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sanitation services in Venezuela are provided by the national water company HIDROVEN, five state water companies, the Corporación Venezolana de Guayana (CVG), a few municipalities and community-based organizations. According to the Municipal Law (Ley Orgánica de Régimen Municipal) service provision is a responsibility of the country's 335 municipalities, which own the water and sanitation infrastructure and in principle also set water and sanitation tariffs. However, in practice only few municipalities have the capacity and resources to fulfill these responsibilities. HIDROVEN In practice service provision in most urban areas of Venezuela is the responsibility of one of ten regional utilities (Empresas Hidrologicas Regionales) affiliated with the Compañía Anónima Hidrológica de Venezuela (HIDROVEN), a state-owned enterprise. Each regional utility covers between one and three of the country's 23 states.[17] The responsibility for setting tariffs within the maximum levels set by the national government is shared between the regional companies and the municipalities. Some of the bulk water supply infrastructure which provides water to municipal and state water companies is owned directly by HIDROVEN and its affiliated regional companies
Corporación Venezolana de Guayana In the region of Guayana, covering the states of Bolivar, Amazonas and Delta Amacuro, water and sanitation services in urban areas are provided by the Corporación Venezolana de Guayana (CVG), a conglomerate with its main activities in mining. State water companies There are also five decentralized water companies at the state level: Aguas de Monagas, HIDROLARA in Lara, Aguas de Mérida, Aguas de Portuguesa, and Aguas de Yaracuy. The population of these five states is almost 20% of the country's total population. Municipalities In some municipalities services are provided through municipal utilities, such as in Aguas de Anaco in Anzoátegui state, Aguas de Capitanejo and Aguas de Zamora in Barinas state, Aguas de Ejido in Mérida state, and Sucre in Miranda state.[18] Community-based organizations Rural water systems are managed by community-based organization, including some cooperatives. In 2003 there were also 20 urban cooperatives that provided water services at the neighborhood level. The Chávez government encourages such "community experiences", which also include so-called "technical water tables" (Mesas Técnicas de Agua). These are associations involved in monitoring neighborhood-level segments of water supply and sanitation networks, including the identification and reduction of leakage and illegal connections. In 2003 there were about 1,500 such technical water tables in Venezuela



Non-revenue water stood at 62% in 2000, far above the regional average of 40% and higher than its historical level of 55% in 1996 and 59% in 1997.[18] HIDROVEN suggests illegal connections are a major contributor to poor non-revenue water performance in the country. An inadequate record maintenance and rehabilitation likely also contributes to high losses. Financial aspects Tariffs and cost recovery Cost recovery. Revenues usually are not sufficient to meet operating costs – the ratio of revenue to operating costs was estimated at 86% in 2002. This was a substantial increase compared to 27% in 1994, 65% in 1997 and 75% in 2000, despite high levels of inflation.[12] As of 2010, 36% of all users, mainly in groups with low ability to pay, received water free of charge.[8] In 2010 Hidrocapital, which serves Caracas, charged on average the equivalent of US$0.41 per cubic meter, while its costs were US$0.44 per cubic meter.[20] For 2008, Hidroven had a sales revenue of MB$786, thus covering 77% of its operation and maintenance costs of MB$1,024.[21] Tariff level and adjustments. Tariff levels vary substantially within Venezuela by a factor of almost 1:10 between regional companies, reflecting differences in the cost of service provision. The highest tariffs are found in Caracas and the lowest in Aguas de Yaracuy and Llanos.[18] Tariffs were frozen in February 2003 at the national level, leading to a 60% tariff decline in real value because of inflation until 2010.[8] Metering, billing and collection. In 2008 the share of metered water consumption in total water consumption was 36%, up from only 20% in 1998. However, only about half the meters were read in 2008 with a meter reading rate of only 17.5%.[8] Billing and collection performance is inadequate as total sector collection in 2003 amounted for merely 73% of the total billing. In 1998 this coefficient stood at only 62%.