survive the 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression. In 1933, Albert Einstein became a participant, a fact that TIAA–CREF later used in a notable 2001 advertising campaign.[6] After World War II, in reaction to rising inflation and lengthening life expectancies, and a dramatic expansion of the education sector with the G.I. Bill, TIAA recognized the need for its participants to invest in equities in order to diversify their retirement funds. In 1952, TIAA created the College Retirement Equities Fund ("CREF"), a variable annuity, for that purpose. On June 15, 2007, TIAA became one of the first U.S. companies to voluntarily adopt, and the first to implement, a policyholder advisory vote on executive compensation policy. On August 12, 2008, TIAA–CREF announced the opening of a new office in London. The office will be staffed by local investment professionals who will extend TIAA–CREF Global Real Estate's activities in the United Kingdom and Europe. On September 7, 2008, Herb Allison, the former chairman and CEO of TIAA–CREF, was tapped to lead beleaguered home mortgage backer Fannie Mae, as part of a government bailout engineered by U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson. 730 Third Avenue On September 14, 2012, TIAA–CREF bought Festival Place, a shopping center in Basingstoke, England for £280 million. On May 16, 2013, TIAA–CREF purchased a 50% stake in the Grand Canal Shoppes, including the Shoppes at the Palazzo, in Las Vegas for net proceeds of $410 million USD as part of a new joint venture with General Growth Properties Inc. GGP will continue to oversee the asset management of the project. On October 1, 2014, TIAA–CREF completed an acquisition of Nuveen Investments for an enterprise value of $6.25 billion Portal icon Companies portal Dean Witter Reynolds Discover Card MSCI Van Kampen Funds Metalmark Capital, formerly Morgan Stanley Capital Partners Morgan Stanley Smith Barney, a joint venture with Citigroup Other assets[edit] Broadsystem Ltd (UK) – Telephony provider for media companies, bought in 1991 Broadsystem Australia (Australia) Broadsystem Ventures (UK) – provider of cheap-rate telephone calls, particularly for customers of Sky Television. Bought outright in 1999. Jamba! – Mobile entertainment, mobile handsets Personalisation/games. News Outdoor Group – Largest outdoor advertising company in Eastern Europe with over 70,000 ads including billboards and bus shelters, operating in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Israel, Poland, Romania, Russia (96 cities), Turkey and Ukraine. Maximedia Israel (67%) Mosgorreklama (50%) – Russia sign and marketing material manufacturer Kamera Acikhava Reklamclik (?) – leading outdoor advertising company in Turkey Australian Associated Press (45%) – real time news service. STATS, Inc. (50%) – world's leading provider of sporting information and statistical analysis (a JV with Associated Press) Fox Sports Grill (50%) – Upscale sports bar and restaurant with 7 locations: Scottsdale, Arizona; Irvine, California; Seattle; Plano, Texas; Houston; San Diego; and Atlanta. Fox Sports Skybox (70%) – Sports fans' Bar & Grill at Staples Center and six airport restaurants. News America Marketing (US) – (100%) – nation's leading marketing services company, products include a portfolio of in-store, home-delivered and online media under the SmartSource brand. Rotana (19%) – Largest Arab entertainment company owned by Saudi Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal The Daily – iPad only newspaper delivered daily. Making Fun – social game developer for making games for social networking sites, smartphones, tablets and other devices.[87] Stockpoint Richard C. Levin: President, Yale University Richard A. McGinn: Former CEO of Lucent Technologies, Partner, RRE Ventures Edward D. Miller: Former President and CEO of AXA SA Frank P. Popoff: Former Chairman Chemical Financial Corp. Steven S. Reinemund: Former Chairman and CEO, PepsiCo Inc. Robert D. Walter: Chairman and CEO, Cardinal Health Ronald A. Williams: Chairman and CEO, Aetna Inc. See also[edit] Portal icon Companies portal List of banks List of banks in United States American Express Community Stadium American Express Gold card dress of Lizzy Gardiner Business4Business History of Wells Fargo Standard & Poors Building International Operations[edit] Operation in Mexico.[14] New York Life Insurance buildings[edit] The New York Life Insurance Company has commissioned a number of buildings under the name "New York Life Insurance Building." New York Life Building in New York City New York Life Insurance Building, Chicago New York Life Insurance Building (Kansas City) New York Life Insurance Building, Montreal International Operations[edit] Operation in Mexico.