StudioCanal; MGM currently has TV rights 1981 The White Lions 1981 Invaders from the Deep distribution only; produced by ITC Entertainment;[N 4] movie compilation of the television series Stingray 1981 Burned at the Stake January 30, 1981 The Incredible Shrinking Woman March 6, 1981 All Night Long March 13, 1981 The Funhouse April 4, 1981 Nighthawks April 24, 1981 Beyond the Reef April 24, 1981 Cattle Annie and Little Britches distribution only; produced by Hemdale Film Corporation[N 5] May 1, 1981 King of the Mountain Universal distributed PolyGram Pictures production May 22, 1981 The Four Seasons May 22, 1981 Bustin' Loose May 22, 1981 The Legend of the Lone Ranger distribution only, produced by ITC Entertainment[N 4] June 26, 1981 The Great Muppet Caper distribution only, produced by ITC Entertainment[N 6] July 17, 1981 Endless Love Universal distributed PolyGram Pictures production August 21, 1981 An American Werewolf in London Universal distributed PolyGram Pictures production August 21, 1981 Honky Tonk Freeway distribution only; produced by EMI Films[N 7] September 18, 1981 Continental Divide co-production with Amblin Entertainment September 18, 1981 Raggedy Man October 2, 1981 Zoot Suit October 23, 1981 Silence of the North October 30, 1981 Halloween II U.S. distribution only; co-production with the Dino De Laurentiis Corporation November 13, 1981 The Pursuit of D.B. Cooper December 4, 1981 On Golden Pond distribution only; produced by ITC Entertainment[N 4] Nominee of the Academy Award for Best Picture. Winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. December 18, 1981 Ghost Story December 18, 1981 Heartbeeps January 31, 1982 The Border February 12, 1982 Missing Nominee of the Academy Award for Best Picture. Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. February 19, 1982 Barbarosa March 5, 1982 Evil Under the Sun distribution only; produced by EMI Films[N 7] April 2, 1982 A Little Sex April 2, 1982 Cat People co-production with RKO Pictures May 7, 1982 Death Valley May 14, 1982 Conan the Barbarian U.S. distribution only; co-production with the Dino De Laurentiis Corporation; international rights held by 20th Century Fox May 21, 1982 Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid co-production with Aspen Film Society

June 11, 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Nominee of the Academy Award for Best Picture. co-production with Amblin Entertainment June 25, 1982 The Thing July 23, 1982 The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy August 13, 1982 Fast Times at Ridgemont High October 22, 1982 Halloween III: Season of the Witch U.S. distribution only; co-production with the Dino De Laurentiis Corporation December 3, 1982 Frances distribution only; produced by EMI Films[N 7] December 8, 1982 Sophie's Choice distribution only, produced by ITC Entertainment; US and UK rights held by ITV Studios Global Entertainment, all other international rights still owned by Universal; nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. December 17, 1982 The Dark Crystal distribution only, produced by ITC Entertainment; still owns theatrical rights while home rights are currently held by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. December 24, 1982 Six Weeks February 4, 1983 Videodrome distribution only, produced with the participation of the Canadian Film Development Corporation and Famous Players February 18, 1983 The Pirates of Penzance February 18, 1983 The Sting II February 1983 Second Thoughts March 4, 1983 Tender Mercies distribution only; produced by EMI Films[N 7] Nominee of the Academy Award for Best Picture. Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. March 23, 1983 Eddie Macon's Run March 25, 1983 Bad Boys distribution only; produced by EMI Films[N 7] March 31, 1983 Monty Python's The Meaning of Life May 6, 1983 Doctor Detroit June 3, 1983 Psycho II July 1, 1983 Stroker Ace U.S. distributor; co-production with Warner Bros. July 22, 1983 Jaws 3-D July 29, 1983 Private School August 12, 1983 Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 August 19, 1983 Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn September 2, 1983 Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence distribution only, produced by Recorded Picture Company September 9, 1983 Nightmares September 21, 1983 Cross Creek distribution only; produced by Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment[N 7] September 30, 1983 Going Berserk September 30, 1983 The Lonely Lady September 30, 1983 Hanna K. October 21, 1983 Rumble Fish co-production with American Zoetrope December 9, 1983 Scarface December 16, 1983 D.C. Cab January 27, 1984 Slayground U.S. distribution only, co-production with Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment January 27, 1984 The Lonely Guy February 17, 1984 Crackers March 2, 1984 Repo Man March 16, 1984 Tank co-production with Lorimar April 6, 1984 Hard to Hold April 13, 1984 Iceman May 4, 1984 Sixteen Candles May 11, 1984 Firestarter June 1, 1984 Streets of Fire June 13, 1984 Under the Volcano June 29, 1984 Conan the Destroyer U.S. distribution only; co-production with the Dino De Laurentiis Company; international rights held by MGM July 13, 1984 The Last Starfighter co-production with Lorimar; Warner Bros. currently has TV rights. July 20, 1984 One Deadly Summer August 10, 1984 Cloak & Dagger September 21, 1984 All of Me U.S. distributor only, produced by Kings Road Entertainment September 28, 1984 The Wild Life October 10, 1984 Comfort and Joy distributor only, co-production of Kings Road Entertainment, Thorn EMI and Scottish Television October 26, 1984 Terror in the Aisles December 14, 1984 Dune December 14, 1984 Mass Appeal December 19, 1984 The River February 15, 1985 The Breakfast Club February 22, 1985 Into the Night March 8, 1985 Mask April 12, 1985 Annie's Coming Out also known as A Test of Love April 26, 1985 Stick May 3, 1985 Gotcha! May 22, 1985 Brewster's Millions co-production with Silver Pictures May 31, 1985 Fletch July 3, 1985 Back to the Future Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. co-production with Amblin Entertainment August 2, 1985 Weird Science September 13, 1985 James Joyce's Women September 20, 1985 Creator distribution only; produced by Kings Road Entertainment September 20, 1985 Morons from Outer Space distribution only; produced by Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment[N 7] October 4, 1985 Dreamchild distribution only; produced by Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment[N 7] October 18, 1985 The Holcroft Covenant distribution only; produced by Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment[N 7] October 18, 1985 Wild Geese II distribution only; produced by Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment[N 7] October 1985 UFOria December 18, 1985 Brazil U.S. distribution only; co-production with Embassy International Pictures N.V.; 20th Century Fox held international rights December 18, 1985 Out of Africa Winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture. Winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. January 31, 1986 The Best of Times distribution only; produced by Kings Road Entertainment March 26, 1986 The Money Pit co-production with Amblin Entertainment April 18, 1986 Legend U.S. distribution only; 20th Century Fox held international rights May 14, 1986 Sweet Liberty June 18, 1986 Legal Eagles July 2, 1986 Psycho III August 1, 1986 Howard the Duck co-production with Lucasfilm Ltd. and Marvel Comics August 29, 1986 Bullies September 12, 1986 'night, Mother October 3, 1986 Playing for Keeps distributor; produced by Miramax Films October 10, 1986 Clockwise distribution only; produced by Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment[N 7] November 21, 1986 An American Tail plus its three sequels, co-production with Amblin Entertainment and Sullivan Bluth Studios December 25, 1986 Brighton Beach Memoirs April 10, 1987 The Secret of My Success May 1, 1987 The Allnighter June 5, 1987 Harry and the Hendersons co-production with Amblin Entertainment June 26, 1987 Dragnet July 17, 1987 Jaws: The Revenge August 14, 1987 North Shore August 21, 1987 Born in East L.A. September 18, 1987 Amazon Women on the Moon October 9, 1987 Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll October 9, 1987 Three O'Clock High October 23, 1987 Prince of Darkness October 27, 1987 Positive I.D. November 6, 1987 Cry Freedom November 13, 1987 Cross My Heart December 4, 1987 Walker December 18, 1987 *batteries not included Nominee of the Saturn Award for Best Actress. co-production with Amblin Entertainment February 5, 1988 The Serpent and the Rainbow U.S. distribution only; Carolco Pictures held international rights March 18, 1988 The Milagro Beanfield War March 25, 1988 Biloxi Blues April 22, 1988 Casual Sex? May 6, 1988 Shakedown June 17, 1988 The Great Outdoors July 8, 1988 Phantasm II U.S. distribution only; co-production with The Spacegate Corporation; International rights held by Starway International July 20, 1988 Midnight Run Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. August 12, 1988 The Last Temptation of Christ co-production with Cineplex Odeon Films September 9, 1988 Moon Over Parador September 23, 1988 Gorillas in the Mist Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. U.S. distribution only; co-production with Warner Bros. October 14, 1988 Madame Sousatzka November 4, 1988 They Live U.S. distribution only; Carolco Pictures held international rights (which are now controlled by StudioCanal); co-production with Alive Films November 18, 1988 The Land Before Time plus sequels, co-production with Amblin Entertainment, Lucasfilm Ltd., and Sullivan Bluth Studios November 1988 Missing Link December 1, 1988 Screwball Hotel December 2, 1988 Watchers distribution only; produced by Carolco Pictures December 9, 1988 Twins December 21, 1988 Talk Radio co-production with Cineplex Odeon Films February 17, 1989 The 'Burbs co-production with Imagine Entertainment March 17, 1989 Fletch Lives April 7, 1989 The Dream Team co-production with Imagine Entertainment April 21, 1989 Field of Dreams April 28, 1989 K-9 June 2, 1989 Renegades co-production with Morgan Creek Productions June 30, 1989 Do the Right Thing Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. August 2, 1989 Parenthood co-production with Imagine Entertainment August 16, 1989 Uncle Buck September 15, 1989 Sea of Love October 27, 1989 Dad co-production with Amblin Entertainment October 27, 1989 Shocker November 22, 1989 Back to the Future Part II co-production with Amblin Entertainment December 15, 1989 The Wizard U.S. distribution only; Carolco Pictures held international rights December 20, 1989 Born on the Fourth of July Nominee of the Academy Award for Best Picture. Winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. December 22, 1989 Always co-production with United Artists and Amblin Entertainment 1990s Release date Title Notes January 19, 1990 Tremors March 9, 1990 Coupe de Ville co-production with Morgan Creek Productions March 30, 1990 Opportunity Knocks co-production with Imagine Entertainment April 6, 1990 Cry-Baby co-production with Imagine Entertainment April 27, 1990 The Guardian May 18, 1990 Bird on a Wire May 25, 1990 Back to the Future Part III co-production with Amblin Entertainment June 29, 1990 Ghost Dad July 6, 1990 Jetsons: The Movie co-production with Hanna-Barbera Productions July 27, 1990 Problem Child co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Robert Simonds Productions August 3, 1990 Mo' Better Blues August 24, 1990 Darkman plus its two sequels October 5, 1990 Henry & June October 19, 1990 White Palace November 9, 1990 Child's Play 2 December 12, 1990 Havana December 21, 1990 Kindergarten Cop co-production with Imagine Entertainment January 11, 1991 Lionheart January 18, 1991 Once Around February 15, 1991 King Ralph March 6, 1991 Closet Land co-production with Imagine Entertainment March 8, 1991 The Hard Way March 29, 1991 Career Opportunities April 26, 1991 A Kiss Before Dying May 24, 1991 Backdraft co-production with Imagine Entertainment June 7, 1991 Jungle Fever co-production with 40 Acres and A Mule Filmworks July 3, 1991 Problem Child 2 co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Robert Simonds Productions July 26, 1991 Mobsters August 9, 1991 Pure Luck August 30, 1991 Child's Play 3 October 4, 1991 Shout October 18, 1991 Cool as Ice November 1, 1991 The People Under the Stairs November 13, 1991 Cape Fear co-production with Amblin Entertainment November 22, 1991 An American Tail: Fievel Goes West co-production with Amblimation December 6, 1991 At Play in the Fields of the Lord December 27, 1991 Fried Green Tomatoes Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. January 10, 1992 Kuffs February 21, 1992 Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot March 13, 1992 American Me April 3, 1992 Beethoven co-production with Northern Lights April 17, 1992 The Babe April 29, 1992 Leaving Normal May 22, 1992 Far and Away co-production with Imagine Entertainment June 12, 1992 HouseSitter co-production with Imagine Entertainment July 31, 1992 Death Becomes Her August 7, 1992 Raising Cain September 4, 1992 Out on a Limb September 9, 1992 Sneakers October 2, 1992 Mr. Baseball co-production with Outlaw Productions October 16, 1992 The Public Eye October 23, 1992 Dr. Giggles[N 8] produced by Largo Entertainment December 23, 1992 Scent of a Woman Nominee of the Academy Award for Best Picture. Winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. December 25, 1992 Trespass December 30, 1992 Lorenzo's Oil January 29, 1993 Matinee February 19, 1993 Army of Darkness U.S. distribution only; co-production with Dino De Laurentiis Communications & Renaissance Pictures March 5, 1993 Mad Dog and Glory March 12, 1993 CB4 co-production with Imagine Entertainment April 2, 1993 Cop and a Half co-production with Imagine Entertainment April 30, 1993 Splitting Heirs May 7, 1993 Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story June 11, 1993 Jurassic Park co-production with Amblin Entertainment August 13, 1993 Heart and Souls August 20, 1993 Hard Target co-Production with Alphaville Films / Renaissance Pictures September 10, 1993 The Real McCoy co-Production with Bregman / Baer Productions September 24, 1993 Dazed and Confused released by Gramercy Pictures October 1, 1993 For Love or Money co-production with Imagine Entertainment October 15, 1993 Judgment Night[N 8] produced by Largo Entertainment November 10, 1993 Carlito's Way co-production with Bregman / Baer Productions.inc November 24, 1993 We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story co-production with Amblimation December 3, 1993 A Dangerous Woman co-production with Amblin Entertainment, released by Gramercy Pictures December 15, 1993 Schindler's List Winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture. Winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. co-production with Amblin Entertainment December 17, 1993 Beethoven's 2nd co-production with Northern Lights December 29, 1993 In the Name of the Father Nominee of the Academy Award for Best Picture. Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. February 11, 1994 The Getaway[N 8] produced by Largo Entertainment February 18, 1994 Reality Bites co-production with Jersey Films March 4, 1994 Greedy co-production with Imagine Entertainment March 18, 1994 The Paper co-production with Imagine Entertainment May 6, 1994 Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead U.S. distribution only;[N 9] co-production with Starway International May 13, 1994 Crooklyn May 27, 1994 The Flintstones co-production with Amblin Entertainment and Hanna-Barbera Productions June 3, 1994 The Cowboy Way co-production with Imagine Entertainment July 1, 1994 The Shadow co-production with Bregman / Baer Productions.inc July 29, 1994 Foreign Student co-production with Gramercy Pictures August 5, 1994 The Little Rascals co-production with Amblin Entertainment and King World September 9, 1994 A Good Man in Africa released by Gramercy Pictures September 16, 1994 Timecop distribution only;[N 8] co-production of Largo Entertainment, Dark Horse Entertainment and Renaissance Pictures September 30, 1994 The River Wild October 21, 1994 Radioland Murders co-production with Lucasfilm Ltd. November 4, 1994 The War November 23, 1994 Junior co-production with Northern Lights December 23, 1994 Street Fighter U.S. distribution only; Columbia Pictures held international rights, co-production with Capcom January 13, 1995 Demon Knight February 10, 1995 Billy Madison Robert Simonds Productions February 24, 1995 The Hunted March 24, 1995 Major Payne April 21, 1995 The Cure April 28, 1995 Village of the Damned May 26, 1995 Casper co-production with Amblin Entertainment and The Harvey Entertainment Company June 30, 1995 Apollo 13 Nominee of the Academy Award for Best Picture. Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. co-production with Imagine Entertainment July 28, 1995 Waterworld August 4, 1995 Babe Nominee of the Academy Award for Best Picture. Winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. September 8, 1995 To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar co-production with Amblin Entertainment September 13, 1995 Clockers October 6, 1995 How to Make an American Quilt co-production with Amblin Entertainment October 20, 1995 Mallrats released by Gramercy Pictures; co-production with View Askew Productions and Alphaville November 3, 1995 Gold Diggers: The Secret of Bear Mountain November 17, 1995 The American President Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. International distribution only; Columbia Pictures held U.S. rights, co-production with Castle Rock Entertainment November 22, 1995 Casino December 22, 1995 Balto co-production with Amblimation December 22, 1995 Sudden Death December 29, 1995 12 Monkeys February 16, 1996 Happy Gilmore Robert Simonds Productions March 15, 1996 Ed March 29, 1996 Sgt. Bilko co-production with Imagine Entertainment April 12, 1996 Fear co-production with Imagine Entertainment April 19, 1996 Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie co-production with Best Brains, released by Gramercy Pictures April 26, 1996 The Quest May 10, 1996 Twister International distribution only; co-production with Warner Bros. and Amblin Entertainment May 17, 1996 Flipper co-production with The Bubble Factory May 31, 1996 Dragonheart June 28, 1996 The Nutty Professor co-production with Imagine Entertainment July 19, 1996 The Frighteners co-Production with Wingnut Films August 16, 1996 Bordello of Blood August 30, 1996 The Trigger Effect co-production with Amblin Entertainment; released by Gramercy Pictures September 6, 1996 Bulletproof October 11, 1996 The Chamber co-production with Imagine Entertainment December 6, 1996 Daylight January 24, 1997 Fierce Creatures co-production with Jersey Films February 7, 1997 Dante's Peak March 21, 1997 Liar Liar co-production with Imagine Entertainment April 4, 1997 That Old Feeling April 18, 1997 McHale's Navy co-production with The Bubble Factory May 23, 1997 The Lost World: Jurassic Park co-production with Amblin Entertainment July 11, 1997 A Simple Wish August 22, 1997 Leave It to Beaver August 29, 1997 Kull the Conqueror November 14, 1997 The Jackal co-production with Mutual Film Company and Alphaville December 12, 1997 For Richer or Poorer co-production with The Bubble Factory December 31, 1997 The Boxer Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. January 16, 1998 Half Baked Robert Simonds Productions February 6, 1998 Blues Brothers 2000 February 13, 1998 The Borrowers released by PolyGram Filmed Entertainment February 27, 1998 Kissing a Fool March 20, 1998 Primary Colors April 3, 1998 Mercury Rising co-production with Imagine Entertainment May 1, 1998 Black Dog May 22, 1998 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas co-production with Summit Entertainment and Rhino Films June 26, 1998 Out of Sight July 10, 1998 Small Soldiers co-production with DreamWorks and Amblin Entertainment July 31, 1998 BASEketball September 18, 1998 One True Thing October 16, 1998 Bride of Chucky November 13, 1998 Meet Joe Black November 25, 1998 Babe: Pig in the City sequel to Babe, distributor December 4, 1998 Psycho co-production with Imagine Entertainment December 25, 1998 Patch Adams Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. January 15, 1999 Virus co-production with The Mutal Film Company, Valhalla Motion Pictures and Dark Horse Entertainment February 19, 1999 October Sky March 26, 1999 EDtv co-production with Imagine Entertainment April 16, 1999 Life co-production with Imagine Entertainment May 7, 1999 The Mummy co-production with Alphaville May 28, 1999 Notting Hill released by PolyGram Filmed Entertainment July 9, 1999 American Pie August 6, 1999 Mystery Men August 13, 1999 Bowfinger co-production with Imagine Entertainment August 20, 1999 Mickey Blue Eyes U.K. distribution only; distributed in the U.S. by Warner Bros. Pictures; co-production with Castle Rock Entertainment August 27, 1999 Dudley Do-Right September 17, 1999 For Love of the Game October 15, 1999 The Story of Us U.S. distribution only; Warner Bros. held international rights, co-production with Castle Rock Entertainment October 22, 1999 The Best Man November 5, 1999 The Bone Collector U.S. distributor; co-production with Columbia Pictures November 24, 1999 End of Days November 24, 1999 Ride with the Devil December 22, 1999 Man on the Moon Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. December 22, 1999 Snow Falling on Cedars December 25, 1999 Angela's Ashes International distributor; co-production with Paramount Pictures December 29, 1999 The Hurricane Nominee of the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. 2000s Title Release date Notes February 18, 2000 Pitch Black distribution only in some markets, co-production with USA Films, Interscope Communications, Gramercy Films, and Polygram Filmed Entertainment February 28, 2000 Isn't She Great March 17, 2000 Erin Brockovich USA distribution only, co-production with Columbia Pictures March 31, 2000 The Skulls co-production with Newmarket Films April 21, 2000 U-571 co-production with StudioCanal April 28, 2000 The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas co-production with Amblin Entertainment and Hanna-Barbera Productions May 5, 2000 Gladiator international distribution only, co-production with DreamWorks and Scott Free Productions May 12, 2000 Screwed June 30, 2000 The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle co-production with Capella International / KC Medien / TriBeca Productions July 28, 2000 Nutty Professor II: The Klumps co-production with Imagine Entertainment August 25, 2000 Bring It On co-production with Beacon Pictures September 8, 2000 The Watcher October 6, 2000 Meet the Parents USA distribution only, co-production with DreamWorks, plus its sequel in 2004 November 17, 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas co-production with Imagine Entertainment December 22, 2000 O Brother, Where Art Thou? international distribution only, co-production with Working Title Films, StudioCanal and Touchstone Pictures December 22, 2000 The Family Man February 2, 2001 Head Over Heels February 9, 2001 Hannibal international distribution only, co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures and Dino De Laurentiis April 11, 2001 Josie and the Pussycats USA distribution only, co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures April 13, 2001 Bridget Jones's Diary International distribution only, co-production with Miramax Films, Studio Canal and Working Title Films May 4, 2001 The Mummy Returns co-production with Alphaville June 22, 2001 The Fast and the Furious co-production with Original Film July 18, 2001 Jurassic Park III co-production with Amblin Entertainment August 10, 2001 American Pie 2 August 17, 2001 Captain Corelli's Mandolin North American distribution only, co-produced with Working Title Films, Studio Canal and Miramax Films September 7, 2001 The Musketeer USA distribution only, co-production with Miramax Films October 12, 2001 Mulholland Dr. distribution only in USA October 26, 2001 K-PAX USA distribution only, co-production with Intermedia Films and Lawrence Gordon Productions November 21, 2001 Spy Game distributor December 21, 2001 A Beautiful Mind USA distribution only, co-production with DreamWorks and Imagine Entertainment December 21, 2001 How High January 11, 2002 Brotherhood of the Wolf distribution only in USA and Australia February 8, 2002 Big Fat Liar co-production with Tollin/Robbins Productions February 22, 2002 Dragonfly USA distribution only, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment March 1, 2002 40 Days and 40 Nights International distribution only, co-production with Miramax Films and Working Title Films March 15, 2002 Harrison's Flowers March 22, 2002 e.t. 20th anniversary edition co-production with Amblin Entertainment April 19, 2002 The Scorpion King co-production with Alphaville May 17, 2002 About a Boy co-production with Working Title Films May 31, 2002 Undercover Brother co-production with Imagine Entertainment June 14, 2002 The Bourne Identity co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company August 16, 2002 Blue Crush co-production with Imagine Entertainment October 4, 2002 Red Dragon October 25, 2002 The Truth About Charlie November 8, 2002 8 Mile co-production with Imagine Entertainment November 22, 2002 The Emperor's Club December 6, 2002 Empire distribution only in most countries, including USA February 14, 2003 The Guru February 21, 2003 The Life of David Gale co-production with Intermedia Films May 23, 2003 Bruce Almighty North American distribution only, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment June 6, 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious co-production with Original Film June 20, 2003 Hulk co-production with Marvel Studios, Valhalla Motion Pictures and Good Machine Studios July 18, 2003 Johnny English co-production with Working Title Films and StudioCanal July 25, 2003 Seabiscuit USA distribution only, co-production with DreamWorks and Spyglass Entertainment August 1, 2003 American Wedding September 26, 2003 The Rundown North American and Japan distribution only, co-production with Columbia Pictures October 10, 2003 Intolerable Cruelty co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Alphaville November 14, 2003 Love Actually co-production with Studio Canal and Working Title Films November 14, 2003 Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World select international distribution, co-production with 20th Century Fox and Miramax Films November 21, 2003 Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat North American distribution only, co-production with DreamWorks and Imagine Entertainment December 5, 2003 Honey December 25, 2003 Peter Pan North American and Australian distribution only, co-production with Columbia Pictures and Revolution Studios January 16, 2004 Along Came Polly co-production with Jersey Films March 19, 2004 Dawn of the Dead co-production with Strike Entertainment April 16, 2004 Connie and Carla co-production with Spyglass Entertainment May 7, 2004 Van Helsing co-production with Alphaville June 11, 2004 The Chronicles of Riddick co-production with Radar Pictures & One Race Films June 25, 2004 Two Brothers co-production with Pathé July 23, 2004 The Bourne Supremacy co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company July 30, 2004 Thunderbirds international distribution only, co-production with Columbia Pictures, StudioCanal and Working Title Films September 17, 2004 Wimbledon September 24, 2004 Shaun of the Dead co-production with Rogue Pictures, StudioCanal, Film4 Productions, and Working Title Films; Rogue Pictures handled U.S. distribution while Universal distributed it in countries outside the USA October 8, 2004 Friday Night Lights co-production with Imagine Entertainment October 29, 2004 Ray co-production with Bristol Bay Productions November 19, 2004 Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason USA distribution only, co-production with Miramax Films December 22, 2004 Meet the Fockers USA distribution only, co-production with DreamWorks December 29, 2004 In Good Company January 7, 2005 White Noise co-production with Gold Circle Films February 4, 2005 The Wedding Date co-production with Gold Circle Films February 11, 2005 Inside Deep Throat distribution only in USA April 22, 2005 The Interpreter co-production with Working Title Films May 13, 2005 Kicking & Screaming June 3, 2005 Cinderella Man USA distribution only, co-production with Miramax Films and Imagine Entertainment June 17, 2005 The Perfect Man June 24, 2005 Land of the Dead co-production with Wild Bunch August 12, 2005 The Skeleton Key August 19, 2005 The 40-Year-Old Virgin co-production with Apatow Productions September 30, 2005 Serenity October 7, 2005 Two for the Money distribution only; with Morgan Creek Productions October 21, 2005 Doom co-production with DiBonaventura Productions October 28, 2005 Prime November 4, 2005 Jarhead November 23, 2005 Pride & Prejudice distributed in countries outside USA; co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films December 2, 2005 First Descent distribution only in USA December 14, 2005 King Kong co-production with WingNut Films December 23, 2005 Munich USA distribution only, co-production with DreamWorks, Amblin Entertainment and Alliance Atlantis Communications December 25, 2005 The Producers North American distribution only, co-production with Columbia Pictures January 27, 2006 Nanny McPhee USA distribution only, co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures,[1] StudioCanal and Working Title Films February 10, 2006 Curious George co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Universal Animation Studios March 23, 2006 Inside Man co-production with Imagine Entertainment March 31, 2006 Slither co-production with Gold Circle Films April 21, 2006 American Dreamz April 28, 2006 United 93 co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films June 2, 2006 The Break-Up June 16, 2006 The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift co-production with Original Film and Relativity Media; first film teamed up with Relativity Media July 14, 2006 You, Me and Dupree July 28, 2006 Miami Vice August 18, 2006 Accepted co-production with Shady Acres Entertainment August 25, 2006 Idlewild September 15, 2006 The Black Dahlia October 13, 2006 Man of the Year co-production with Morgan Creek Productions November 17, 2006 Let's Go to Prison distribution only; produced by Carsey Werner Films); (co-production with Strike Entertainment) December 8, 2006 The Holiday international distribution only, co-production with Columbia Pictures, Relativity Media and Waverly Films December 22, 2006 The Good Shepherd co-production with Morgan Creek Productions and American Zoetrope December 25, 2006 Children of Men co-production with Strike Entertainment January 12, 2007 Alpha Dog USA distribution only January 26, 2007 Smokin' Aces co-production with StudioCanal, Relativity Media and Working Title Films February 2, 2007 Because I Said So February 16, 2007 Breach March 16, 2007 Dead Silence co-production with Twisted Pictures April 20, 2007 Hot Fuzz distribution in most countries outside of the USA May 11, 2007 Georgia Rule co-production with Morgan Creek Productions June 1, 2007 Knocked Up co-production with Apatow Productions June 22, 2007 Evan Almighty co-production with Spyglass Entertainment, Shady Acres Entertainment, Relativity Media and Original Film July 20, 2007 I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry co-production with Happy Madison Productions, Relativity Media and Shady Acres Entertainment August 3, 2007 The Bourne Ultimatum co-production with Kennedy/Marshall August 24, 2007 Illegal Tender August 24, 2007 Mr. Bean's Holiday co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films September 21, 2007 Sydney White co-production with Morgan Creek Productions September 28, 2007 The Kingdom co-production with Relativity Media October 12, 2007 Elizabeth: The Golden Age November 2, 2007 American Gangster co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Relativity Media December 21, 2007 Charlie Wilson's War co-production with Relativity Media and Morgan Creek Productions January 11, 2008 The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie co-production with Big Idea Productions January 25, 2008 Untraceable international distribution only, co-production with Screen Gems and Lakeshore Entertainment February 8, 2008 Welcome Home, Roscoe Jenkins co-production with Spyglass Entertainment February 14, 2008 Definitely, Maybe co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films March 14, 2008 Doomsday distribution only in some countries; produced by Rogue Pictures April 5, 2008 Leatherheads April 18, 2008 Forgetting Sarah Marshall co-production with Apatow Productions April 15, 2008 Baby Mama co-production with Relativity Media June 13, 2008 The Incredible Hulk distribution only; co-produced by Marvel Studios and Valhalla Motion Pictures June 27, 2008 Wanted co-production with Relativity Media, DiBonaventura Productions and Spyglass Entertainment July 11, 2008 Hellboy II: The Golden Army distribution only in some countries; produced by Rogue Pictures, Dark Horse Entertainment and Relativity Media July 18, 2008 Mamma Mia!: The Movie co-production with Relativity Media, Littlestar and Playtone August 1, 2008 The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor co-production with Relativity Media, Alphaville and Sommers Company August 22, 