[18] In individual companies the ratio varied greatly between 26% in Yaracuy and 80% in Mérida. Investment Historical investment levels There are no recent data on the level of investments in the sector. In the five years between 1997 and 2001 Venezuela invested US$637 million in water and sanitation, or about US$127 million annually on average. Investment in the sector has historically been volatile. For example, annual investments fluctuated in the 1986–1998 period between less than US$100 million (in 1989) and US$400 million (in 1992).[18] To a large extent investment levels mirror fluctuation in oil prices. Investment levels declined from 1986–1989 when oil prices were very low. Investments skyrocketed in 1992 after oil prices had increased. Then they plummeted again when oil prices decreased during the remainder of the 1990s. The volatility in sector financing has made it difficult to initiate a sustainable medium-term investment program needed to rehabilitate infrastructure and extend access to services. Planned investment levels In 2002 the Government adopted an ambitious six-year investment plan for the sector. Under that Plan by the end of 2007 access to potable water and sanitation should both reach 99%, non-revenue water should be reduced to 45%, collection efficiency should increase to 95% and the share of treated wastewater should reach 30%.[22] The plan estimates that a total of US$4.77 billion will be required between 2003–2015 for the sector, which implies an average annual investment of approximately US$500 million, or about four times historic investment levels. Financing Sources of financing Before the decentralization of the 1990s investments were almost exclusively financed by central government transfers through a number of different programs, including funds borrowed from international financial institutions and passed on as grants to the service providers. In 2000–2001 state governments and municipalities financed almost half of total investments of US$120m and US$190m respectively.[23] The capital market makes no contribution to sector financing. Procedures for Investment Financing The 2001 sector law calls for the creation of a Financial Assistance Fund (Fondo de Asistencia Financiera – FAF) to be administered by a new entity called ONDESAPS which would coordinate and target investments in the sector (see section on the new sector law above). Until 2007 neither FAF nor ONDESAPS have been created. Neither investment subsidies nor recurrent subsidies, whether paid by the national government or state governments, are linked to performance improvements. External support The Inter-American Development Bank and the Andean Development Corporation are the main institutions that provide external support for water supply and sanitation in Venezuela. It was reported in 2004 that the lack in the availability of counterpart funds, which the government has to provide as part of their obligations to execute projects financed by external agencies, had paralyzed various large externally financed projects.[24] Interamerican Development Bank In 2010 the IDB provided a $50 million loan to promote the efficient use of drinking water by replacing pipes and installing meters for 80,000 households in at least five of the subsidiaries of Hidroven, including in the Ocumarito neighborhood in Caracas.[8] Previously the IDB had attempted to support the reform of the water and sanitation sector through a decentralization loan of US$100 million that was approved in 1998 and had to be cancelled subsequently.[13] The loan had aimed at introducing private sector participation, following the model of management contracts in the state of Monagas and Lara. Andean Development Corporation The Andean Development Corporation (Corporación Andina de Fomento, CAF supported the water and sanitation sector through various loans, including five loans approved until 2003 for a total of US$292m, of which three for HIDROCAPITAL, the subsidiary of HIDROVEN serving Caracas. In 2004 CAF approved a US$15m loan to improve water and sanitation services in the Peninsula of La Guajira in Zulia state.[25] In 2005 the CAF reassigned US$25m from a non-disbursing water and sanitation sector modernization and rehabilitation loan to environmental projects.[26] At the beginning of 2008, the CAF announced that it has approved a water and sanitation loan for the Venezuelan states of Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Aragua, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Sucre and Trujillo. The program is estimated to have a total cost of US$72.3m, of which CAF will finance US$50m, the remainder being financed by local counterpart funds. The program will be executed by Hidroven.