[14] New York Life Insurance buildings[edit] The New York Life Insurance Company has commissioned a number of buildings under the name "New York Life Insurance Building." New York Life Building in New York City New York Life Insurance Building, Chicago New York Life Insurance Building (Kansas City) New York Life Insurance Building, Montreal New York Palace (Budapest) New York Life Insurance Building (Amsterdam) Torre New York Life in Mexico City 2004 Tanker Truck related with the 1964 model 2005 Helicopter from the 1995 model 2006 Truck with Racer related with the 1992 model 2007 Rescue Truck related with the 1994 model 2008 Recreational Van with Motorcycle and Cruiser related with the 1998 model. Note: This marks the 10th anniversary of the Hess Miniature Truck fleet 2009 Space Shuttle Transport related with the 1999 model 2010 Firetruck related with the 2000 model 2011 Helicopter related with the 2001 model 2012 Truck with Airplane related with the 2002 model 2013 Truck with Racers related with the 2003 model 2014 Sport Utility Vehicle related with the 2004 model. Note: This is the last mini truck in this fleet The toy truck business will continue after the sale of Hess' retail unit to Marathon.[36] Salt Lake City office at 222 South Main Goldman Sachs's global headquarters is located in New York City at 200 West Street. Its European headquarters are in London and its Asian headquarters are in Singapore, Tokyo and Hong Kong. Other major offices are in Jersey City, Bangalore, and Salt Lake City.[263] In 1957 the head office moved to 20 Broad Street, New York.[6] Goldman Sachs research papers[edit] Here is a list of notable Goldman Sachs research papers: Global Economics Paper No: 93 (South Africa Growth and Unemployment: A Ten-Year Outlook): Makes economic projections for South Africa for the next 10 years. Published on May 13, 2003. Global Economics Paper No: 66 (The World Needs Better Economic BRICs): Introduced the BRIC concept, which became highly popularized in the media and in economic research from this point on. Also made economic projections for 2050 for the G7 and South Africa as well. These were the first long-term economic projections which covered the GDP of numerous countries. Published on October 1, 2003.[264] Global Economics Paper No: 134 (How Solid are the BRICs): Introduced the Next Eleven concept. Published on December 1, 2005.[265] Global Economics Paper No: 173 (New EU Member States—A Fifth BRIC?): Makes 2050 economic projections for the new EU member states as a whole. Published on September 26, 2008.[266] Global Economics Paper No: 188 (A United Korea; Reassessing North Korea Risks (Part I): Makes 2050 economic projections for North Korea in the hypothetical event that North Korea makes large free-market reforms right now. Published on September 21, 2009.[267] The Olympics and Economics 2012: Makes projections for the number of gold medals and told Olympic medals that each country wins at the 2012 Olympics using economic data and previous Olympic data. Published in 2012.[268] Maraviroc Prevnar Peter Rost Sildenafil Portal icon Companies portal List of United States insurance companies Met English Parkchester, Bronx Riverton Houses Stuyvesant Town Park La Brea, Los Angeles, California Park Merced, San Francisco, California In late 2010 Verizon Communications joined with Vodafone Group in a joint partnership to replace Sprint as the official wireless telecommunications partner of the National Football League.[132] The four-year deal was estimated at $720 million. In June 2013, Verizon announced a four-year extension with the NFL in a deal reportedly valued at $1 billion. The new agreement gives Verizon the right to stream every NFL regular-season and playoff game.[133] Venues[edit] Verizon is the title sponsor for a number of sporting and entertainment arenas including the Verizon Center in Washington, DC;[134] the Verizon Wireless Arena in Manchester, New Hampshire;[135] the Verizon Arena in North Little Rock, Arkansas;[136] and the Verizon Wireless Center in Mankato, Minnesota.[137] Verizon is also currently the title sponsor of five entertainment amphitheaters in locations throughout the United States, four being individually referred to as the "Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre": in Irvine, California; Maryland Heights, Missouri; Selma, Texas; and Alpharetta, Georgia. The fifth is the Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie, Texas (worldwide) Industry group 1 16 41 Verizon Communications $115.8 183,400 Telecommunications 2 18 36 J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. $108.2 258,965 Commercial Banks 3 26 39 Citigroup $90.8 259,000 Commercial Banks 4 38 44 American International Group $70.1 63,000 Property and Casualty Insurance (stock) 5 39 176 INTL FCStone $69.3 1,074 Diversified Financials 6 40 160 MetLife $68.2 64,000 Life and Health Insurance (stock) 7 48 103 Pfizer $61.2 91,500 Pharmaceuticals 8 68 181 Goldman Sachs Group $41.7 32,400 Commercial Banks [formerly Securities] 9 75 263 Hess $38.4 14,775 Petroleum Refining 10 89 258 New York Life Insurance $34.3 11,166 Life and Health Insurance (mutual) 11 90 319 American Express $33.8 63,500 Commercial Banks 12 91 284 News Corporation $33.7 48,000 Entertainment 13 96 218 Morgan Stanley $32.4 57,061 Commercial Banks [formerly Securities] 14 97 296 TIAA-CREF $32.2 8,260 Life and Health Insurance (mutual) 15 99 356 Philip Morris International $31.4 87,100 Tobacco 16 105 363 Time Warner $28.7 34,000 