general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."[19] In providing a work to the general public, the publisher takes responsibility for the publication in a way that a mere printer or a shopkeeper does not. For example, publishers may face charges of defamation, if they produce and distribute libelous material to the public, even if the libel was written by another person. Privishing[edit] Privishing (private publishing) is a modern term for publishing a book in such a small amount, or with such lack of marketing, advertising or sales support from the publisher, that the book effectively does not reach the public.[20] The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be special-ordered and will have a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusals to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute breach of contract, censorship,[21] or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time Early years[edit] Bloom was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Thelma Louise (née Berry) and Rudolph Lewis Bloom.[1] He was raised in Little Rock, Arkansas, and attended Vanderbilt University on a sports-writing scholarship. He began his writing career at Texas Monthly and Dallas Times Herald. While a movie reviewer at the Herald, he created the humorous persona of "Joe Bob Briggs" to review exploitation films and other genre films.

Persona[edit] Briggs's acting persona is that of an unapologetic redneck Texan with an avowed love of the drive-in theatre. He specializes in humorous but appreciative reviews of b-movies and cult films, which he calls drive-in movies (as distinguished from "indoor bullstuff"). In addition to his usual parody of urbane, high-brow movie criticism, his columns characteristically include colorful tales of woman-troubles and high-spirited brushes with the law, tales which inevitably conclude with his rush to catch a movie at a local drive-in, usually with female companionship. The reviews typically end with a brief rating of the "high points" of the movie in question, including the types of action (represented by nouns naming objects used in fight scenes suffixed with -fu), the number of bodies, number of female breasts bared, the notional number of pints of blood spilled, and for appropriately untoward movies a "vomit meter". A typical such concluding paragraph would be, "No dead bodies. One hundred seventeen breasts. Multiple aardvarking. Lap dancing. Cage dancing. Convenience-store dancing. Blindfold aardvarking. Blind-MAN aardvarking. Lesbo Fu. Pool cue-fu. Drive-In Academy Award nominations for Tane McClure. Joe Bob says check it out." ("Aardvarking" is one of many euphemisms Briggs employs in reference to sexual intercourse.[2][3]) Originally, Brigg's film reviews were limited to pictures shown at local drive-ins. Later, after a tongue-in-cheek 'battle' with his own convictions, he also began reviewing films released on VHS and DVD. Reaction to redevelopment of 42nd Street[edit] During the early 1980s when the City of New York was in the planning stages of renovating and redeveloping its run-down 42nd Street, Times Square area, which included closing many grindhouses showing B-movies on double and triple bills around the clock, as well as many porn theatres, Joe Bob expressed great opposition. He encouraged a "Postcard Fu" campaign, i.e., encouraging film fans to write to officials and pressure them into saving "the one place in New York City you could see a decent drive-in movie." He felt that 42nd Street movie houses rightfully belonged to all Americans and should be preserved as places where "Charles Bronson can be seen thirty feet high, as God intended".[4] One man show[edit] An Evening with Joe Bob Briggs, Joe Bob's one-man show, debuted in Cleveland in July 1985. Later re-titled Joe Bob Dead in Concert, it evolved into a theatrical piece involving story- telling, comedy and music that was performed in more than fifty venues over the next two years, including Caroline's in New York, convention centers, theaters, music clubs, comedy clubs, and regular engagements at Wolfgang's and the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco. Television[edit] In 1986, as a result of the stage show, Joe Bob was asked to be a guest host on Drive-In Theater, a late- night B-movie show on The Movie Channel (TMC), sister network of Showtime. Briggs went over so well that he was eventually signed to a long-term contract. Joe Bob's Drive-In Theater became the network's highest-rated show and ran for almost ten years, and was twice nominated for the industry's Cable ACE Award. He appeared on some 50 talk shows, including The Tonight Show (twice) and Larry King Live. He was also a commentator for a Fox TV news magazine for two seasons. Joe Bob's Drive-In Theater ended when TMC changed its format in early 1996. He was off the air for only four months before joining the TNT network, where he hosted MonsterVision for four years. That show ended in July 2000, when TNT likewise changed format. In 2011, the most definitive account of the MonsterVision series (including interviews with Briggs and series mailgirl Honey Gregory) appeared on the cult movie website, Mondo Video. In the late '90s he also spent two seasons as a commentator on Comedy Central's The Daily Show (under his given name John Bloom), with a recurring segment called "God stuff" beginning on the 2nd ever episode in 1996. He starred in Frank Henenlotter's documentary Herschell Gordon Lewis – Godfather of Gore.