2008 Death Race co-production with Relativity Media October 3, 2008 Flash of Genius USA, Japan and France distribution, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment and Strike Entertainment October 10, 2008 The Express co-production with Relativity Media October 31, 2008 Changeling co-production with Imagine Entertainment, Malpaso Productions and Relativity Media November 7, 2008 Role Models co-production with New Regency and Relativity Media December 5, 2008 Frost/Nixon co-production with Imagine Entertainment, Working Title Films, StudioCanal and Relativity Media December 19, 2008 The Tale of Despereaux co-production with Framestore CFC, Larger Than Life Productions, Relativity Media, and Universal Animation Studios January 9, 2009 The Unborn distribution only in some countries; co-production with Relativity Media, Rogue Pictures and Platinum Dunes February 6, 2009 Coraline International distribution, co-production with Focus Features, Laika, and Pandemonium March 20, 2009 Duplicity co-production with Relativity Media April 3, 2009 Fast & Furious co-produced with One Race Films, Original Film and Relativity Media April 17, 2009 State of Play co-production with Andell Entertainment, Working Title Films, Studio Canal and Relativity Media April 24, 2009 The Soloist international distribution, co-production with DreamWorks, StudioCanal, Participant Media and Working Title Films May 29, 2009 Drag Me to Hell co-produced with Ghost House Pictures June 5, 2009 Land of the Lost co-production with Relativity Media and Sid & Marty Krofft Pictures July 1, 2009 Public Enemies co-production with Relativity Media July 10, 2009 Brüno co-production with Media Rights Capital and Everyman Pictures July 31, 2009 Funny People USA distribution only; co-production with Columbia Pictures, Apatow Productions, Happy Madison and Relativity Media August 21, 2009 Inglourious Basterds International distribution only, co-production with A Band Apart and The Weinstein Company September 18, 2009 Love Happens co-production with Relativity Media October 9, 2009 Couples Retreat co-production with Relativity Media October 23, 2009 Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant co-production with Relativity Media November 6, 2009 The Fourth Kind co-production with Gold Circle Films and Dead Crow Productions November 13, 2009 Pirate Radio international distribution only, co-production with Focus Features, StudioCanal and Working Title Films December 25, 2009 It's Complicated co-production with Relativity Media 2010s Release date Title Notes January 8, 2010 Leap Year USA distribution only, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment February 12, 2010 The Wolfman co-production with Relativity Media and Stuber Pictures March 12, 2010 Green Zone co-production with StudioCanal, Relativity Media, and Working Title Films March 19, 2010 Repo Men co-production with Stuber Pictures and Relativity Media March 26, 2010 Kick-Ass international distribution only; co-production with Marv Films and Plan B Entertainment May 12, 2010 Robin Hood co-production with Imagine Entertainment, Relativity Media, and Scott Free Productions May 21, 2010 MacGruber distribution only; produced by Rogue Pictures and Relativity Media June 4, 2010 Get Him to the Greek co-production with Apatow Productions, Spyglass Entertainment, and Relativity Media July 9, 2010 Despicable Me co-production with Illumination Entertainment July 30, 2010 Charlie St. Cloud co-production with Relativity Media August 13, 2010 Scott Pilgrim vs. the World co-production with Big Talk Productions August 20, 2010 Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang released as Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang in the UK, co-production with StudioCanal, Relativity Media, and Working Title Films September 17, 2010 Devil distribution only; produced by Blinding Edge Pictures, The Night Chronicles and Media Rights Capital November 12, 2010 Skyline co-production with Rogue Pictures and Relativity Media December 22, 2010 Little Fockers USA distribution; co-production with Paramount Pictures and Relativity Media January 14, 2011 The Dilemma co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Spyglass Entertainment February 4, 2011 Sanctum distribution in some countries outside USA, co-production with Wayfare Entertainment and Relativity Media March 4, 2011 The Adjustment Bureau co-production with Media Rights Capital March 18, 2011 Paul co-produced with Working Title Films, Relativity Media, and Big Talk Productions April 1, 2011 Hop co-production with Illumination Entertainment and Relativity Media April 8, 2011 Your Highness co-production with Stuber Productions April 29, 2011 Fast Five co-production with Original Film and Relativity Media May 13, 2011 Bridesmaids co-production with Apatow Productions and Relativity Media July 1, 2011 Larry Crowne USA distribution only; co-production with Vendôme Pictures and Playtone July 29, 2011 Cowboys & Aliens USA distribution; co-production with DreamWorks (international), Relativity Media, Imagine Entertainment, K/O Paper Products, and Platinum Studios August 5, 2011 The Change-Up co-production with Original Film and Relativity Media September 2, 2011 A Dangerous Method Germany and Austria distribution only, co-production with Téléfilm Canada, Recorded Picture Company, Corus Entertainment, and Astral Media September 30, 2011 Dream House distribution only in North America; co-production with Morgan Creek Productions October 14, 2011 The Thing co-production with Morgan Creek Productions and Strike Entertainment October 21, 2011 Johnny English Reborn co-production with Working Title Films, StudioCanal, and Relativity Media November 4, 2011 Tower Heist co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Relativity Media January 13, 2012 Contraband co-production with Working Title Films, Relativity Media, Blueeyes Productions, Closest to the Hole and Leverage Productions February 3, 2012 Big Miracle co-production with Working Title Films and Anonymous Content February 10, 2012 Safe House co-production with Relativity Media and Bluegrass Films February 24, 2012 Wanderlust co-production with Relativity Media and Apatow Productions March 2, 2012 Dr. Seuss' The Lorax co-production with Illumination Entertainment April 6, 2012 American Reunion co-production with Relativity Media and Zide/Perry Productions April 27, 2012 The Five-Year Engagement co-production with Apatow Productions May 18, 2012 Battleship co-production with Hasbro, Film 44, and Bluegrass Films June 1, 2012 Snow White & the Huntsman co-production with Roth Films June 29, 2012 Ted co-production with Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, Bluegrass Films, and Smart Entertainment July 6, 2012 Savages co-production with Relativity Media August 10, 2012 The Bourne Legacy co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company August 17, 2012 ParaNorman International distribution only, co-production with Focus Features and Laika October 5, 2012 Pitch Perfect co-production with Gold Circle Films November 2, 2012 The Man with the Iron Fists co-production with Strike Entertainment November 16, 2012 Anna Karenina co-production with Focus Features and Working Title Films December 19, 2012 Zero Dark Thirty international distribution only[2] December 21, 2012 This Is 40 co-production with Apatow Productions December 25, 2012 Les Misérables co-production with Working Title Films, Relativity Media, and Cameron Mackintosh Ltd. January 18, 2013 Mama coo-production with Toma 78 and De Milo Productions February 8, 2013 Identity Thief co-production with Relativity Media, DumbDumb, and Bluegrass Films April 5, 2013 Jurassic Park (3-D rerelease) co-production with Amblin Entertainment April 19, 2013 Oblivion co-production with Relativity Media and Chernin Entertainment May 24, 2013 Fast & Furious 6 co-production with Original Film and Relativity Media June 7, 2013 The Purge co-production with Platinum Dunes and Blumhouse Productions July 3, 2013 Despicable Me 2 co-production with Illumination Entertainment July 19, 2013 R.I.P.D. co-production with Original Film and Dark Horse Entertainment August 2, 2013 2 Guns USA distribution only; co-production with Emmett/Furla Films, Marc Platt Productions, Oasis Ventures Entertainment Ltd., Empyre Media Capital, Herrick Entertainment, Envision Entertainment, and Boom! Studios August 16, 2013 Kick-Ass 2 co-production with Marv Films and Plan B Entertainment August 23, 2013 The World's End co-production with Focus Features, Relativity Media, Big Talk Productions and Working Title Films, also distribution outside the USA, and Focus Features released in the USA. September 6, 2013 Riddick co-production with Radar Pictures and One Race Films erdose of substances believed to be pain medication and was taken to Encino-Tarzana Regional Medical Center in Encino, California, where he was listed in critical condition.[27] After initial reports, Drew Pinsky, who had treated Conaway for substance abuse, said the actor was suffering not from a drug overdose but rather from pneumonia with sepsis, for which he was placed into an induced coma.[28][29] Though his pneumonia was not directly a result of drug usage, drug usage hampered Conaway's ability to recognize how severely ill he was and to seek treatment for pneumonia until it was too late.[30] On May 26, 2011, Conaway's family took him off life support after doctors decided there was nothing they could do to revive him. Conaway died the following morning at the age of 60.[30] Conaway's doctor attributed his death to his addiction, stating, "What happens is, like with most opiate addicts, eventually they take a little too much ... and they aspirate, so what's in their mouth gets into their lungs ... That's what happened with Jeff."[31] An autopsy performed on Conaway revealed that the actor died of various causes including pneumonia and encephalopathy attributable to drug overdoses.[32] Awards[edit] Golden Globe Award 1978 nomination, Best Supporting Actor, Comedy or Musical Series (for Taxi)[33] 1979 nomination, Best Supporting Actor, Comedy or Musical Series (for Taxi)[33] Filmography[edit] 1971: Jennifer on My Mind — Hanki 1976: The Eagle Has Landed — Frazier 1977: I Never Promised You a Rose Garden — Lactamaeon 1977: Pete's Dragon — Willie 1978: Grease — Kenickie 1980: For The Love of It — Russ 1984: Covergirl — T.C. Sloane 1986: The Patriot — Mitchell 1988: Elvira, Mistress of the Dark — Travis 1989: Ghost Writer — Tom Farrell 1989: Tale of Two Sisters — Taxi driver 1989: The Banker — Cowboy 1990: The Sleeping Car — Bud Sorenson 1991: A Time to Die — Frank 1991: Total Exposure — Peter Keynes 1992: Almost Pregnant — Charlie Alderson 1992: Bikini Summer II — Stu Stocker (also director) 1992: Eye of the Storm — Tom Edwards 1992: Mirror Images — Jeffrey Blair 1993: Alien Intruder — Borman 1993: In a Moment of Passion — Werner Soehnen 1993: It's Showtime 1993: L.A. Goddess — Sean 1993: Sunset Strip — Tony 1994: 2002: The Rape of Eden — Reverend 1997: The Last Embrace — Jagger 1998: Shadow of Doubt — Bixby 1999: Jawbreaker — Marcie's Father 1999: Man on the Moon — Himself 2001: Dating Service 2001: Do You Wanna Know a Secret? — Agent Owen Sacker 2002: Curse of the Forty-Niner — Reverend Sutter 2002: The Biz — Gavin Elliot 2003: Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star — Himself[34] 2004: Pan Dulce — Gabriel Levine 2004: The Corner Office — Dick 2004: Y.M.I. — Digger's Dad 2005: From Behind the Sunflower — Leo 2006: Living the Dream — Dick 2006: The Pool 2 — Agent Frank Gun 2006: The Utah Murder Project — Sheriff Dan Patterson 2008: Wrestling — Franklin Conner 2010: Dante's Inferno: Abandon All Hope — Circles Introduction[35] 2010: Dark Games — Tom Doyle Television work[edit] 1975: Happy Days — Rocko (2 episodes, 1975–1976) 1975: Joe Forrester (1 episode, 1975) 1975: Movin' On - "The Long Way To Nowhere" (S02, Ep10)- as Mike Miller (1 episode, 1975) 1976: Barnaby Jones — Jeff Saunders (2 episodes, 1976–1977) 1976: Mary Tyler Moore — Kenny Stevens (1 episode, 1976) 1977: Delta County, USA — Terry Nicholas 1978: Kojak — Bert Gaines (1 episode, 1978) 1978: Taxi — Bobby Wheeler (50 episodes, 1978–1982) 1979: Breaking Up Is Hard to Do — Roy Fletcher 1980: For the Love of It — Russ RSO Records From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) RSO Records RSO Records.jpg Parent company Universal Music Group Founded 1973 Paramount Pictures Corporation (commonly known as Paramount Studios or simply Paramount, and formerly known as Famous Players-Lasky Corporation) is a film studio, television production company and motion picture distributor, consistently ranked as one of the "Big Six" film studios of Hollywood. It is a subsidiary of U.S. media conglomerate Viacom. Paramount is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).[1] In 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital-form only.[2] Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world,[3] and America's oldest running studio, founded in 1912.[4] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 1911–1920: Early history 1.2 1921–1930: The rise 1.2.1 Publix, Balaban and Katz, Loew's competition, and wonder theaters 1.3 1931–1940: Receivership 1.4 1941–1950: United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. 1.5 1951–1966: Split and after 1.5.1 The DuMont Network 1.6 1966–1970: Early Gulf+Western era 1.7 1971–1980: CIC formation and high-concept era 1.8 1980–1994: Continuous success 1.9 1994–2004: Dolgen/Lansing and "old" Viacom era 1.10 2005: Dissolution of the Viacom Entertainment Group and Paramount 1.11 2005–present: Paramount today 1.11.1 CBS Corporation/Viacom split 1.11.2 DreamWorks purchased 1.11.3 UIP, Famous Music, and Digital Entertainment 2 Investments 2.1 DreamWorks 2.2 The CBS library 3 Units 3.1 Subsidiaries 3.2 Divisions 3.3 Joint ventures 3.4 Former divisions, subsidiaries, and joint ventures Janis Pliekšans – – distinguished Latvian writer author of a number of poetry collections Juris Podnieks – – film director producer Nikolajs Polakovs – – Coco the Clown Janis Poruks writer Rosa von Praunheim born – film director author painter and gay rights activist Sandis Prusis born – athlete bobsleigh Uldis Pucitis actor director Janis Pujats born – Roman Catholic cardinal Andrejs Pumpurs – – poet author of Latvian national epic Lacplesis R edit Rainis pseudonym of Janis Pliekšans poet and playwright Dans Rapoports American financier and philanthropist Lauris Reiniks – singer songwriter actor and TV personality Einars Repše born – politician Lolita Ritmanis born – orchestrator composer Ilja Ripss born inventor of the Bible Code Fricis Rokpelnis – – author Marks Rotko – – abstract expressionist painter Elza Rozenberga – – poet playwright married to Janis Pliekšans Juris Rubenis born – famous Lutheran pastor Martinš Rubenis born – athlete bronze medalist at the Winter Olympics in Turin Brunis Rubess born – businessman Inta Ruka born – photographer Tana Rusova born – pornographic actress S edit Rudolfs Saule born ballet master performer with the Latvian National Ballet Uljana Semjonova born – basketball player Haralds Silovs – short track and long track speed skater Karlis Skalbe – – poet Karlis Skrastinš – – ice hockey player Baiba Skride born – violinist Konstantins Sokolskis – – romance and tango singer Ksenia Solo born Latvian Canadian actress Serge Sorokko born art dealer and publisher Raimonds Staprans born – Latvian American painter Janis Šteinhauers – – Latvian industrialist entrepreneur and civil rights activist Gotthard Friedrich Stender – the first Latvian grammarian Lina Šterna – – biologist and social activist Roze Stiebra born animator Henrijs Stolovs – – stamp dealer Janis Streics born – film director screenwriter actor Janis Strelnieks born – basketball player Peteris Stucka – – author translator editor jurist and educator Janis Sudrabkalns poet and journalist Jevgenijs Svešnikovs born – prominent chess player Stanislavs Svjanevics – – economist and historian Š edit Viktors Šcerbatihs born – athlete weightlifter Pauls Šimanis – – Baltic German journalist politician activist defending and preserving European minority cultures Vestards Šimkus born – pianist Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


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carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer 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kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