Entertainment 17 116 389 Travelers Companies $25.7 30,500 Property and Casualty Insurance (stock) 18 128 465 Alcoa $23.7 61,000 Metals 19 134 – Time Warner Cable $21.4 50,625 Telecommunications 20 158 – Bristol-Myers Squibb $17.6 28,000 Pharmaceuticals 21 165 – Colgate-Palmolive $17.1 37,700 Household and Personal Products 22 178 – Icahn Enterprises $15.7 60,665 Motor Vehicles and Parts 23 180 – Bank of New York Mellon Corp. $15.5 49,500 Commercial Banks 24 186 – CBS $14.7 23,430 Entertainment 25 188 – Loews $14.6 18,300 Property and Casualty Insurance (stock) 26 191 – Omnicom Group $14.2 71,100 Advertising, Marketing 27 197 – L-3 Communications $14.1 51,000 Aerospace and Defense 28 198 – Viacom $13.9 10,250 Entertainment 29 226 – Consolidated Edison $12.2 14,529 Utilities: Gas and Electric 30 228 – Marsh & McLennan $11.9 54,000 Diversified Financials 31 238 – Guardian Life Insurance $11.3 4,640 Life and Health Insurance (mutual) 32 252 – Avon Products $10.7 39,100 Household and Personal Products 33 277 – KKR (Kohlberg Kravis Roberts) $9.7 926 Securities 34 279 – Estée Lauder $9.7 39,100 Household and Personal Products 35 286 – BlackRock $9.3 9,127 Securities 36 289 – Leucadia National $9.3 10,943 Food Production 37 309 – Assurant $8.5 14,403 Property and Casualty Insurance (stock) 38 360 – Barnes & Noble $7.1 35,000 Specialty Retailers (books) 39 366 – Interpublic Group of Companies $7.0 43,300 Advertising, Marketing 40 370 – Ralph Lauren $6.9 25,000 Apparel 41 390 – McGraw-Hill $6.5 21,687 Publishing, Printing 42 413 – Foot Locker $6.2 26,998 Specialty Retailers: apparel 43 422 – PVH (Philips-Van Heusen) $6.0 20,250 Apparel Wall Street as seen from the air in 2009 In 2001, the Big Board, as some termed the NYSE, was described as the world's "largest and most prestigious stock market."[47] But when the World Trade Center was destroyed on September 11, 2001, it left an architectural void as new developments since the 1970s had played off the complex aesthetically. The attacks "crippled" the communications network.[47] One estimate was that 45% of Wall Street's "best office space" had been lost.[21] The physical destruction was immense: Debris littered some streets of the financial district. National Guard members in camouflage uniforms manned checkpoints. Abandoned coffee carts, glazed with dust from the collapse of the World Trade Center, lay on their sides across sidewalks. Most subway stations were closed, most lights were still off, most telephones did not work, and only a handful of people walked in the narrow canyons of Wall Street yesterday morning. -- Leslie Eaton and Kirk Johnson of the New York Times, September 16, 2001.[48] Still, the NYSE was determined to re-open on September 17, almost a week after the attack.[48] The attack hastened a trend towards financial firms moving to midtown and contributed to the loss of business on Wall Street, due to temporary-to-permanent relocation to New Jersey and further decentralization with establishments transferred to cities like Chicago, Denver, and Boston. After September 11, the financial services industry went through a downturn with a sizable drop in year-end bonuses of $6.5 billion, according to one estimate from a state comptroller's office.[49] Many brokers are paid mostly through commission, and get a token annual salary which is dwarfed by the year-end bonus. To guard against a vehicular bombing in the area, authorities built concrete barriers, and found ways over time to make them more aesthetically appealing by spending $5000 to $8000 apiece on bollards: To prevent a vehicle-delivered bomb from entering the area, Rogers Marvel designed a new kind of bollard, a faceted piece of sculpture whose broad, slanting surfaces offer people a place to sit in contrast to the typical bollard, which is supremely unsittable. The bollard, which is called the Nogo, looks a bit like one of Frank Gehry's unorthodox culture palaces, but it is hardly insensitive to its surroundings. Its bronze surfaces actually echo the grand doorways of Wall Street's temples of commerce. Pedestrians easily slip through groups of them as they make their way onto Wall Street from the area around historic Trinity Church. Cars, however, cannot pass. -- Blair Kamin in the Chicago Tribune, 2006[50] Wall Street itself and the Financial District as a whole are crowded with highrises. Further, the loss of the World Trade Center has spurred development on a scale that had not been seen in decades. In 2006, Goldman Sachs began building a tower near the former Trade Center site.[29] Tax incentives provided by federal, state and local governments encouraged development. A new World Trade Center complex centered on Daniel Libeskind's Memory Foundations plan is under development, the centerpiece of which is the 1,776-foot (541 m) tall One World Trade Center that opened in 2014.[51] New residential buildings are sprouting up, and buildings that were previously office space are being converted to residential units, also benefiting from tax incentives. A new Fulton Center is planned to improve access. In 2007, the Maharishi Global Financial Capital of New York opened headquarters at 70 Broad Street near the NYSE, in an effort to seek investors.