[27] Canadian Development Agency The Canadian Development Agency CIDA finances a sanitation project for Caracas.[28] Monagas State (Spanish: Estado Monagas, IPA: [es'taðo mo'na?as]) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. rural landscape in Monagas Monagas State covers a total surface area of 28,900 km2 (11,200 sq mi) and, as of the 2011 census, had a population of 905,443. Monagas State is surrounded by Sucre State in the north, Anzoátegui State in the west and south, Bolívar State in the south, Delta Amacuro State in the south and east and the Paria Gulf in the northeast. The state is named after the general and president of Venezuela José Tadeo Monagas, native from this state, and his brother and fellow president José Gregorio Monagas, native from the neighbor Anzoátegui State. The capital of the state is Maturín. Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-colonial stage 1.2 Spanish Colonization 1.3 19th and 20th Centuries 2 Geography 2.1 Relief 2.2 Climate 2.3 Hydrology 2.4 Vegetation 2.5 Protected areas 3 Municipalities and municipal seats 4 Demography 4.1 Race and ethnicity 5 Economy 6 Tourism 6.1 Natural heritage 6.2 Built heritage 6.3 Parks 7 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Handicrafts 8.1.1 Chinchorro of Moriche 8.1.2 Sangrito 8.1.3 Warao Craftsmanship 8.1.4 Barrancoide craftsmanship 8.2 Cuisine 8.3 Dances 8.4 Religion 8.5 Public holidays 9 State symbols 9.1 Flag 9.2 Coat of Arms 10 Sports 10.1 Sports facilities 11 Notable natives 12 Politics and government 12.1 Executive Power 12.2 Legislative Power 12.3 Judiciary 12.4 Citizen Power 12.5 Electoral power 12.6 State Constitution 13 References 14 Sources 15 See also History Pre-colonial stage It dates back to the settlement of the territory by aborigines of different ethnicities hundreds of years ago, among which we can mention the Waraos and Kariña ethnicities, where they were accentuated mainly in the Orinoco Delta and the Chaima Indians in the north of the State. The first aborigines to make a presence in the northern part of the region were the Chaima Indians, belonging to the Capaya tribe. The Capuchin missionary Fray Gerónimo de Muro, with the help of the Carib, Cuaca and Chaima Indians, founded the town of San Antonio de Maturín, which is now San Antonio de Capayacuar, on August 7, 1713. Although the settlement of the territory was slow, archaeological excavations and commentaries by the chroniclers of the Indies point to the existence of a well-developed village in Barrancas in the year 1530, when the Conqueror Diego de Ordás passed through the area in search of El Dorado. Also in the 16th century missionaries arrived in the highlands and slowly the Christianisation and re-education of the Indians spread to the south; they thus adapted to a more sedentary life. In the site where Barrancas is located today, archaeological objects and utensils have been found that belonged to the so-called Barrancoid and Saladoid cultures, the oldest of which have been dated 1000 years before the Christian era. The archaeological evidence that has been found (and that is still being found) has allowed to establish that Barrancas has been uninterruptedly inhabited at least since the 11th century of our era, which makes it the oldest town in Venezuela and one of the oldest in the American continent. Spanish Colonization St. Michael the Archangel Colonial Church, a historical monument in Venezuela Diego de Ordaz, a Spanish explorer obsessed with finding the legendary site of El Dorado, arrived in the village in August 1531 after traveling up the Orinoco River via the Caño Manamo. Impressed by its number of inhabitants - which he estimated at "more than 400 bohíos" - he decided to go down and meet personally with the cacique "Naricagua", lord of his territories, whose name of the river "Uyapari" was associated with the village. The chronicler Juan de Castellanos, in his Elegies of Illustrious Men of the Indies, describes it as "a powerful town of great people that on the ravines was placed the Cacique of Uyapari lordship".