September 27, 2013 Rush co-production with Exclusive Media Group, Working Title Films, Imagine Entertainment, Revolution Films, and Cross Creek Pictures November 1, 2013 About Time co-production with Working Title Films November 1, 2013 Man of Tai Chi co-production with Village Roadshow Pictures and China Film Group November 15, 2013 The Best Man Holiday co-production with Blackmaled Productions and Sean Daniel Company December 25, 2013 47 Ronin co-production with Relativity Media, H2F Entertainment, Mid Atlantic Films, Moving Picture Company, and Stuber Productions December 27, 2013 Lone Survivor USA distribution only; co-production with Emmett/Furla Films, Film 44, Herrick Entertainment, Envision Entertainment, Spikings Entertainment Weed Road Pictures, Closest to the Hole and Leverage Productions January 17, 2014 Ride Along co-production with Cube Vision, Relativity Media, and Rainforest Films February 14, 2014 Endless Love co-production with Bluegrass Films and Fake Empire Productions February 28, 2014 Non-Stop co-production with Silver Pictures, StudioCanal, and LoveFilm May 9, 2014 Neighbors co-production with Point Grey Pictures May 30, 2014 A Million Ways to Die in the West co-production with Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, and Bluegrass Films July 18, 2014 The Purge: Anarchy co-production with Blumhouse Productions and Platinum Dunes July 25, 2014 Lucy distribution worldwide except France, China, UK, and the Benelux countries; co-production of Europacorp, TF1 and Canal+ August 1, 2014 Get on Up co-production with Imagine Entertainment, Jagged Films, and Wyolah Films August 29, 2014 As Above, So Below distribution only; produced by Legendary Pictures September 19, 2014 A Walk Among the Tombstones distribution only; produced by Jersey Films September 26, 2014 The Boxtrolls International distribution only; co-production with Focus Features and Laika October 17, 2014 Dracula Untold co-production with Legendary Pictures October 24, 2014 Ouija distribution only; produced by Platinum Dunes, Hasbro Studios, and Blumhouse Productions November 14, 2014 Dumb and Dumber To U.S. distribution only;[3] co-production with New Line Cinema, Red Granite Pictures, Relativity Media, and Conundrum Entertainment December 25, 2014 Unbroken co-production with Legendary Pictures, Jolie Pas, and 3 Arts Entertainment January 16, 2015 Blackhat co-production with Legendary Pictures and Forward Pass January 23, 2015 The Boy Next Door co-production with Blumhouse Productions and Smart Entertainment February 6, 2015 Seventh Son co-production with Legendary Pictures and Thunder Road Films February 13, 2015 Fifty Shades of Grey co-production with Focus Features, Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions April 3, 2015 Furious 7 co-production with Original Film, One Race Films, Relativity Media, and Legendary Pictures April 17, 2015 Unfriended co-production with Bazelevs Company and Blumhouse Productions May 15, 2015 Pitch Perfect 2 co-production with Gold Circle Films June 12, 2015 Jurassic World co-production with Legendary Pictures and Amblin Entertainment June 26, 2015 Ted 2 co-production with Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, Bluegrass Films, and Smart Entertainment July 10, 2015 Minions co-production with Illumination Entertainment July 17, 2015 Trainwreck co-production with Apatow Productions August 14, 2015 Straight Outta Compton co-production with Legendary Pictures, New Line Cinema, Cube Vision, Crucial Films, and Broken Chair Flickz September 9, 2015 Legend co-production with Working Title Films, Cross Creek Pictures and StudioCanal September 11, 2015 The Visit co-production with Blinding Edge Pictures and Blumhouse Productions September 18, 2015 Everest co-production with StudioCanal, Walden Media, Cross Creek Pictures, and Working Title Films September 25, 2015 The Green Inferno October 9, 2015 Steve Jobs co-production with Management 360, Scott Rudin Productions, and The Mark Gordon Company October 16, 2015 Crimson Peak co-production with Legendary Pictures and DDY October 23, 2015 Jem and the Holograms co-production with Hasbro Studios, Allspark Pictures, Blumhouse Productions, and SB Projects November 13, 2015 By the Sea November 20, 2015 Legend co-production with Working Title Films, Cross Creek Pictures and StudioCanal Upcoming Release date Title Notes December 4, 2015 Krampus co-production with Legendary Pictures December 18, 2015 Sisters co-production with Little Stranger January 8, 2016 Families co-production with Blumhouse Productions January 15, 2016 Ride Along 2 co-production with Cube Vision and Will Packer Productions February 5, 2016 Hail, Caesar! co-production with Mike Zoss Productions and Working Title Films March 25, 2016 My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 USA distribution only; produced by Gold Circle Films, HBO Films, and Playtone April 8, 2016 The Boss co-production with Gary Sanchez Productions and On the Day Productions April 22, 2016 The Huntsman co-production with Roth Films May 20, 2016 Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising co-production with Point Grey Pictures June 3, 2016 Conner4real US distribution only June 10, 2016 Warcraft distribution only; produced by Legendary Pictures, Blizzard Entertainment and Atlas Entertainment July 1, 2016 The Purge 3 co-production with Blumhouse Productions and Platinum Dunes July 8, 2016 The Secret Life of Pets co-production with Illumination Entertainment July 29, 2016 Untitled Bourne fifth film co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company August 12, 2016 Spectral distribution only; produced by Legendary Pictures September 16, 2016 Bridget Jones's Baby co-production with Working Title Films October 7, 2016 Monster High co-production with Mattel Entertainment October 14, 2016 Island of Lost Souls is a 1932 American Pre-Code science fiction horror film starring Charles Laughton, Richard Arlen, Leila Hyams, Bela Lugosi and Kathleen Burke as the Panther Woman. The film was directed by Erle C. Kenton and produced by Paramount Pictures from a script co-written by science fiction legend Philip Wylie, the movie was the first film adaptation of the H. G. Wells novel The Island of Dr. Moreau, published in 1896. Both book and film are about an obsessed scientist who is secretly conducting surgical experiments on animals on a remote island. Contents [hide] 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 UK censorship ban 4 Influence 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Plot[edit] Shipwrecked traveler Edward Parker (Richard Arlen) is rescued by a freighter delivering animals to an isolated South Seas island owned by Dr. Moreau (Charles Laughton). When Parker objects to the freighter's captain (Stanley Fields) mistreating M'ling (Tetsu Komai), an odd-looking passenger, the captain tosses Parker overboard into Montgomery (Arthur Hohl) and Moreau's boat. Moreau offers Parker the hospitality of his home and introduces him to Lota (Kathleen Burke), a beautiful, gentle girl who seems a bit simple. When the two hear screams coming from a locked room, which Lota calls the house of pain, Parker investigates. He sees Moreau and Montgomery operating on a person without anesthetic. Convinced that Moreau is engaged in sadistic vivisection, Parker tries to leave, only to encounter brutish-looking men emerging from the jungle. Moreau appears, cracks his whip, and orders the one known as the Sayer of the Law (Bela Lugosi) to repeat the rule against violence. Afterward, the strange men disperse. Back in the main house, the doctor corrects Parker's mistaken impression. Moreau explains that he started experimenting in London many years previously, accelerating the evolution of plants. He eventually graduated to animals, trying to transform them into people through "plastic surgery, blood transfusions, gland extracts, and ray baths". He would still be working in England on his "bio-anthropological research" if a dog had not escaped from his laboratory and so horrified the people that he was forced to leave. He reveals that Lota is the sole woman on the island, but hides the fact that she is derived from a panther. Later in private, he expresses his excitement to his assistant, Montgomery, that Lota is becoming more human in her emotions due to her attraction to Parker. To keep Parker around to continue the process, Moreau sees to it that the boat that was to take Parker away is destroyed and places the blame on his beast-men. As Parker spends time with Lota, she falls in love with him. Eventually the two kiss, but Parker is stricken with guilt, as he has a fiancee, Ruth Thomas (Leila Hyams). When Lota hugs him, Parker feels pain from her three-inch-long claw-like nails. In a fit of rage, he storms into the office of Dr. Moreau and tells him that he considers it criminal to turn panthers into women. Dr. Moreau calmly explains that Lota is his most perfect creation, and he wanted to see if she was capable of falling in love with a man and bearing human-like children. Parker punches Moreau and orders him to make arrangements for him to leave the island as soon as possible. When Moreau discovers that Parker found out about Lota's nature because she is starting to revert to her panther origin, he despairs, believing he has failed – until he notices Lota crying. His hopes are raised and he screams that he will burn out all the animal in her in the house of pain. In the meantime, the American consul (George Irving) at Apia, Parker's destination, learns where Parker is from the cowed freighter captain. Ruth persuades Captain Donahue (Paul Hurst) to take her to Moreau's island. She is reunited with Parker, but as it is late, Moreau persuades them that it is too dangerous to return immediately to Donahue's ship. They reluctantly agree to stay the night. Ouran, one of Moreau's creations, tries to break into Ruth's room. Fortunately, she wakes up and screams for help. Donahue then offers to try to reach the ship and fetch his crew. Moreau, seeing him depart, dispatches Ouran to strangle him. This has an unforeseen effect, however. The beast-men no longer feel bound by Moreau's laws, as he has himself broken one of them. Moreau tries to regain control with his whip, but to no avail; in desperation, he demands of them, "What is the law?" But their common response is, "Law no more!!!" With that, they drag the doctor into his house of pain, where they stab him to death with his own surgical instruments. With help from the fed-up Montgomery, Parker and Ruth make their escape. Parker insists on taking Lota with them. When Lota sees Ouran following, she waits in ambush. In the ensuing struggle, both are killed. The others leave, as the island goes up in flames. Cast[edit] Charles Laughton as Dr. Moreau Richard Arlen as Edward Parker Leila Hyams as Ruth Thomas Bela Lugosi (billed as Bela "Dracula" Lugosi in the trailer) as Sayer of the Law Kathleen Burke as Lota, the Panther Woman Arthur Hohl as Mr Montgomery Stanley Fields as Captain Davies Paul Hurst as Captain Donahue Hans Steinke as Ouran Tetsu Komai as M'ling, Moreau's loyal house servant George Irving as The Consul UK censorship ban[edit] The film was examined and refused a certificate three times by the British Board of Film Censors, in 1933, 1951, and 1957. The reason for the initial ban was due to scenes of vivisection; it is likely that the Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act 1937, which forbade the portrayal of cruelty to animals in feature films released in Britain, was a significant factor in the BBFC's subsequent rejections. The film was eventually passed after cuts were made with an 'X' certificate on July 9, 1958.[1][2] It was later classified as a PG on DVD in 2011 with the cuts reinstated. Original author H. G. Wells was outspoken in his dislike of the film, feeling the overt horror elements overshadowed the story's deeper philosophical meaning. The censors also objected to Dr. Moreau saying "Do you know what it means to feel like God?" Influence[edit] This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) The film is the source of the saying "The natives are restless tonight." The actual dialogue is as follows: Ruth Thomas (hearing chanting): "What's that?" Dr. Moreau: "The natives, they have a curious ceremony. Mr. Parker has witnessed it. " Leila Hyams (May 1, 1905 – December 4, 1977) was an American model, vaudeville and film actress. Her relatively short film career began in the 20's silent films, and ended in 1936 and although only lasted around 10 years, she appeared in more than 50 film roles. Contents [hide] 1 Early life silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. In silent films for entertainment the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as film itself, but because of the technical challenges involved, synchronized dialogue was only made practical in the late 1920s with the perfection of the Audion amplifier tube and the introduction of the Vitaphone system. (The term silent film is therefore a retronym, that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively – the descriptor silent used before the late 1920s would have been a redundancy and possibly in modern times a misnomer.) After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927, the "talkies", also known as sound film or talking pictures became more and more commonplace. Within a decade, popular widespread production of silent films had ceased, hence production moved into the sound era. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost.[1] Contents [hide] 1 Elements (1894 – 1929) 1.1 Intertitles 1.2 Live music and sound 1.3 Score restorations from 1980 to the present 1.4 Acting techniques 1.5 Projection speed 1.6 Tinting 2 Early Studios 3 Top grossing silent films in the United States 4 During the sound era 4.1 Transition 4.2 Later homages 5 Preservation and lost films 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Elements (1894 – 1929)[edit] Main article: History of film Roundhay Garden Scene 1888, the first known celluloid film recorded. The earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of an item known as the magic lantern. This utilized a lens, shutter and persistent light source to project images on glass slides. These slides were originally painted, but photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus only precedes cinema by fifty years.[2] The next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. Roget showed that when a series of still photographs are shown at a considerable speed in front of one's eye, the photographs merge into one registered image that appears to be moving. This experience was further demonstrated through Roget's introduction of the thaumatrope, a device which spun a disk with an image on its surface at a fairly high rate of speed.[2] The three features necessary for motion pictures to work were "a camera with sufficiently high shutter speed, a filmstrip capable of taking multiple exposures swiftly, and means of projecting the developed images on a screen." [3] The first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horse's gallop. The oldest surviving film (of the genera called pictorial realism) was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a two-second film of people walking in "Oakwood streets" garden, entitled Roundhay Garden Scene.[4] The development of Thomas Edison's Kinetograph, a photographic device that capture sequential images, and his Kinetoscope, a viewing device for these photos, allowed for the creation and exhibition of short films. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, which laid the foundation for widespread film production.[2] Due to Edison's lack of securing an international copyright on his film inventions, similar devices were "invented" around the world. The Lumière brothers (Louis and Auguste Lumière), for example, created the Cinématographe in France. The Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edison's as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit.[2] In contrast to Edison's "peepshow" kinetoscope, the cinematograph allowed simultaneous viewing by multiple parties. Their first film, Sortie de l'usine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture.[5] The invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures (although the celluloid was highly flammable and decayed quickly).[3] This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes, which became the industry standard. This doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole.[6] From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into full maturity in the "silent era" (1894–1929) before silent films were replaced by "talking pictures" in the late 1920s. Many film scholars and buffs argue that the aesthetic quality of cinema decreased for several years until directors, actors, and production staff adapted to the new "talkies".[7] File:Battle of Chemulpo Bay edison.ogv An early film, depicting a re-enactment of the Battle of Chemulpo Bay (Film produced in 1904 by Edison Studios) The visual quality of silent movies—especially those produced in the 1920s—was often high. However, there is a widely held misconception that these films were primitive and barely watchable by modern standards.