[52] The Guardian reporter Andrew Clark described the years of 2006 to 2010 as "tumultuous" in which the heartland of America is "mired in gloom" with high unemployment around 9.6%, with average house prices falling from $230,000 in 2006 to $183,000, and foreboding increases in the national debt to $13.4 trillion, but that despite the setbacks, the American economy was once more "bouncing back."[53] What had happened during these heady years? Clark wrote: But the picture is too nuanced simply to dump all the responsibility on financiers. Most Wall Street banks didn't actually go around the US hawking dodgy mortgages; they bought and packaged loans from on-the-ground firms such as Countrywide Financial and New Century Financial, both of which hit a financial wall in the crisis. Foolishly and recklessly, the banks didn't look at these loans adequately, relying on flawed credit-rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's, which blithely certified toxic mortgage-backed securities as solid... A few of those on Wall Street, including maverick hedge fund manager John Paulson and the top brass at Goldman Sachs, spotted what was going on and ruthlessly gambled on a crash. They made a fortune but turned into the crisis's pantomime villains. Most, though, got burned – the banks are still gradually running down portfolios of non-core loans worth $800bn. -- The Guardian reporter Andrew Clark, 2010.[53] Looking west toward Trinity Church; a crowd on Wall Street is pictured in the foreground The first months of 2008 was a particularly troublesome period which caused Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke to "work holidays and weekends" and which did an "extraordinary series of moves."[54] It bolstered U.S. banks and allowed Wall Street firms to borrow "directly from the Fed."[54] These efforts were highly controversial at the time, but from the perspective of 2010, it appeared the Federal exertions had been the right decisions. By 2010, Wall Street firms, in Clark's view, were "getting back to their old selves as engine rooms of wealth, prosperity and excess."[53] A report by Michael Stoler in The New York Sun described a "phoenix-like resurrection" of the area, with residential, commercial, retail and hotels booming in the "third largest business district in the country."[55] At the same time, the investment community was worried about proposed legal reforms, including the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act which dealt with matters such as credit card rates and lending requirements.[56] The NYSE closed two of its trading floors in a move towards transforming itself into an electronic exchange.[23] Beginning in September 2011, demonstrators disenchanted with the financial system protested in parks and plazas around Wall Street.[57] Wall Street investment banking fees in 2012 totaled approximately $40 billion,[58] while senior bank officers managing risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually in New York City in 2013.[59] On Oct. 29, 2012—ironically, the 83rd anniversary of "Black Tuesday," the culmination of the disastrous Wall Street Crash of 1929—Wall Street was disrupted when New York and New Jersey, an area not normally known as a hotbed of hurricane activity the way that areas much further south are, were blasted by Hurricane Sandy. Its 14-foot-high storm surge, a local record, caused massive street flooding in many parts of Lower Manhattan. Power to the area was knocked out by a transformer explosion at a Con Edison plant. With mass transit in New York City already suspended as a precaution even before the storm hit, the New York Stock Exchange and other financial exchanges were closed for two days, re-opening on Oct. 31.[60] It was the first weather-related closing for the NYSE since Hurricane Gloria in September 1985 and the first two-day weather-related shutdown since the Blizzard of 1888. Architecture[edit] Federal Hall, Wall Street Detail of New York Stock Exchange Wall Street's architecture is generally rooted in the Gilded Age, though there are also some art deco influences in the neighborhood. The streets in the area were laid out prior to the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, a grid plan that dictates the placement of most of Manhattan's streets north of Houston Street. Thus, it has small streets "barely wide enough for a single lane of traffic are bordered on both sides by some of the tallest buildings in the city", according to one description, which creates "breathtaking artificial canyons" offering spectacular views in some instances.[24] Construction in such narrow steep areas has resulted in occasional accidents such as a crane collapse.[61] One report divided lower Manhattan into three basic districts:[24] The financial district proper—particularly along John Street South of the World Trade Center area—the handful of blocks south of the World Trade Center along Greenwich, Washington and West Streets Seaport district—characterized by century-old low-rise buildings and South Street Seaport; the seaport is "quiet, residential, and has an old world charm" according to one description.