[citation needed] San Antonio de Capayacuar was founded on August 7, 1713 by the Capuchin missionary Fray Gerónimo de Muro with the help of Carib Indians, cuacas and chaimas. On April 20, 1731, the Aragonese Fray Antonio de Blesa founded Santo Domingo de Guzmán de Caycuar, the area was inhabited by chaimas and outcasts when the Capuchin missionaries arrived, this settlement would later be called Caicara de Maturín. A Catholic mission of Chaima Indians with the Capuchin missionary Pedro de Gelsa, founded the San Miguel Arcangel de Caripe settlement on October 12, 1734, which would later become Caripe. Maturín was founded on December 7, 1760 by the Capuchin friar Lucas de Zaragoza. The territory where Aguasay is now located was founded in 1769 by Friar Manuel de La Mata. Uracoa was founded in 1784 by Friar José de Manzanera. In 1799 the German geographer Alejandro de Humboldt and the Frenchman Aimeé Bonpland visited Caripe as part of their trip through Venezuela. Other explorers who toured the area were the Italian Agustín Codazzi (1835) and the German Ferdinand Bellermann (1843). Monagas as part of the province of Cumaná in 1840 19th and 20th Centuries In 1856, the Province of Maturín was created, separated from that of Cumaná. By 1864 the Maturín State was ratified. But in 1879, Monagas was annexed to the State of Oriente and, from 1891 to 1898, it belonged to the State of Bermúdez. In 1904, Maturín became the capital of the Monagas district of Bermúdez State, whose capital was Cumaná. For a long time, Monagas was an extremely poor state. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plains and swamps north of the Orinoco, under the rule of the Caribs, made alliances with the French and Dutch as a policy of tenacious resistance against Spanish domination. On ancient maps these lands are called Caribana, kingdom of the Caribs. Although the settlement of the territory was slow, archaeological excavations and commentaries by Indian chroniclers point to the existence of a well-developed village in Barrancas in the year 1530, when Conqueror Diego de Ordás passed through the area in search of El Dorado. In the 16th century, missionaries arrived in the highlands and slowly the Christianisation and re-education of the Indians spread to the south; they thus adapted to a more sedentary life. In 1909 the State of Monagas was created with its current boundaries. In honor of General José Tadeo Monagas. In 1924 the Standard Oil Company starts the oil exploration activities in the area of Caripito that experiences a slight repopulation. With the bursting of the Moneb No. 1 well, in the Quiriquire field in 1928, oil exploitation begins and the area reaches an important impulse[tone] in its urban development due to the arrival of migrant labor, particularly from the Caribbean islands.[citation needed] In 1929 the Standard Oil Company begins to build the storage yard and the deep water dock on the San Juan River and on October 15, 1930 the Creole Bueno tanker leaves the port of Caripito with 20 thousand barrels of oil bound for Trinidad. In 1935, the aquatic terminal of Caripito was inaugurated, located on the San Juan River, where S-42 seaplanes of the Pan American Airways company arrived and included it in the Central American and Caribbean route. In 1936 the Caripito International Airport is selected by the aviator Amelia Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan as the second stopover of their trip around the world staying at the Standard Oil Company facilities. The event was widely publicized in the world press and the company gave them the logistical support to continue the flight through South America. On November 15, 1940 the city of Punta de Mata was founded. On December 28 of that same year the first oil well was drilled in that area, in addition the Legislative Assembly of Monagas considered the convenience of creating the Bolivar District and integrated to its territory the municipalities of Punceres and Colon, designating Caripito as the capital, according to the decree of January 19, 1940, signed by Governor Jose Maria Isava on January 30 of the same year. Under the direction of the Corporación Venezolana de Guayana, several hectares of Caribbean pine were planted between Barrancas and the nearby town of Uverito, an activity that significantly boosted the development of the area. By the 1970s, it was the most important population[citation needed] and port in the state of Monagas, mainly due to the lack of land road connections to the main nearby cities, such as Tucupita (Delta Amacuro) and Puerto Ordaz (State of Bolivar), although today it continues to be an important center for the collection of goods and passengers to these cities.