[8] This misconception comes as a result of silent films being played back at the wrong speed and their deteriorated condition. Many silent films exist only in second- or third-generation copies, often copied from already damaged and neglected film stock.[7] In addition, many prints may suffer from censorship cuts and missing frames and scenes, resulting in what may appear to be poor editing.[citation needed] Intertitles[edit] The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) used stylised intertitles. Main article: Intertitle As motion pictures eventually increased in length, a replacement was needed for the in-house interpreter who would explain parts of the film to the audience. Because silent films had no synchronized sound for dialogue, onscreen intertitles were used to narrate story points, present key dialogue and sometimes even comment on the action for the cinema audience. The title writer became a key professional in silent film and was often separate from the scenario writer who created the story. Intertitles (or titles as they were generally called at the time) often became graphic elements themselves, featuring illustrations or abstract decoration that commented on the action.[citation needed] Live music and sound[edit] Showings of silent films almost always featured live music, starting with the guitarist, at the first public projection of movies by the Lumière Brothers on December 28, 1895 in Paris. This was furthered in 1896 by the first motion picture exhibition in the United States at Koster and Bial's Music Hall in New York City. At this event, Edison set the precedent that all exhibitions should be accompanied by an orchestra.[9] From the beginning, music was recognized as essential, contributing to the atmosphere and giving the audience vital emotional cues. (Musicians sometimes played on film sets during shooting for similar reasons.) However, depending on the size of the exhibition site, musical accompaniment could drastically change in size.[2] Small town and neighborhood movie theatres usually had a pianist. Beginning in the mid-1910s, large city theaters tended to have organists or ensembles of musicians. Massive theater organs were designed to fill a gap between a simple piano soloist and a larger orchestra. Theatre organs had a wide range of special effects; theatrical organs such as the famous "Mighty Wurlitzer" could simulate some orchestral sounds along with a number of percussion effects such as bass drums and cymbals and sound effects ranging from galloping horses to rolling rain. Film scores for early silent films were either improvised or compiled of classical or theatrical repertory music. Once full features became commonplace, however, music was compiled from photoplay music by the pianist, organist, orchestra conductor or the movie studio itself, which included a cue sheet with the film. These sheets were often lengthy, with detailed notes about effects and moods to watch for. Starting with the mostly original score composed by Joseph Carl Breil for D. W. Griffith's groundbreaking epic The Birth of a Nation (USA, 1915) it became relatively common for the biggest-budgeted films to arrive at the exhibiting theater with original, specially composed scores.[10] However, the first designated full blown scores were composed earlier, in 1908, by Camille Saint-Saëns, for The Assassination of the Duke of Guise,[11] and by Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, for Stenka Razin. When organists or pianists used sheet music, they still might add improvisational flourishes to heighten the drama on screen. Even when special effects were not indicated in the score, if an organist was playing a theater organ capable of an unusual sound effect, such as a "galloping horses" effect, it would be used for dramatic horseback chases. By the height of the silent era, movies were the single largest source of employment for instrumental musicians (at least in America). But the introduction of talkies, which happened simultaneously with the onset of the Great Depression, was devastating to many musicians. Some countries devised other ways of bringing sound to silent films. The early cinema of Brazil featured fitas cantatas: filmed operettas with singers performing behind the screen.[12] In Japan, films had not only live music but also the benshi, a live narrator who provided commentary and character voices. The benshi became a central element in Japanese film, as well as providing translation for foreign (mostly American) movies.[13] The popularity of the benshi was one reason why silent films persisted well into the 1930s in Japan. Score restorations from 1980 to the present[edit] Few film scores survive intact from the silent period, and musicologists are still confronted by questions when they attempt to precisely reconstruct those that remain. Scores used in current reissues or showings of silent films may be: A) complete reconstructions of composed scores, B) scores newly composed for the occasion, C) scores assembled from already existing music libraries, or D) scores improvised on the spot in the manner of the silent era theater pianist or organist. Interest in the scoring of silent films fell somewhat out of fashion during the 1960s and 1970s. There was a belief in many college film programs and repertory cinemas that audiences should experience silent film as a pure visual medium, undistracted by music. This belief may have been encouraged by the poor quality of the music tracks found on many silent film reprints of the time. Since around 1980, there has been a revival of interest in presenting silent films with quality musical scores, either reworkings of period scores or cue sheets, or composition of appropriate original scores. An early effort in this context was Kevin Brownlow's 1980 restoration of Abel Gance's Napoléon (1927), featuring a score by Carl Davis. Brownlow's restoration was later distributed in America re-edited and shortened by Francis Ford Coppola with a live orchestral score composed by his father Carmine Coppola. In 1984, an edited restoration of Metropolis (1927) was released to cinemas with a new rock music score by producer-composer Giorgio Moroder. Although the contemporary score, which included pop songs by Freddie Mercury of Queen, Pat Benatar, and Jon Anderson of Yes was controversial, the door had been opened for a new approach to presentation of classic silent films. Currently, a number of soloists, music ensembles, and orchestras perform traditional and contemporary scores for silent films. The legendary theater organist Gaylord Carter continued to perform and record his original silent film scores until shortly before his death in 2000; some of these scores are available on DVD reissues. Other purveyors of the traditional approach include organists such as Dennis James and pianists such as Neil Brand, Günter Buchwald, Philip C. Carli, Ben Model, and William P. Perry. Other contemporary pianists, such as Stephen Horne and Gabriel Thibaudeau, have taken a more modern approach to scoring. Orchestral conductors such as Carl Davis and Robert Israel have written and compiled scores for numerous silent films; many of these have been featured in showings on Turner Classic Movies or have been released on DVD. Davis has composed new scores for classic silent dramas such as The Big Parade (1925) and Flesh and the Devil (1927). Israel has worked mainly in silent comedy, scoring films of Harold Lloyd, Buster Keaton, Charley Chase and others. Timothy Brock has restored many of Charlie Chaplin's scores, in addition to composing new scores. Contemporary music ensembles are helping to introduce classic silent films to a wider audience through a broad range of musical styles and approaches. Some performers create new compositions using traditional musical instruments while others add electronic sounds, modern harmonies, rhythms, improvisation and sound design elements to enhance the viewing experience. Among the contemporary ensembles in this category are Un Drame Musical Instantané, Alloy Orchestra, Club Foot Orchestra and Silent Orchestra. Donald Sosin and Joanna Seaton specialize in adding vocals to silent films, particularly where there is onscreen singing that benefits from hearing the actual song being performed. Films in this category include Griffith's Lady of the Pavements with Lupe Velez, Carew's Evangeline with Dolores del Rio, and Julian's The Phantom of the Opera with Mary Philbin and Virginia Pearson.[citation needed] Acting techniques[edit] Lillian Gish, the "First Lady of the American Cinema", was a leading star in the silent era with one of the longest careers, working from 1912 to 1987 Silent film actors emphasized body language and facial expression so that the audience could better understand what an actor was feeling and portraying on screen. Much silent film acting is apt to strike modern-day audiences as simplistic or campy. The melodramatic acting style was in some cases a habit actors transferred from their former stage experience. Vaudeville was an especially popular origin for many American silent film actors.[2] The pervading presence of stage actors in film was the cause of this outburst from director Marshall Neilan in 1917: "The sooner the stage people who have come into pictures get out, the better for the pictures." In other cases, directors such as John Griffith Wray required their actors to deliver larger-than-life expressions for emphasis. As early as 1914, American viewers had begun to make known their preference for greater naturalness on screen.[14] Silent films became less vaudevillian in the mid 1910s, as the differences between stage and screen became apparent. Due to the work of directors such as D W Griffith, cinematography became less stage-like, and the then-revolutionary close up allowed subtle and naturalistic acting. Lillian Gish has been called the "First True Actress" for her work in the period, as she pioneered new film performing techniques, recognizing the crucial differences between stage and screen acting. Other major film stars of the era include Mary Pickford and Norma Talmadge. Directors such as Albert Capellani and Maurice Tourneur began to insist on naturalism in their films. By the mid-1920s many American silent films had adopted a more naturalistic acting style, though not all actors and directors accepted naturalistic, low-key acting straight away; as late as 1927, films featuring expressionistic acting styles, such as Metropolis, were still being released. [15] Greta Garbo, who made her debut in 1926, would become known for her naturalistic acting. According to Anton Kaes, a silent film scholar from the University of Wisconsin, American silent cinema began to see a shift in acting techniques between 1913 and 1921, influenced by techniques found in German silent film. This is mainly attributed to the influx of emigrants from the Weimar Republic, "including film directors, producers, cameramen, lighting and stage technicians, as well as actors and actresses.[16]" Projection speed[edit] Cinématographe Lumière at the Institut Lumière, France. Such cameras had no audio recording devices built into the cameras. Until the standardization of the projection speed of 24 frames per second (fps) for sound films between 1926 and 1930, silent films were shot at variable speeds (or "frame rates") anywhere from 12 to 40 fps, depending on the year and studio.[17] "Standard silent film speed" is often said to be 16 fps as a result of the Lumière brothers' Cinématographe, but industry practice varied considerably; there was no actual standard. William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, an Edison employee, settled on the astonishingly fast 40 frames per second.[2] Additionally, cameramen of the era insisted that their cranking technique was exactly 16 fps, but modern examination of the films shows this to be in error, that they often cranked faster. Unless carefully shown at their intended speeds silent films can appear unnaturally fast or slow. However, some scenes were intentionally undercranked during shooting to accelerate the action—particularly for comedies and action films.[17] Slow projection of a cellulose nitrate base film carried a risk of fire, as each frame was exposed for a longer time to the intense heat of the projection lamp; but there were other reasons to project a film at a greater pace. Often projectionists received general instructions from the distributors on the musical director's cue sheet as to how fast particular reels or scenes should be projected.[17] In rare instances, usually for larger productions, cue sheets produced specifically for the projectionist provided a detailed guide to presenting the film. Theaters also—to maximize profit—sometimes varied projection speeds depending on the time of day or popularity of a film,[18] or to fit a film into a prescribed time slot.[17] All motion-picture film projectors require a moving shutter to block the light whilst the film is moving, otherwise the image is smeared in the direction of the movement. However this shutter causes the image to flicker, and images with low rates of flicker are very unpleasant to watch. Early studies by Thomas Edison for his Kinetoscope machine determined that any rate below 46 images per second "will strain the eye."[17] and this holds true for projected images under normal cinema conditions also. The solution adopted for the Kinetoscope was to run the film at over 40 frames/sec, but this was expensive for film. However, by using projectors with dual- and triple-blade shutters the flicker rate is multiplied two or three times higher than the number of film frames — each frame being flashed two or three times on screen. A three-blade shutter projecting a 16 fps film will slightly surpass Edison's figure, giving the audience 48 images per second. During the silent era projectors were commonly fitted with 3-bladed shutters. Since the introduction of sound with its 24 frame/sec standard speed 2-bladed shutters have become the norm for 35 mm cinema projectors, though three-bladed shutters have remained standard on 16 mm and 8 mm projectors which are frequently used to project amateur footage shot at 16 or 18 frames/sec. A 35 mm film frame rate of 24 fps translates to a film speed of 456 millimetres (18.0 in) per second.[19] One 1,000-foot (300 m) reel requires 11 minutes and 7 seconds to be projected at 24 fps, while a 16 fps projection of the same reel would take 16 minutes and 40 seconds, or 304 millimetres (12.0 in) per second.[17] In the 1950s, many telecine conversions of silent films at grossly incorrect frame rates for broadcast television may have alienated viewers.[20] Film speed is often a vexed issue among scholars and film buffs in the presentation of silents today, especially when it comes to DVD releases of restored films; the 2002 restoration of Metropolis (Germany, 1927) may be the most fiercely debated example.[citation needed] Tinting[edit] Main article: Film tinting Scene from Broken Blossoms starring Lillian Gish and Richard Barthelmess, an example of sepia-tinted print. With the lack of natural color processing available, films of the silent era were frequently dipped in dyestuffs and dyed various shades and hues to signal a mood or represent a time of day. Hand tinting dates back to 1895 in the United States with Edison's release of selected hand-tinted prints of Butterfly Dance. Additionally, experiments in color film started as early as in 1909, although it took a much longer time for color to be adopted by the industry and an effective process to be developed.[2] Blue represented night scenes, yellow or amber meant day. Red represented fire and green represented a mysterious atmosphere. Similarly, toning of film (such as the common silent film generalization of sepia-toning) with special solutions replaced the silver particles in the film stock with salts or dyes of various colors. A combination of tinting and toning could be used as an effect that could be striking. Some films were hand-tinted, such as Annabelle Serpentine Dance (1894), from Edison Studios. In it, Annabelle Whitford,[21] a young dancer from Broadway, is dressed in white veils that appear to change colors as she dances. This technique was designed to capture the effect of the live performances of Loie Fuller, beginning in 1891, in which stage lights with colored gels turned her white flowing dresses and sleeves into artistic movement.[22] Hand coloring was often used in the early "trick" and fantasy films of Europe, especially those by Georges Méliès. Méliès began hand-tinting his work as early as 1897 and the 1899 Cendrillion (Cinderella) and 1900 Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc) provide early examples of hand-tinted films in which the color was a critical part of the scenography or mise an scene; such precise tinting used the workshop of Elisabeth Thuillier in Paris, with teams of female artists adding layers of color to each frame by hand rather than using a more common (and less expensive) process of stenciling.[23] A newly restored version of Méliès' A Trip to the Moon, originally released in 1902, shows an exuberant use of color designed to add texture and interest to the image.[24] By the beginning of the 1910s, with the onset of feature-length films, tinting was used as another mood setter, just as commonplace as music. The director D. W. Griffith displayed a constant interest and concern about color, and used tinting as a special effect William Zorach – Modern artist who died in Bath Maine Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Kazimieras Leonardas Žoromskis – painter Politics edit President Valdas Adamkus right chatting with Vice President Dick Cheney left See also List of Lithuanian rulers Mindaugas – the first and only King of Lithuania – Gediminas – the ruler of Lithuania – Algirdas – the ruler together with Kestutis of Lithuania – Kestutis – the ruler together with Algirdas of Lithuania – Vytautas – the ruler of Lithuania – together with Jogaila Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