[24] Landmark buildings on Wall Street include Federal Hall, 14 Wall Street (Bankers Trust Company Building), 40 Wall Street (The Trump Building) the New York Stock Exchange at the corner of Broad Street and the US headquarters of Deutsche Bank at 60 Wall Street. The Deutsche Bank building (formerly the J.P. Morgan headquarters) makes Deutsche Bank the last remaining major investment bank to have its headquarters on Wall Street. The older skyscrapers often were built with elaborate facade, which have not been common in corporate architecture for decades; the nearby World Trade Center, built in the 1970s, was very plain and utilitarian in comparison. Excavation from the World Trade Center was later used as landfill for Battery Park City residential developments.[21] 23 Wall Street, built in 1914, was known as the "House of Morgan" and served for decades as the bank's headquarters and, by some accounts, was viewed as an important address in American finance. A key anchor for the area is the New York Stock Exchange. City authorities realize its importance, and believed that it has "outgrown its neoclassical temple at the corner of Wall and Broad streets", and in 1998 offered substantial tax incentives to try to keep it in the financial district.[21] Plans to rebuild it were delayed by the events of 2001.[21] In 2011, the exchange still occupies the same site. The exchange is the locus for an impressive amount of technology and data. For example, to accommodate the three thousand persons who work directly on the Exchange floor requires 3,500 kilowatts of electricity, along with 8,000 phone circuits on the trading floor alone, and 200 miles of fiber-optic cable below ground.[48] Surrounding neighborhood[edit] Main article: Financial District, Manhattan During most of the 20th century, Wall Street was a business community with practically only offices which emptied out at night. A report in The New York Times in 1961 described a "deathlike stillness that settles on the district after 5:30 and all day Saturday and Sunday."[24] But there has been a change towards greater residential use of the area, pushed forwards by technological changes and shifting market conditions. The general pattern is for several hundred thousand workers to commute into the area during the day, sometimes by sharing a taxicab[62] from other parts of the city as well as from New Jersey and Long Island, and then leave at night. In 1970, only 833 people lived "south of Chambers Street"; by 1990, 13,782 people were residents with the addition of areas such as Battery Park City[21] and Southbridge Towers.[42] Battery Park City was built on 92 acres of landfill, and 3,000 people moved there beginning about 1982, but by 1986 there was evidence of more shops and stores and a park, along with plans for more residential development.[63] The Wall Street area from Brooklyn. The South Street Seaport is at the lower middle, a little to the right According to one description in 1996, "The area dies at night ... It needs a neighborhood, a community."[42] During the past two decades there has been a shift towards greater residential living areas in the Wall Street area, with incentives from city authorities in some instances.[21] Many empty office buildings have been converted to lofts and apartments; for example, the office building of Harry Sinclair, the oil magnate involved with the Teapot Dome scandal, was converted to a co-op in 1979.[42] In 1996, a fifth of buildings and warehouses were empty, and many were converted to living areas.[42] Some conversions met with problems, such as aging gargoyles on building exteriors having to be expensively restored to meet with current building codes.[42] Residents in the area have sought to have a supermarket, a movie theater, a pharmacy, more schools, and a "good diner".[42] The discount retailer named Job Lot used to be located at the World Trade Center but moved to Church Street; merchants bought extra unsold items at steep prices and sold them as a discount to consumers and shoppers included "thrifty homemakers and browsing retirees" who "rubbed elbows with City Hall workers and Wall Street executives"; but the firm went bust in 1993.[49] There were reports that the number of residents increased by 60% during the 1990s to about 25,000[21] although a second estimate (based on the 2000 census based on a different map) places the residential (nighttime and weekend) population in 2000 at 12,042.[24] By 2001, there were several grocery stores, dry cleaners, and two grade schools and a top high school.[21] There is a barber shop across from the New York Stock Exchange which has been there a long time.[64] By 2001, there were more signs of dogwalkers at night and a 24-hour neighborhood, although the general pattern of crowds during the working hours and emptiness at night was still apparent.[24] There were ten hotels and thirteen museums by 2001.[24] Stuyvesant High School moved to its present location near Battery Park City in 1992 and has been described as one of the nation's premier high schools with emphasis on science and mathematics.