[citation needed] In 1976, the assets of Creole were nationalized and were managed by Lagoven, later by Corpoven and now by PDVSA in association with Repsol. By closing the refinery in 1976 and the oil terminal in 2002, an attempt was made to boost agricultural activity to take advantage of fertile areas by growing cocoa, pepper, Chinese ocumo, white ocumo and yucca. The newspaper El Oriental was founded in 1982 in the city of Maturín. On August 20, 1983, the State Legislative Assembly declared the creation of the Municipal Council of the Libertador Municipality, in accordance with the provisions of the law of Political Territorial Division of the State of Monagas, allowing the creation of the Libertador Municipality. Since 1989, with the administrative reforms that were approved for the whole country, the state of Monagas elected for the first time in a direct and secret way its own governor and Legislative Assembly (called since 2000 Legislative Council). Geography Cerro Negro Relief The state has many plateaus and savannas located in the southwest. In the northeast and the southeast there are deltaic savannas in which rivers such as San Juan, Guanipa, Caño Mánamo, Río Tigre flow into. In the northwest there is a group of mountains belonged to the eastern mountain range. This mountain range is divided in two massifs: the massif of el Turimiquire (in which the town of San Antonio is located) and the massif of Caripe (in which the town of Caripe is located). Cerro Negro (2000 m.) is the highest mountain of Monagas State. The mountain landscape presents a geological material of Cretaceous age, constituted exclusively by sedimentary rocks, predominantly sandstones, shales and limestones, being the main geological formations: El Cantil, Barranquín, Guayuta and Querecual; it has elevations between 400 and 2 300 m.a.s.l., with valleys and depressions. Climate The weather is hot in the area of the Llanos, while it is cold in the mountains located in the north of the state. The average temperature in the low areas is between 25 and 28 °C. In the area of the town of Caripe the cold temperature permits the cultivation of certain kind of typical plants from cold weathers as roses and strawberries. The level of rainfalls in the state is between 530 and 1400 mm during the year. Dominated by a rainy tropical climate with some local variations that respond to various factors such as altitude, wind and proximity to the sea. Most of the state, in the southern strip, has a climate typical of savannahs with dry seasons that can last up to six months, which produces a severe water shortage. The average annual temperature of Monagas is approximately 27º C. In Maturín, Temblador and Uverito, average temperatures are between 26° and 27° C. Hydrology Morichal Largo river. The rivers of the state belong to one of the two basins that are located in the state. The basins are the basin of Atlantic Ocean and the basin of the Orinoco River. Rivers such as Guanipa, Río Tigre, Morichal Largo, Caño Mánamo, Amana, Tonoro, Tabasca, Uracoa flow into the Orinoco River. On the other hand, the rivers Guarapiche, San Juan, Río de Oro, Caripe flow into the Atlantic Ocean. The rivers of the Atlantic Ocean basin come from the mountains located in the northwest of the state and the rivers of the Orinoco river basin come from the many plateaus located in the southwest of Monagas State and from Anzoategui State. It has an extensive hydrographic network with a fairly uniform geographical distribution, with the Guarapiche River standing out in the area of the tables. The rivers are numerous and of little depth, marking the end of the piedmont in which three river basins are located with course north-south that are: that of the rivers Amana-Areo, Guarapiche, Púnceres-Aragua. From west to east the rivers Tácata, Tonoro, Caris, Guanipa and El Tigre cross the state. Monagas State has a great number of moderate rivers and streams, among the main ones; Guarapiche River Mapirito River Tigre River. Morichal Largo River San Juan River Araguaney, in Monagas, National Tree of Venezuela Vegetation The vegetation is the intertropical one. This vegetation is adapted to the different altitudes, weathers and kinds of soil of the state. Typical trees are el araguaney, la ceiba, el jobo, el aceituno, la vera, la palma de moriche and el mangle. The State of Monagas has a very wide biodiversity like other states in Venezuela. More than 2000 species of vascular flora have been catalogued within the Monagas territory [citation required] The most symbolic tree of the Moriche along the Morichal Largo River. The dominant vegetation in the north of Monagas State is the rain forest, like the one found in the mountainous area of the San Juan River


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