in many of his films. His 1915 epic, The Birth of a Nation, used a number of colors, including amber, blue, lavender, and a striking red tint for scenes such as the "burning of Atlanta" and the ride of the Ku Klux Klan at the climax of the picture. Griffith later invented a color system in which colored lights flashed on areas of the screen to achieve a color. With the development of sound-on-film technology and the industry's acceptance of it, tinting was abandoned altogether, because the dyes used in the tinting process interfered with the soundtracks present on film strips.[2] Early Studios[edit] The early studios were located in the New York City area. In December 1908, Edison led the formation of the Motion Picture Patents Company in an attempt to control the industry and shut out smaller producers. The "Edison Trust", as it was nicknamed, was made up of Edison, Biograph, Essanay Studios, Kalem Company, George Kleine Productions, Lubin Studios, Georges Méliès, Pathé, Selig Studios, and Vitagraph Studios, and dominated distribution through the General Film Company. This company dominated the industry as both a vertical and horizontal monopoly and is a contributing factor in studios migration to the West Coast. The Motion Picture Patents Co. and the General Film Co. were found guilty of antitrust violation in October 1915, and were dissolved. Edison Studios were first in West Orange, New Jersey (1892), they were moved to the Bronx, New York (1907). Fox (1909) and Biograph (1906) started in Manhattan, with studios in St George Staten Island. Others films were shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey. The Thanhouser film studio was founded in New Rochelle, New York in 1909 by American theatrical impresario Edwin Thanhouser. The company produced and released 1,086 films between 1910 and 1917, including the first film serial ever, The Million Dollar Mystery, released in 1914. The first westerns were filmed at Scott's Movie Ranch. Cowboys and Indians galloped across Fred Scott's movie ranch in South Beach, Staten Island, which had a frontier main street, a wide selection of stagecoaches and a 56-foot stockade. The island provided a serviceable stand-in for locations as varied as the Sahara desert and a British cricket pitch. War scenes were shot on the plains of Grasmere, Staten Island. The Perils of Pauline and its even more popular sequel The Exploits of Elaine were filmed largely on the island. So was the 1906 blockbuster Life of a Cowboy, by Edwin S. Porter. Companies and filming moved to the west coast around 1911. Top grossing silent films in the United States[edit] The following are American films from the silent film era that had earned the highest gross income as of 1932. The amounts given are gross rentals (the distributor's share of the box-office) as opposed to exhibition gross.[25] Poster for Ben-Hur The Birth of a Nation (1915) - $10,000,000 The Big Parade (1925) - $6,400,000 Ben-Hur (1925) - $5,500,000 Way Down East (1920) - $5,000,000 The Gold Rush (1925) - $4,250,000 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921) - $4,000,000 The Circus (1928) - $3,800,000 The Covered Wagon (1923) - $3,800,000 The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) - $3,500,000 The Ten Commandments (1923) - $3,400,000 Orphans of the Storm (1921) - $3,000,000 For Heaven's Sake (1926) - $2,600,000 Seventh Heaven (1926) - $2,500,000 What Price Glory? (1926) - $2,400,000 Abie's Irish Rose (1928) - $1,500,000 During the sound era[edit] Transition[edit] Although attempts to create sync-sound motion pictures go back to the Edison lab in 1896, only from the early 1920s were the basic technologies such as vacuum tube amplifiers and high-quality loudspeakers available. The next few years saw a race to design, implement, and market several rival sound-on-disc and sound-on-film sound formats, such as Photokinema (1921), Phonofilm (1923), Vitaphone (1926), Fox Movietone (1927) and RCA Photophone (1928). Warner Bros was the first studio to accept sound as an element in film production and utilize Vitaphone, a sound-on-disc technology, to do so.[2] The studio then released The Jazz Singer in 1927 which marked the first commercially successful sound film, but silent films were still the majority of features released in both 1927 and 1928, along with so-called goat-glanded films: silents with a suduction of sound film inserted. Thus the modern sound film era may be regarded as coming to dominance beginning in 1929. For a listing of notable silent era films, see list of years in film for the years between the beginning of film and 1928. The following list includes only films produced in the sound era with the specific artistic intention of being silent. Un Chien Andalou, Luis Buñuel, 1929 People on Sunday, Robert Siodmak, 1930 City Girl, F. W. Murnau, 1930 Borderline, Kenneth MacPherson, 1930 Earth, Aleksandr Dovzhenko, 1930 City Lights, Charlie Chaplin, 1931 Tabu, F. W. Murnau, Robert Flaherty, 1931 I Was Born, But..., Yasujiro Ozu, 1932 A Story of Floating Weeds, Yasujiro Ozu, 1934 The Goddess, Wu Yonggang, 1934 Modern Times, Charlie Chaplin, 1936 Later homages[edit] Several filmmakers have paid homage to the comedies of the silent era, including Jacques Tati with his Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot (1953) and Mel Brooks with Silent Movie (1976). Taiwanese director Hou Hsiao-Hsien's acclaimed drama Three Times (2005) is silent during its middle third, complete with intertitles; Stanley Tucci's The Impostors has an opening silent sequence in the style of early silent comedies. Brazilian filmmaker Renato Falcão's Margarette's Feast (2003) is silent. Writer / Director Michael Pleckaitis puts his own twist on the genre with Silent (2007). While not silent, the Mr. Bean television series and movies have used the title character's non-talkative nature to create a similar style of humor. A lesser-known example is Jérôme Savary's La fille du garde-barrière (1975), an homage to silent-era films that uses intertitles and blends comedy, drama, and explicit sex scenes (which led to it being refused a cinema certificate by the British Board of Film Classification). In 1990, Charles Lane directed and starred in Sidewalk Stories, a low budget salute to sentimental silent comedies particularly Charlie Chaplin's The Kid. The German film Tuvalu (1999) is mostly silent; the small amount of dialog is an odd mix of European languages, increasing the film's universality. Guy Maddin won awards for his homage to Soviet era silent films with his short The Heart of the World after which he made a feature-length silent, Brand Upon the Brain! (2006), incorporating live Foley artists, narration and orchestra at select showings. Shadow of the Vampire (2000) is a highly fictionalized depiction of the filming of Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau's classic silent vampire movie Nosferatu (1922). Werner Herzog honored the same film in his own version, Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (1979). Some films draw a direct contrast between the silent film era and the era of talkies. Sunset Boulevard shows the disconnect between the two eras in the character of Norma Desmond, played by silent film star Gloria Swanson, and Singin' in the Rain deals with the period where the people of Hollywood had to face changing from making silents to talkies. Peter Bogdanovich's affectionate 1976 film Nickelodeon deals with the turmoil of silent filmmaking in Hollywood during the early 1910s, leading up to the release of D. W. Griffith's epic The Birth of a Nation (1915). In 1999, the Finnish filmmaker Aki Kaurismäki produced Juha, which captures the style of a silent film, using intertitles in place of spoken dialogue.[26] In India, the film Pushpak (1988),[27] starring Kamal Hassan, was a black comedy entirely devoid of dialog. The Australian film Dr Plonk (2007), was a silent comedy directed by Rolf de Heer. Stage plays have drawn upon silent film styles and sources. Actor/writers Billy Van Zandt & Jane Milmore staged their Off-Broadway slapstick comedy Silent Laughter as a live action tribute to the silent screen era.[28] Geoff Sobelle and Trey Lyford created and starred in All Wear Bowlers (2004), which started as an homage to Laurel and Hardy then evolved to incorporate life-sized silent film sequences of Sobelle and Lyford who jump back and forth between live action and the silver screen.[29] The animated film Fantasia (1940), which is eight different animation sequences set to music, can be considered a silent film, with only one short scene involving dialogue. The espionage film The Thief (1952) has music and sound effects, but no dialogue. In 2005, the H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society produced a silent film version of Lovecraft's story The Call of Cthulhu. This film maintained a period-accurate filming style, and was received as both "the best HPL adaptation to date" and, referring to the decision to make it as a silent movie, "a brilliant conceit."[30] The French film The Artist (2011), written and directed by Michel Hazanavicius, plays as a silent film and is set in Hollywood during the silent era. It also includes segments of fictitious silent films starring its protagonists.[31] The Japanese vampire film Sanguivorous (2011) is not only done in the style of a silent film, but even toured with live orchestral accompiment.[32][33] Eugene Chadbourne has been among those who have played live music for the film.[34] Blancanieves is a 2012 Spanish black-and-white silent fantasy drama film written and directed by Pablo Berger. The American feature-length silent film Silent Life started in 2006, features performances by Isabella Rossellini and Galina Jovovich, mother of Milla Jovovich, will premiere in 2013. The film is based on the life of the silent screen icon Rudolph Valentino, known as the Hollywood's first "Great Lover". After the emergency surgery, Valentino loses his grip of reality and begins to see the recollection of his life in Hollywood from a perspective of a coma - as a silent film shown at a movie palace, the magical portal between life and eternity, between reality and illusion.[35][36] Right There is a 2013 short film which is an homage to silent film comedies. The American Theatre Organ Society pays homage to the music of silent films, as well as the theatre organs which played such music. With over 75 local chapters, the organization seeks to preserve and promote theater organs and music, as an art form.[37] The 2015 British animated film Shaun the Sheep Movie based on Shaun the Sheep was realised to positive reviews and was a box office succeed Aardman Animations also produce Morph, Timmy Time aswell as many other silent short films. Preservation and lost films[edit] This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. ? Silent films by country? (39 C) ? Silent films in color? (51 P) ? Silent films by director? (206 C) ? Silent short films? (6 C, 47 P) S ? Silent film studios? (1 C, 23 P) T ? Transitional sound films? (115 P) S ? Silent film stubs? (13 C, 805 P) Pages in category "Silent films" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 1,732 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). (previous page) (next page) 1 $1,000 Reward 3 3 Bad Men A Aan boord van de 'Sabina' The Abyss (1910 film) Accusing Evidence Ace High (1919 film) Ace of Spades (serial) Ace of the Saddle Acquitted (film) Across the Plains (1910 film) Across the Plains (1911 film) Across the Plains (1928 film) Action (1921 film) The Active Life of Dolly of the Dailies Adventure (1925 film) An Adventure in the Autumn Woods The Adventure of the Wrong Santa Claus The Adventures of Algy The Adventures of Dollie The Adventures of François Villon Adventures of Juku the Dog The Adventures of Mr. Pickwick The Adventures of Peg o' the Ring The Adventures of Prince Courageous The Adventures of Ruth The Adventures of Shorty An Adventurous Automobile Trip After His Own Heart After Many Years (1908 film) After the Storm (1928 film) De afwezige Ah! La Barbe The Air Legion Aitaré da Praia Aladdin's Other Lamp Alas and Alack Alas! Poor Yorick! Alias Jimmy Valentine (1920 film) Alias Mary Flynn Alias the Deacon Alice in Wonderland (1903 film) Alice in Wonderland (1915 film) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1910 film) Alien Souls Alkali Ike's Auto All for a Girl (1916 film) All for Peggy All for Science All on Account of the Milk All Woman (1918 film) Alma de sacrificio Almost a Rescue Almost an Actress Aloha Oe (film) Always Tell Your Wife Am Sklavenmarkt The Amateur Gentleman (1926 film) The Ambition of the Baron American Beauty (1927 film) American Girls (film) The Ancient Mariner (film) And a Little Child Shall Lead Them Ang Tatlong Hambog The Angel of Contention Anna Boleyn (film) Anna-Liisa Annabelle Butterfly Dance Annabelle Serpentine Dance Anne Against the World Annie Oakley (1894 film) Anything Once Appearances (film) The Arab (1915 film) Arizona (1913 film) Arizona Express Artful Kate Artistenrevue As Aventuras de Gregório As God Made Her As Man Desires The Assigned Servant Assigned to his Wife At Bay At the Altar At the Sign of the Jack O'Lantern At the Villa Rose (1920 film) Augusto Anibal quer casar Australia Prepared The Automobile Thieves Avalanche (1923 film) Avatar (1916 film) The Awakening of Helena Richie (film) An Awful Moment The Awful Truth (1925 film) B Baby Brother Baby Clothes Baby Mine (1928 film) Il bacio di Cirano Back to God's Country (1927 film) The Bad Lands The Bakery Balidan Balked at the Altar La bandera Argentina De bannelingen The Bar-C Mystery The Barber of Seville (1904 film) Bare Fists The Barnyard The Barrier of Flames Barry Butts In The Battle at Elderbush Gulch The Battle of Gettysburg (1913 film) The Battle of the Sexes (1914 film) The Battle of Waterloo (film) The Battle (1911 film) Battleship Potemkin Battling Jane Be Your Age Bears and Bad Men A Beast at Bay Beasts of Paradise Beauty of the World Bed and Sofa Bees in His Bonnet The Beggar Prince Behind the Clouds the Sun Is Shining Behind the Door (film) Behind the Lines (film) Behind the Scenes (1908 film) The Bell Hop The Bells (1918 film) The Bells (1926 film) Ben Hall and his Gang De besejrede Pebersvende Bet naar de Olympiade Bet, Queen of Jordan Betrayed by a Handprint The Betrayer Better Movies Beware of Blondes The Bewitched Inn Beyond the Rocks (film) Big Business (1924 film) The Big City (1928 film) The Big Town (1925 film) Bijna een dubbele moord in Lutjebroek Billwamangal Birds of a Feather (1917 film) The Birth of New Zealand The Black Book (serial) The Black Box (serial) The Black Butterfly Black Magic (1929 film) Black Orchids (film) The Black Tulip (1921 film) The Blackbird Blake of Scotland Yard (1927 serial) Bleeke Bet (1923 film) Blind Alleys (film) Blind Justice (1916 film) The Blind Princess and the Poet Bliss (1917 film) Blockade (1928 film) Blockade (2006 film) De bloemen, die de ziel vertroosten The Blonde Saint Blood Money (1921 film) The Blood Ship Blow Job (film) Blue Blood (1925 film) The Blue Danube (1928 film) The Blue Fox Blue Streak McCoy Bluebeard (1901 film) The Bluejackets The Boat (film) ...La bocca mi bacio tutto tremante La Bohème (1916 film) La Bohème (1926 film) Bonnie Bonnie Lassie The Border Patrol (film) The Border Wireless The Boss (1915 film) The Bottle Imp (1917 film) The Boycotted Baby Boys Will Be Joys The Brahma Diamond The Brand of Cowardice The Brand of Lopez The Brass Bullet Breakfast at Sunrise Brewster's Millions (1914 film) Brewster's Millions (1921 film) Bride's Play Bright Lights (1916 film) The Bright Shawl Briton and Boer Broadway Lady A Broadway Scandal Main articles: Lost film and Film preservation Many early motion pictures are lost because the nitrate film used in that era was extremely unstable and flammable. Additionally, many films were deliberately destroyed because they had little value in the era before home video. It has often been claimed that around 75% of silent films have been lost, though these estimates may be inaccurate due to a lack of numerical data.