[24] In 2007, the French fashion retailer Hermès opened a store in the financial district to sell items such as a "$4,700 custom-made leather dressage saddle or a $47,000 limited edition alligator briefcase."[65] Some streets have been designated as pedestrian–only with vehicular traffic prohibited at some times.[65] There are reports of panhandlers like elsewhere in the city.[66] By 2010, the residential population had increased to 24,400 residents[67] with crime statistics showing no murders in 2010.[67] The area is growing with luxury high-end apartments and upscale retailers.[55] Tourism[edit] Wall Street is a major location of tourism in New York City. One report described lower Manhattan as "swarming with camera-carrying tourists".[68] Tour guides highlight places such as Trinity Church, the Federal Reserve gold vaults 80 feet below street level (worth $100 billion), and the NYSE.[69] A Scoundrels of Wall Street Tour is a walking historical tour which includes a museum visit and discussion of various financiers "who were adept at finding ways around finance laws or loopholes through them".[70] Occasionally artists make impromptu performances; for example, in 2010, a troupe of 22 dancers "contort their bodies and cram themselves into the nooks and crannies of the Financial District in Bodies in Urban Spaces" choreographed by Willi Donner.[71] One chief attraction, the Federal Reserve Building in lower Manhattan, paid $750,000 to open a visitors' gallery in 1997.[68] The New York Stock Exchange and the American Stock Exchange also spent money in the late 1990s to upgrade facilities for visitors.[68] Attractions include the gold vault beneath the Federal Reserve and that "staring down at the trading floor was as exciting as going to the Statue of Liberty."[68] Importance[edit] As an economic engine[edit] In the New York economy[edit] Finance professor Charles R. Geisst wrote that the exchange has become "inextricably intertwined into New York's economy".[47] Wall Street pay, in terms of salaries and bonuses and taxes, is an important part of the economy of New York City, the tri-state metropolitan area, and the United States. In 2008, after a downturn in the stock market, the decline meant $18 billion less in taxable income, with less money available for "apartments, furniture, cars, clothing and services".[49] A falloff in Wall Street's economy could have "wrenching effects on the local and regional economies".[49] Estimates vary about the number and quality of financial jobs in the city. One estimate was that Wall Street firms employed close to 200,000 persons in 2008.[49] Another estimate was that in 2007, the financial services industry which had a $70 billion profit became 22 percent of the city's revenue.[72] Another estimate (in 2006) was that the financial services industry makes up 9% of the city's work force and 31% of the tax base.[73] An additional estimate (2007) from Steve Malanga of the Manhattan Institute was that the securities industry accounts for 4.7 percent of the jobs in New York City but 20.7 percent of its wages, and he estimated there were 175,000 securities-industries jobs in New York (both Wall Street area and midtown) paying an average of $350,000 annually.[23] Between 1995 and 2005, the sector grew at an annual rate of about 6.6% annually, a respectable rate, but that other financial centers were growing faster.[23] Another estimate (2008) was that Wall Street provided a fourth of all personal income earned in the city, and 10% of New York City's tax revenue.[74] The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of private sector jobs in New York City, 8.5 percent (US$3.8 billion) of the city's tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700.[75] The seven largest Wall Street firms in the 2000s were Bear Stearns, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup Incorporated, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers.[49] During the recession of 2008–10, many of these firms, including Lehman, went out of business or were bought up at firesale prices by other financial firms. In 2008, Lehman filed for bankruptcy,[53] Bear Stearns was bought by JP Morgan Chase[53] forced by the U.S. government,[54] and Merrill Lynch was bought by Bank of America in a similar shot-gun wedding. These failures marked a catastrophic downsizing of Wall Street as the financial industry goes through restructuring and change. Since New York's financial industry provides almost one-fourth of all income produced in the city, and accounts for 10% of the city's tax revenues and 20% of the state's, the downturn has had huge repercussions for government treasuries.[49] New York's mayor Michael Bloomberg reportedly over a four-year period dangled over $100 million in tax incentives to persuade Goldman Sachs to build a 43-story headquarters in the financial district near the destroyed World Trade Center site.[72] In 2009, things looked somewhat gloomy, with one analysis by the Boston Consulting Group suggesting that 65,000 jobs had been permanently lost because of the downturn.[72] But there were signs that Manhattan property prices were rebounding with price rises of 9% annually in 2010, and bonuses were being paid once more, with average bonuses over $124,000 in 2010.[53] Versus Midtown Manhattan[edit] A requirement of the New York Stock Exchange was that brokerage firms had to have offices "clustered around Wall Street" so clerks could deliver physical paper copies of stock certificates each week.[21] There were some indications that midtown had been becoming the locus of financial services dealings even by 1911.[76] But as technology progressed, in the middle and later decades of the 20th century, computers and telecommunications replaced paper notifications, meaning that the close proximity requirement could be bypassed in more situations.[21] Many financial firms found that they could move to midtown Manhattan four miles away[24] or elsewhere and still operate effectively. For example, the former investment firm of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette was described as a Wall Street firm but had its headquarters on Park Avenue in midtown.[77] A report described the migration from Wall Street: The financial industry has been slowly migrating from its historic home in the warren of streets around Wall Street to the more spacious and glamorous office towers of Midtown Manhattan. Morgan Stanley, J.P. Morgan Chase, Citigroup, and Bear Stearns have all moved north. -- USA Today, October 2001.[21] Nevertheless, a key magnet for the Wall Street remains the New York Stock Exchange. Some "old guard" firms such as Goldman Sachs and Merrill Lynch (bought by Bank of America in 2009), have remained "fiercely loyal to the financial district" location, and new ones such as Deutsche Bank have chosen office space in the district.[21] So-called "face–to–face" trading between buyers and sellers remains a "cornerstone" of the NYSE, with a benefit of having all of a deal's players close at hand, including investment bankers, lawyers, and accountants.[21] In 2011, the Manhattan Financial District is one of the largest business districts in the United States, and second in New York City only to Midtown in terms of dollar volume of business transacted. In the New Jersey economy[edit] Main article: Wall Street West After Wall Street firms started to expand westward in the 1980s to New Jersey,[78] the direct economic impacts of Wall Street activities have gone beyond New York City. The employment in the financial services industry mostly in the "back office" roles has become an important part of New Jersey Kenneth Matiba Tom Mboya Cabinet Minister assassinated Musalia Mudavadi Vice President November – December Joseph Murumbi Vice President – Simeon Nyachae Charity Ngilu first female to run for presidency Raila Odinga former Cabinet Minister Member of Parliament Son of Oginga Odinga and former Prime Minister Quincy Timberlake President Platinum Centraliser and Unionist Party of Kenya Appolo Ohanga James Orengo Robert Ouko Cabinet Minister assassinated Pio Gama Pinto assassinated Charles Rubia George Saitoti Vice President May – Dec Apr – August Makhan Singh freedom fighter Fitz R S de Souza Member of Parliament and Deputy Speaker – Kalonzo Musyoka Vice President Jan – March William Ruto Deputy Vice President April present Martha Karua John Michuki Njenga Karume Jeremiah Nyagah long serving cabinet minister and member of Parliament Barack Obama US President to date Obama held both U S and Kenyan citizenship as a child but lost his Kenyan citizenship automatically on his rd birthday Martin Nyaga Wambora the First Governor of Embu former chairman of Kenya Airports Authority successful Runyenjes MP and noted former Kenya s trade secretary Businesspeople edit Awadh Saleh Sherman Activists edit Fidelis Wainaina Wanjiru Kihoro Thomas Muguro Njoroge Administrators edit Edward H Ntalami Chris Kirubi Muthui Kariuki Patrick Emongaise Academics edit Dr Geoffrey William Griffin born June died June Louis Leakey paleontologist Dr Meave G Leakey paleontologist Mary Douglas Leakey paleontologist Dr Richard Leakey paleontologist environmentalist politician and former Director of Kenya Wildlife Services KWS Prof Wangari Maathai born environmentalist women s rights activist politician and Nobel Prize winner Prof Ali Mazrui Prof Ratemo Michieka Prof Peter Amollo Odhiambo thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon Prof Thomas R Odhiambo entomologist and environmental scientist Florence Wambugu born plant pathologist and virologist Prof Mike Boit Department of Sports Science Kenyatta University Prof Bethwell Allan Ogot Prof Calestous Juma Professor of the Practice of International Development Director Science Technology Globalization Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard University Prof Simeon Hongo OMINDE historian Writers edit See List of Kenyan writers Religious leaders edit Cardinal John Njue Cardinal Maurice Michael Otunga Archbishop John Njenga Apostle Doctor Peter Irimia Sportspersons edit Matthew Birir Amos Biwott Mike Boit Richard Chelimo Joyce Chepchumba Jason Dunford Paul Ereng Ben Jipcho Julius