[38] Major silent films presumed lost include Saved from the Titanic (1912), which featured survivors of the disaster;[39] The Life of General Villa, starring Pancho Villa himself; The Apostle, the world's first animated feature film (1917); Cleopatra (1917);[40] Gold Diggers (1923); Kiss Me Again (1925); Arirang (1926); Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1927);[41] The Great Gatsby (1926); and London After Midnight (1927). Though most lost silent films will never be recovered, some have been discovered in film archives or private collections. Discovered and preserved versions may be editions made for the home rental market of the 1920s and 1930s that are discovered in estate sales, etc.[42] In 1978 in Dawson City, Yukon, a bulldozer uncovered buried reels of nitrate film during excavation of a landfill. Dawson City was once the end of the distribution line for many films. The retired titles were stored at the local library until 1929 when the flammable nitrate was used as landfill in a condemned swimming pool. Stored for 50 years under the permafrost of the Yukon, the films turned out to be extremely well preserved. Included were films by Pearl White, Harold Lloyd, Douglas Fairbanks, and Lon Chaney. These films are now housed at the Library of Congress.[43] The degradation of old film stock can be slowed through proper archiving, and films can be transferred to digital media for preservation. Silent film preservation has been a high priority among film historians.[44] See also[edit] Category:Silent films Category:Silent film actors Classic Images Laurel and Hardy films List of film formats German Expressionism Kammerspielfilm List of silent films released on 8 mm or Super 8 mm film Lost films Melodrama Sound film Sound stage Tab show At the Moving Picture Ball (Song about silent film stars) 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early life[edit] Born in New York City to vaudeville comedy performers John Hyams, (1869-1940) and Leila (née McIntyre) Hyams (1882-1953). Both parents appeared in films and mother Leila Senior was also a noted stage performer, her parents can later be seen together in several Hollywood films such as in 1939's The Housekeeper's Daughter. Hyams appeared on-stage with her parents while still a child. As a teenager she worked as a model and became well known across the United States after appearing in a successful series of newspaper advertisements. This success led her to Hollywood. Career[edit] Leila Hyams She made her first film in 1924, and with her blonde hair, green eyes, delicate features, and good natured demeanour, was cast in a string of supporting roles, where she was required to do very little but smile and look pretty. She proved herself capable of handling the small roles she was assigned, and over a period of time she came to be taken seriously as an actress. By 1928 she was playing starring roles, achieving success in MGM's first talkie release, Alias Jimmy Valentine (1928) opposite William Haines, Lionel Barrymore and Karl Dane. The following year she appeared in the popular murder mystery The Thirteenth Chair, a role that offered her the chance to display her dramatic abilities as a murder suspect. At Fox that same year she appeared in director Allan Dwan's now lost romantic adventure The Far Call opposite Charles Morton. The quality of her parts continued to improve as the decade turned, including a role as Robert Montgomery's sister in the prison drama The Big House (1930) with Chester Morris and Wallace Beery, for which Hyams once again received positive reviews. She then appeared in Surrender (1931).[1] Although she succeeded in films that required her to play pretty ingenues, and developed into a capable dramatic actress in 1930s crime melodramas, she is perhaps best remembered for two early 1930s horror movies, as the wise-cracking but kind-hearted circus performer in Freaks (1932), and as the heroine in the Bela Lugosi film Island of Lost Souls (1932). Hyams was the original choice to play Jane in Tarzan the Ape Man (1932), but turned it down. The role was ultimately played by Maureen O'Sullivan.[1] She also appeared in the once controversial Jean Harlow film Red-Headed Woman (1932), the musical comedy The Big Broadcast (1932) with Bing Crosby, George Burns and Gracie Allen, and was praised for her comedic performance in Ruggles of Red Gap (1935), opposite Charlie Ruggles.[1] Personal life[edit] After ten years and fifty films, Hyams retired from acting in 1936, but remained part of the Hollywood community for the rest of her life. She was married to agent Phil Berg from 1927 until her death in the Bel-Air neighborhood of Los Angeles, California in 1977, aged 72. Ruth Thomas: "Tell us about it, Edward. " Edward Parker: "Oh, it's... it's nothing. " Dr. Moreau: "They are restless tonight." Two films have since been made based on the same H. G. Wells novel. The first was released in 1977 and stars Burt Lancaster as the doctor. The second came out in 1996, with Marlon Brando as Moreau. In the very similar The Twilight People (1973), actress Pam Grier played the panther woman. Playwright Charles Ludlam used this movie, as well as Wells' novel and the fairy tale by Charles Perrault, when writing his play Bluebeard (1970). Members of the new wave band Devo were fans of the film. The "What is the law?" sequence formed part of the lyrics to Devo's song "Jocko Homo," with Lugosi's query "Are we not men?" providing the title to their 1978 debut album Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo! Devo's short film "The Truth About De-Evolution" and an interview with founding members Gerald V. Casale and Mark Mothersbaugh are special features on the Criterion Collection release of the film. Oingo Boingo is another new wave band who paid tribute to the film with their song "No Spill Blood," which featured the refrain "What is the Law? No spill blood!" and appeared on their 1983 album, Good for Your Soul. The Meteors, a psychobilly band from the UK told the story of the film in their song "Island of Lost Souls" on their 1986 album Teenagers From Outer Space, the chorus being a prolonged chant of "We don't eat meat; Are We Not Men? We stand on two feet; Are We Not Men?" etc. Heavy metal band Van Halen paid homage to the film in the original version of their song "House of Pain", the early lyrics for which directly referenced the storyline of the movie. During onstage introductions of the song circa 1976-77, Van Halen vocalist David Lee Roth routinely gave a brief synopsis of the film. The song was shelved for the better part of a decade, but eventually resurfaced with different non-movie-related lyrics and released on the band's 1984 album. The US horror-rock band Manimals based much of their stage persona on the film. Their 1985 Blood is the Harvest vinyl E.P. closes with the song "Island of Lost Souls". The track includes a "What is the Law?" section that fans would chant during live shows. The film historian Gary Don Rhodes has called them "the best-ever in the horror-rock genre" and referenced them in his 1997 book Lugosi (McFarland Press). References[edit] Jump up ^ James C. Robertson, The Hidden Cinema: British Film Censorship in Action, 1913-1975, London, Routledge (1989), pp. 55-57. Jump up ^ James C. Robertson, The British Board of Film Censors: Film Censorship in Britain, 1896-1950, Dover, NH: Croon Helm (1985). Sources[edit] Island of Lost Souls VHS tape, Universal Home Video Monsters Classic Collection IMDb profile: Island of Lost Souls Classics of the Horror Film: From the Days of the Silent Film to the Exorcist, by Willam K. Everson Kevin Hart: What Now? October 21, 2016 Ouija 2 co-production with Blumhouse Productions November 11, 2016 A Meyers Christmas co-production with Will Packer Productions November 23, 2016 The Great Wall distribution outside of China only; produced by Legendary Pictures, Atlas Entertainment, China Film Co., Ltd and Le Vision Pictures December 9, 2016 Let It Snow December 21, 2016 Sing co-production with Illumination Entertainment January 6, 2017 Mena January 20, 2017 Split co-production with Blumhouse Productions February 10, 2017 Fifty Shades Darker March 10, 2017 Kong: Skull Island March 24, 2017 The Mummy co-production with K/O Paper Products April 14, 2017 Furious 8 June 30, 2017 Despicable Me 3 co-production with Illumination Entertainment August 4, 2017 Pitch Perfect 3 October 20, 2017 Untitled film co-production with Blumhouse Productions November 17, 2017 How the Grinch Stole Christmas co-production with Illumination Entertainment February 9, 2018 Fifty Shades Freed March 30, 2018 Untitled Universal Monsters film June 22, 2018 Jurassic World sequel TBA The Best Man Wedding Low Riders co-production Pacific Rim 2 co-production with Legendary Pictures[4] Search Party US distribution only; co-production with Gold Circle Films and Original Film Silver Pictures[21] Village Roadshow Pictures (2016-) Will Packer Productions (2013-)[22] Blumhouse Productions[23] Former distribution deals Morgan Creek Productions product (2003-2011) [24] Cross Creek Pictures (2011-2014) Units[edit] Divisions[edit] Universal Television Universal Pictures Home Entertainment Focus Features Gramercy Pictures label Working Title Films Illumination Entertainment Universal Animation Studios Joint ventures[edit] United International Pictures Film series[edit] Title Release date Notes Universal Monsters 1923-1956 Jaws 1975–1987 Back to the Future 1985–1990 co-production with Amblin Entertainment Jurassic Park 1993–present co-production with Amblin Entertainment and Legendary Pictures The Mummy 1999–2008 co-production with Relativity Media, Sommers Company and Alphaville Films The Chronicles of Riddick 2000-2013 co-production with One Race Films, Interscope Communications, Radar Pictures and PolyGram Filmed Entertainment The Fast and the Furious 2001–present co-production with Original Film, Relativity Media, One Race Films and Media Rights Capital Bourne 2002–present co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company and Relativity Media Despicable Me 2010–present co-production with Illumination Entertainment The Purge 2013–present co-production with Blumhouse Productions, Platinum Dunes and Why Not Productions Universal Monsters Cinematic Universe 2014–present co-production with Legendary Pictures Davis Entertainment - John Davis Marvel Entertainment (2000–present) New Regency - major co-financing partner: Arnon Milchan Searchlight's deals Decibel Films - Danny Boyle Ad Hominem Enterprises - Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor[21] Films[edit] Main articles: List of 20th Century Fox films (1935–1999) and List of 20th Century Fox films (2000–present) See also[edit] Related companies: 20th Century Fox Animation 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment 20th Century Fox Television Fox 21 Fox Atomic Fox Broadcasting Company Fox Entertainment Group Fox Interactive Fox Star Studios Fox Searchlight Pictures Related products: 20th Century Fox Studio Classics – A premium DVD collection Fox Family Fun – A family DVD collection Other: Backlot Blu-ray Disc Association CinemaScope Blue Sky Studios DreamWorks Animation Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer In June 2008, Variety reported that DreamWorks was looking for financing that would allow it to continue operations, but as a production company, once its deal with Paramount ended later that year.[22] Several public equity funds were approached for financing including Blackstone Group, Fuse Global, TPG Capital, and several others, but all passed on the deal given their understanding of the Hollywood markets. Then most of the backing would come from an Indian investment firm called Reliance ADA Group. In January 2009, Spielberg entered a licensing agreement with DreamWorks Animation to use the DreamWorks trademarks, logo, and name for film productions and releases.[23] In September 2008, Variety reported that DreamWorks closed a deal with Reliance to create a stand-alone production company called DreamWorks Studios and end its ties with Paramount.[24][25] On February 9, 2009, DreamWorks Studios entered into a long-term, 30-picture distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures by which the films will be released through the Touchstone Pictures banner.[3] The deal also includes co-funding via a loan by Disney to DreamWorks Studios for production and access to slots in Disney's pay television agreement then with Starz.[3] This agreement is reported to have come after negotiations broke off with Universal Pictures just days earlier.[26] DreamWorks raised $325 million from Reliance Entertainment and an additional $325 million in debt in 2009.[1] DreamWorks Studios' initial movies, I Am Number Four, Cowboys & Aliens and Fright Night failed while The Help was a hit and Real Steel and Spielberg's own War Horse had some success at the box office. This left DreamWorks Studios so financially drained that by 2011, the company was seeking additional funding from Reliance. Reliance gave a $200 million investment in April 2012. Under the deal, DreamWorks Studios scaled back production to three films per year and sought co-financiers on big budget films with 20th Century Fox co-financing Lincoln and Robopocalypse. The company continues to utilize The Walt Disney Studios' marketing unit.[1] In August, after renegotiating their agreement with Disney, DreamWorks Studios formed a deal with Mister Smith Entertainment to distribute DreamWorks films in Europe, Africa and the Middle East, while Disney will continue to distribute in North America, Latin America, Australia, Russia, and some territories in Asia.[27] In September 2015, it was reported that DreamWorks and Disney would not renew their distribution deal, set to expire in August 2016, with The BFG being the last film to be released under the original agreement,[4][5] though Deadline Hollywood reported that Disney has set an October 2016 release date for The Girl on the Train.[28] In October 2015, DreamWorks is in negotiations with NBCUniversal to replace Disney with Universal Pictures as the domestic distributor.[29] The contract allowing Spielberg to license the DreamWorks name and logo from Jeffrey Katzenberg is set to expire on 1 January 2016, leading to speculation that Spielberg will not renew the pact and begin producing films under the Amblin name or a completely different brand altogether. However, a source close to both Spielberg and Katzenberg claims that they might consider continuing to operate two separate DreamWorks companies for the time being.[23] Logo[edit] The DreamWorks logo features a boy sitting on a crescent moon while fishing. The general idea for the logo was the idea of company co-founder Steven Spielberg, who wanted a computer generated image. The logo was then made at Industrial Light and Magic, in collaboration with Kaleidoscope Films, Dave Carson and Clint Goldman.[30] The music accompanying the logo to start live-action DreamWorks movies was specially composed by John Williams; the DreamWorks Animation logo has music from the Harry Gregson-Williams/John Powell score for Shrek. Distribution[edit] DreamWorks used to distribute its own films, with Universal handling video distribution rights. When Viacom bought DreamWorks in 2006, this meant most DreamWorks films were to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. This partnership ended in 2008. On February 9, 2009, DreamWorks entered into a long-term, 30-picture distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures by which the films will be released through the Touchstone Pictures banner. The deal also includes co-funding by Disney to DreamWorks for production.[3] Originally, the deal included access to slots in Disney's pay television agreement with Starz, but went to Showtime instead.[31] This agreement was reported to have come after negotiations broke off with Universal Pictures just days earlier.[26] However, this deal does not include Indian distribution rights, which is handled by Reliance.