Kariuki Kipchoge Keino Ezekiel Kemboi Joseph Keter Wilson Kipketer born and raised in Kenya now a citizen of Denmark Wilson Boit Kipketer Moses Kiptanui Sally Kipyego All American runner for Texas Tech University Ismael Kirui Samson Kitur Daniel Komen Julius Korir Paul Korir Reuben Kosgei Bernard Lagat Tegla Loroupe Edith Masai Shekhar Mehta Catherine Ndereba Noah Ngeny John Ngugi Margaret Okayo Dennis Oliech soccer player now based in France Yobes Ondieki Henry Rono Peter Rono David Rudisha Moses Tanui William Tanui Naftali Temu Paul Tergat Steve Tikolo widely regarded in cricket as the best batsman outside of the test playing nations Robert Wangila McDonald Mariga soccer player now based in Italy plays for Serie A club Internazionale Victor Wanyama soccer player now based in England plays for Southampton and captains the Kenya national team Musicians edit Musa Juma Rhumba Maestro Fundi Konde David Kabaka Eric Wainaina musician Henrie Mutuku Daniel Owino Misiani Suzzana Owíyo Tony Nyadundo David Mathenge a k a Nameless Ken Ring Fadhili William of Malaika fame Jua Cali Stella Mwangi Nonini Roger Whittaker Dave Okumu Aakash Shah DJ Nairobi Joseph Kamaru Kikuyu songwriter Mukhtar Shakhanov Aliya Yussupova Dariga Nazarbayeva Absattar Derbisali Marat Tazhin Nayef Al Qadi Ali Abu al Ragheb Ali Khulqi Al Sharyri Ali Suheimat Sheikh Attallah Suheimat Salah Suheimat MP Dr Tareq Suheimat Bahjat Talhouni former Prime Minister Fayez Tarawneh Novelists poets researchers and writers edit Nasr Abdel Aziz Eleyan Samer Libdeh researcher writer Suleiman Mousa historian writer Haider Mahmoud poet writer Abdel Rahman Munif novelist Samer Raimouny poet activist Mustafa Wahbi Mustafa Wahbi Al Tal poet Military men edit Captain Muath al Kasasbeh Royal Jordanian Air Force pilot captured held hostage and burned alive by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Habis Al Majali Abdelsalam al Majali Brigadier General Abdullah Ayasrah General Muhammad Suheimat died Physicians edit Abdelsalam al Majali Daoud Hanania Tareq Suheimat Athletes edit Amer Deeb Dima and Lama Hattab ultramarathon runners Musicians edit Mahmoud Radaideh Former ambassadors edit Nabil Talhouni Business people edit Iman Mutlaq Mohammed Shehadeh José Ferrer Juano Hernández Jennifer Lopez Rita Moreno Choe Yong–Sool Seo Bok–Sub Sin Sang–Chul Kim Hak–Bong Kim Gwi–Chul Kim Jang–Sub Kim Jae–hee Kim gwi–hwa Artists edit Visual artists edit Main article List of Korean painters Media artists edit Paik Nam June Dancers edit Sujin Kang Hong Professional Break Dancer Red Bull BC One Halla Pai Huhm Filmmakers edit See also List of Korean film directors Ahn Byeong ki Bong Joon ho Hong Sang soo Im Kwon taek Jang Joon hwan Kim Jee woon Kim Ki duk Lee Chang dong Park Chan wook Nelson Shin Song Hae sung Yoon Je kyoon Poets and authors edit See also List of Korean language poets Baek Minseok Baek Seok Bang Hyun seok Chae Ho ki Chan Jeong Cheong Chi yong poet Choi Seung ho poet Cho Sung ki novelist Choi Il nam novelist Choi Soo cheol Chun Woon young Do Jong hwan poet Gu Hyo seo Ha Geun chan author Hailji author Han Bi ya a travel writer Han Mahlsook novelist Ha Seong ran author Heo Su gyeong poet Hong Sung won author Hwang In suk poet Hwang Ji u poet Hyun Kil un Jang Eun jin Jang Jeong il Jang Seok nam poet Jeon Gyeong rin Jeon Sang guk Jeong Do sang Jung Ihyun Jung Hansuk Jung Mi kyung Kim Byeol ah Kye Yong mook Han Chang hun author Kang Chol hwan an author of The Aquariums of Pyongyang Kang Sok kyong Kang Young sook Ko Un Kim Sa in Kim Eon Kim Gi taek Kim Gwangrim Kim Gyeong uk Kim Haki Kim Hu ran Kim Jae Young Kim Jong gil Kim Ju yeong Kim Kwang kyu Kim Kyung ju Kim Mi wol Kim Sang ok Kim Sinyong Kim Seon wu Kim Seong dong Kim Seung hee Kim Sowol Kim Tak hwan Kim Wonu Kim Yeong hyeon Kim Yong man Kwak Jae gu Kwon Jeong Saeng Kwon Yeo sun Lee Eun sang poet Lee Kang baek Korean playwright Lee Ho cheol Lee Hye gyeong Lee Hyeonggi born Lee In hwa Lee Jangwook author and poet Lee Ki ho author Lee Mun ku author Lee Oyoung author and critic Lee Soon won Lee Sungboo poet and novelist Lee Yuksa Lee Yun gi Lee Yuntaek dramatist and poet Ma Jonggi born Lee Mankyo Moon Chung hee Moon Taejun Nam Jung hyun Oh Kyu won born Oh Sangwon author Oh Soo yeon author Oh Taeseok Park Chong hwa novelist Paik Gahuim Park Hee jin Park Hyoung su Park Jaesam born Park Jeong dae Park Mok wol Park Kyung ni Ynhui Park Park Sang ryung Park Sangsoon Park Taesun Park Tae won Park Yeonghan Park Yong rae Han Yong un Ra Hee duk Seo Jeong in Seo Hajin Shin Yong mok born Sim Yunkyung So Young en Song Gisuk Song Giwon Song Sokze Song Yeong Sung Chan gyeong – Yi In seong Yi Kyoung ja Yun Dong ju Fashion designers edit Andre Kim Richard Chai Cho Young Wan Businesspeople edit See also Category South Korean businesspeople Ahn Cheol Soo Chung Ju yung Chung Mong hun Euh Yoon dae Lee Byung chul Lee Kun Hee David Chang Entertainers edit Actors edit See also List of South Korean actors Jang Keun suk Jung Joon ho Daniel Dae Kim Jung Il woo Kim Woo Bin Lee Dong wook Park Yoochun Comedians edit Ryan Bang Won Ho Chung Defconn H Eugene Margaret Cho Haha Jeong Hyeong don Jeong Jun ha