[3] Also not included are sequels to live-action films released before the Paramount merger, or those released by Paramount themselves – Paramount retains the rights to these franchises, and many sequels that were made by Paramount included, Little Fockers, which was released by Paramount internationally in December 2010 (Universal owns domestic rights), Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues, Road Trip: Beer Pong and Transformers: Dark of the Moon. The broadcast and basic subscription cable television distribution rights to many DreamWorks films are owned by either Trifecta Entertainment & Media and Disney-ABC Domestic Television (formerly known as Buena Vista Television), depending on both content and region of license. In South Korea, CJ Entertainment has the rights to release all DreamWorks' films, except some co-productions (for example, Minority Report and Road to Perdition were distributed by Fox, Small Soldiers, Gladiator, A Beautiful Mind and Seabiscuit by Universal Studios, Almost Famous and Evolution by Columbia Pictures, Saving Private Ryan by Paramount Pictures, and The Island and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street by Warner Bros., due to these studios having owned the international rights to these films). Over the years, many DreamWorks films have aired on the ABC TV network through a deal. Formerly, United International Pictures, a joint venture of Paramount and Universal, released DreamWorks' films internationally (except South Korea). In August 2012, DreamWorks formed a deal with Mister Smith Entertainment, a joint venture of Constantin Film and Summit Entertainment co-founder David Garrett. Mister Smith will sell the distribution of DreamWorks films in Europe, Africa and the Middle East, while Disney will continue to distribute in North and South America, Kazakhstan, Australia, Russia,Southeast Asia and Eastern Asia.[27] Reliance will still distribute for India.[32] Mister Smith made a four-year deal with Entertainment One for distribution in the United Kingdom and the Benelux countries.[33] Other deals were made with Constantin Film for Germany/Austria/Switzerland, Nordisk Film for Scandinavia, and Italia Film for the Middle East.[32] In February 2013, DreamWorks announced distribution deals with Acme (the Baltic regions), United King (Israel), Metropolitan Filmexport (France),[34] Andrea Leone (Italy), Monolith (Poland), Blitz (Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia),SinemArt and Rapi Films (Indonesia), Fida Film (Turkey), Lusomundo (Portugal), Odeon (Greece), Interfilm (Ukraine), and TriPictures/DeaPlaneta (Spain).[35] Highest-grossing films Rank Title Year Domestic gross Notes 1 Titanic* 1997 $658,672,302 Distributed internationally by 20th Century Fox. 2 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $402,111,870 Distributed internationally by DreamWorks Pictures. 3 Transformers: Dark of the Moon 2011 $352,390,543 4 Forrest Gump* 1994 $330,252,182 5 Shrek the Third 2007 $322,719,944 Distribution only. Owned and produced by DreamWorks Animation. 6 Transformers 2007 $319,246,193 Distributed internationally by DreamWorks Pictures. 7 Iron Man 2008 $318,412,101 Distribution only; produced by Marvel Studios. Distribution rights were transferred to the Walt Disney Studios in 2013.[85] 8 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 $317,101,119 9 Iron Man 2 2010 $312,433,331 Distribution only; produced by Marvel Studios. Distribution rights were transferred to the Walt Disney Studios in 2013.[85] 10 Star Trek 2009 $257,730,019 11 Raiders of the Lost Ark* 1981 $248,159,971 Later retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark. 12 Transformers: Age of Extinction 2014 $245,439,076 13 Shrek Forever After 2010 $238,736,787 Distribution only. Owned and produced by DreamWorks Animation. 14 Beverly Hills Cop 1984 $234,760,478 15 War of the Worlds 2005 $234,280,354 Distributed internationally by DreamWorks Pictures. 16 Star Trek Into Darkness 2013 $228,778,661 17 Ghost 1990 $217,631,306 18 How to Train Your Dragon 2010 $217,581,231 Distribution only. Owned and produced by DreamWorks Animation. 19 Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted 2012 $216,391,482 Distribution only. Owned and produced by DreamWorks Animation. 20 Kung Fu Panda 2008 $215,434,591 Distribution only. Owned and produced by DreamWorks Animation. 21 Mission: Impossible II 2000 $215,409,889 22 Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol 2011 $209,397,903 23 World War Z 2013 $202,359,711 24 Monsters vs. Aliens 2009 $198,351,526 Distribution only. Owned and produced by DreamWorks Animation. 25 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 1989 $197,171,806 Defunct 1983 Status Catalogue and artist roster now controlled by Polydor Records while the Bee Gees catalogue is now controlled by Reprise/Rhino Records and the Star Wars soundtracks by Sony Classical Genre Various Country of origin United States RSO Records was a record label formed by rock and roll and musical theatre impresario Robert Stigwood in 1973.[1] The "RSO" stands for the Robert Stigwood Organisation. The company's main headquarters were at 67 Brook Street, in London's Mayfair. It underwent four distribution stages: by Atlantic Records from March 1973 to December 1975, by Polydor Records from January 1976 to December 1977, as an independent label from January 1978 to around October 1981, and finally by PolyGram Records from around November 1981 until the label's end in 1983.[2] RSO managed the careers of several superstars (Bee Gees, Yvonne Elliman, Eric Clapton, Andy Gibb), and, as a record label, released the soundtracks to Fame, Sparkle, The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi, Times Square, Grease (over 30 million copies sold worldwide), and Saturday Night Fever (over 35 million copies sold worldwide). The release of the latter two albums made RSO one of the most financially successful labels of the 1970s. As successful as the label was financially, the independent label produced successes on the pop charts never before seen by the recording industry. By one point in 1978, the label boasted an unprecedented sixth consecutive number-one single on the Billboard (US) pop charts, holding the top spot for 21 consecutive weeks. With singles releases from the Grease album ("You're the One That I Want", and the title track) and another huge Andy Gibb smash ("Shadow Dancing"), RSO would log a further 10 weeks at the number 1 position, giving the label a record nine in one calendar year. This feat remains unduplicated by any record label to date.[citation needed] It also released a one-off single that summer by Paul Jones, featuring orchestrated ballad-style versions of two punk classics, Pretty Vacant, and Sheena is a Punk Rocker. As well as the label was operating in 1978, the disastrous commercial and critical failure of RSO's movie version of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band crippled the company. The woes of this failure were only somewhat offset by the middle of 1979, as the Bee Gees album Spirits Having Flown went on to eventually sell nearly 20 million copies (with the album producing three further number 1 singles that each sold more than one million copies in their own right). In 1980, the label's most famous act, the Bee Gees, filed a $200 million lawsuit against both RSO and Stigwood, claiming mismanagement. The lawsuit was subsequently settled for an undisclosed amount, and after a public reconciliation, the band remained with the label until its dissolution. By 1981, Stigwood had ended his involvement with the label, which was absorbed into PolyGram a few years later. All previous RSO releases were later re-released under Polydor's label. The Star Wars soundtracks would pass through several hands before ultimately ending up with Sony Classical in the 90s, and the Bee Gees catalog reverted to the Gibb family, who set up a new distribution arrangement with Warner Music's Rhino Records division, who has reissued their albums and the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack on the Reprise label. Contents [hide] 1 The logo 2 Label variations 3 See also 4 References The logo[edit] Stigwood explained the inspiration for RSO Records' akabeko logo in a 2001 interview for Billboard: “ I was in Japan with the Who and decided to set up RSO as an independent label. I has designers working on a logo, but I didn’t like any of them. Some Japanese friends gave me a papier-mâché cow, which is a symbol of good health and good fortune. It was on the mantelpiece in my office, and I thought, “Good health and good fortune”, that’s appropriate. Just write RSO on it."'[3] ” Label variations[edit] Atlantic-owned label: Peach label with small logo Polydor-owned label: Tan label with large logo, Polydor logo at bottom perimeter of label Independently owned label: Tan label with larger logo Polygram-owned label: Silver label with large logo RSO Top Line reissue label: White label with gold or silver star, very small logo at top of label between TOP and LINE 1981: The Nashville Grab — Buddy Walker 1983: Making of a Male Model — Chuck Lanyard 1983: Wizards and Warriors — Prince Erik Greystone (10 episodes, 1983) 1984: Murder, She Wrote — Howard Griffin (4 episodes, 1984–1994) 1985: Berrenger's — John Higgins (11 episodes, 1985) 1985: The Love Boat — Andy Jackson (1 episode, 1985) 1985: Who's the Boss? — Jeff (1 episode, 1985) 1986: Matlock (NBC) — "The Affair" (S01, E05) as Daniel Ward 1987: Bay Coven — Josh McGwin 1987: Hotel — Eric Madison (1 episode, 1987) 1987: Mike Hammer — Harry Farris (2 episodes, in 1984 and 1987) 1987: Stingray — Ty Gardner (1 episode, 1987) 1987: Tales from the Darkside — Peter (1 episode, 1987) 1987: The Bold and the Beautiful — Mick Savage (unknown episodes, 1989–1990) 1988: The Dirty Dozen: The Fatal Mission — Sgt. Holt 1989: Freddy's Nightmares — Buddy Powers (1 episode, 1989) 1989: Monsters — Phil (1 episode, 1989) 1990: Good Grief — Winston Payne (1 episode, 1990) 1990: Shades of L.A. — Richard (1 episode, 1990) 1993: Matlock (ABC) — "Matlock's Bad, Bad, Bad Dream" (S08, E11) as Slick/Waiter 1994: Babylon 5 — Zack Allan (74 episodes, 1994–1998) 1995: Burke's Law — Dr. Alex Kenyon (1 episode, 1995) 1995: Hope and Gloria — Bud Green (1 episode, 1995) 1996: Mr. & Mrs. Smith — Rich Edwards (1 episode, 1996) 1997: George & Leo (1 episode, 1997) 1998: Babylon 5: The River of Souls — Zack Allan 1998: Babylon 5: Thirdspace — Zack Allan 1999: Babylon 5: A Call to Arms — Zack Allan 2000: L.A. 7 — Manager of Radio Station (1 episode, 2000) 2004: She Spies — Zachary Mason (1 episode, 2004) 2006: The John Kerwin Show — Guest (1 episode, 2006) Awards[edit] Year Recipient/Nominated work Award Result 1978 Grease Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Nominated John Travolta Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated Olivia Newton-John Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated "Grease" Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Nominated "You're the One That I Want" Nominated "Hopelessly Devoted to You" Academy Award for Best Original Song Nominated 1979 CIC Golden Screen Award Won Stockard Channing People's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress Won Olivia Newton-John People's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture Actress Won Grease People's Choice Award for Favorite Musical Motion Picture Won Grease People's Choice Award for Favorite Overall Motion Picture Won 2006 Grease Satellite Award for Best Classic DVD Nominated 2008 "You're the One That I Want" TV Land Award for Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room Nominated American Film Institute Recognition[edit] American Film Institute Lists AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions: No. 97 AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: No. 70 for "Summer Nights" AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals: No. 20 Sequel[edit] Grease 2 (1982) was a sequel to Grease starring Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer. As mentioned, only a few cast members from the original movie such as Dody Goodman, Sid Caesar, Eddie Deezen, Didi Conn, Dennis Stewart and Eve Arden reprise their respective roles. Dick Patterson returned, playing a different character. It was not nearly as successful, grossing just $15 million on its $13 million budget. Patricia Birch, the original movie's choreographer, directed the ill-fated sequel. It would be the only movie that she would direct. After the success of the original, Paramount intended to turn Grease into a multi-picture franchise with three sequels planned and a TV series down the road. However, the disappointing box office performance of Grease 2 prompted the producers to scrap all the plans.[35] On July 8, 2010, a sing-along version of Grease had a limited released to theaters around the U.S.[36] A trailer was released in May 2010 with cigarettes digitally removed from certain scenes, implying heavy editing; however, Paramount confirmed these changes were done only for the film's advertising,[37] and the rating for the film itself changed from its original PG to that of PG-13 for "sexual content including references, teen smoking and drinking, and language."[38] The movie was shown for two weekends only; additional cities lobbied by fans from the Paramount official website started a week later and screened for one weekend.[39] On March 12, 2013, Grease and Grease 2 were packaged together in a Double Feature DVD set from Warner Home Video. Independent publishing alternatives[edit] See also: Alternative media Writers in a specialized field or with a narrower appeal have found smaller alternatives to the mass market in the form of small presses and self-publishing. More recently, these options include print on demand and ebook format. These publishing alternatives provide an avenue for authors who believe that mainstream publishing will not meet their needs or who are in a position to make more money from direct sales than they could from bookstore sales, such as popular speakers who sell books after speeches. Authors are more readily published by this means due to the much lower costs involved. Recent developments[edit] The 21st century has brought some new technological changes to the publishing industry. These changes include e-books, print on demand and accessible publishing. E-books have been quickly growing in availability in major publishing markets such as the USA and the UK since 2005. Google, Amazon.com and Sony have been leaders in working with publishers and libraries to digitize books. As of early 2011 Amazon's Kindle reading device is a significant force in the market, along with the Apple iPad and the Nook from Barnes & Noble.[citation needed] Along with the growing popularity of e-books, some companies like Oyster and Scribd have pursued the subscription model, providing members unlimited access to a content library on a variety of digital reading devices. The ability to quickly and cost-effectively print on demand has meant that publishers no longer have to store books at warehouses, if the book is in low or unknown demand. This is a huge advantage to small publishers who can now operate without large overheads and large publishers who can now cost-effectively sell their backlisted items. Accessible publishing uses the digitization of books to mark up books into XML and then produces multiple formats from this to sell to consumers, often targeting those with difficulty reading. Formats include a variety larger print sizes, specialized print formats for dyslexia,[12] eye tracking problems and macular degeneration, as well as Braille, DAISY, audiobooks and e-books.[13] Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimise environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.[14] A further development is the growth of on-line publishing where no physical books are produced. The ebook is created by the author and uploaded to a website from where it can be downloaded and read by anyone. An increasing number of small authors are using niche marketing online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.[15] These authors can use free services such as Smashwords or Amazon's CreateSpace to have their book available for worldwide sale. There is an obvious attraction for first time authors who have been repeatedly rejected by the existing agent/publisher model to explore this opportunity. However, a consequence of this change in the mechanics of book distribution is that there is now no mandatory check on author skill or even their ability to spell, and any person with an internet connection can publish whatever they choose, regardless of the literary merit or even basic readability of their writing. Standardization[edit] Refer to the ISO divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.[16][17] Legal issues[edit] World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva Main article: Publication Publication is the distribution of copies or content to the public.[18][19] The Berne Convention requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which is initially always the author.[18] In the Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player