[5] Writing[edit] During these TV years, Briggs remained active as a writer, working as a contributing editor to the National Lampoon, freelancing for Rolling Stone, Playboy, the Village Voice, and Interview. He was the regular humor columnist and theater critic at the National Review, and he published five books of satire--Joe Bob Goes to the Drive-In, A Guide to Western Civilization, or My Story, Joe Bob Goes Back to the Drive-In, The Cosmic Wisdom of Joe Bob Briggs, and Iron Joe Bob, his parody of the men's movement. He also wrote and performed in special shows for Fox and Showtime, and collaborated with veteran comedy writer Norman Steinberg on an NBC sitcom that remains unproduced. His two syndicated newspaper columns--"Joe Bob Goes to the Drive-In" and "Joe Bob's America"—were picked up by the New York Times Syndicate in the '90s, and he continued to write both until putting the columns on hiatus in 1998. For one year he wrote a humorous sex advice column in Penthouse. In November 2000 he started writing the "Drive-In" column again, this time for United Press International, along with a second column, "The Vegas Guy", which chronicles Joe Bob's weekly forays into the casinos of America. In 2003, Briggs delivered Profoundly Disturbing: Shocking Movies That Changed History. In 1998, Bloom retired from writing newspaper reviews, only to return two years later due to popular demand[6][not in citation given] and continue his column as Joe Bob with UPI. Bloom has also appeared on television as a host of TNT's MonsterVision horror movie marathons, and has an internet website, The Joe Bob Report,[7] with collections of movie reviews and other articles. Briggs was president of the Trinity Foundation of Dallas, Texas, a non-denominational, non-profit public foundation that serves as a religious watchdog group and publishes The Door, a Christian satire magazine, of which Briggs was a regular columnist and investigative reporter. Some of the efforts of Bloom's religious watchdog reporting and satire were featured (under his given name John Bloom) in God Stuff, a regular segment in the first two seasons of The Daily Show. In addition, some of his writing can be seen in Choice: The Best of Reason, a compilation of the libertarian magazine's work over the past four decades. As of Halloween 2007, Briggs is Head Online Doorkeeper of the Wittenburg Door (the misspelling is deliberate), a magazine of religious satire. Books[edit] Joe Bob Briggs' movie reviews are collected in the now out-of-print books Joe Bob Goes to the Drive In and Joe Bob Goes Back to the Drive In. His most recent books, Profoundly Erotic: Sexy Movies that Changed History and Profoundly Disturbing: Shocking Movies that Changed History, contain all-new material. Recently, Briggs has contributed audio commentaries to DVDs released by Media Blasters and Elite Entertainment including Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter, The Double-D Avenger, Blood Sisters, Warlock Moon, Samurai Cop, I Spit on Your Grave, and several Ray Dennis Steckler films including The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies and Blood Shack. Joe Bob Briggs appeared as himself in the 2008 novel Bad Moon Rising by Jonathan Maberry. Joe Bob is one of several real-world horror celebrities who are in the fictional town of Pine Deep when monsters attack. Other celebrities include Tom Savini, Jim O'Rear, Brinke Stevens, Ken Foree, Stephen Susco, Debbie Rochon, James Gunn and blues man Mem Shannon.[8][9][10][11][12] Under his given name, John Bloom, he also co-wrote the nonfiction book Evidence of Love: The Candy Montgomery Story (1984). The book recounts the 1980 Wylie, Texas, murder case in which Montgomery killed her ex-lover's wife, Betty Gore, by striking her a total of 41 times with an ax and whose highly publicized trial ended in an unexpected[13][14] "not guilty" verdict. In 1990 the book was made into the CBS television movie A Killing in a Small Town starring Barbara Hershey Controversy[edit] In 1985, "Briggs" wrote a column about the "We are the world" video, in which he wrote a mocking description of starving African children, and made derogatory comments about the American Negro College Fund. The resulting controversy ended Bloom's position at the Dallas Times Herald, though his syndicated column merely changed distributors.[15][16] Main article: List of Vanderbilt University people Notable alumni and affiliates include two Vice Presidents of the United States, 25 Rhodes Scholars, seven Nobel Prize laureates, Fields Medal winners, Pulitzer Prize winners, Emmy Award winners, and Academy Award winners.[154][155][156] Vanderbilt has approximately 114,000 living alumni, with 31 alumni clubs established worldwide.[7] Many Vanderbilt alumni have gone on to make significant contributions in politics. Lamar Alexander (B.A. 1962) is a current U.S. Senator, former Governor of Tennessee, former U.S. Secretary of Education, and former U.S. presidential candidate; he filled the Senate seat left vacant by the retirement of Fred Thompson (J.D. 1971).[157] Two U.S. vice presidents, John Nance Garner and Al Gore, attended the university, but did not graduate.[158][159] However, Gore's ex-wife, Tipper, is herself an alumna, receiving a master's degree from Peabody in 1975.[160] Other alumni who are or have been involved in politics include former United States Supreme Court Associate Justice and former U.S. Attorney General James Clark McReynolds (B.S. 1882), Executive Vice President of the Cato Institute David Boaz (B.A. 1975),[157][161] and former White House Chief of Staff John R. Steelman (M.A. 1924). Bill Frist, a cardiothoracic surgeon and former U.S. Senate Majority Leader, is a faculty member at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Hiram Wesley Evans, who served as the Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan from 1922 to 1939, was also a Vanderbilt graduate.[162] Muhammad Yunus Within the business world, Vanderbilt alumni have gone on to serve in a number of key leadership roles; alumni include Ann S. Moore (B.A. 1971), former Chairman and CEO of Time Inc.; Doug Parker (M.B.A. 1986), President and CEO of US Airways; and Matthew J. Hart (B.A. 1974), former President/COO of Hilton Hotels.[163] Vanderbilt also has an intimate connection to the contemporary management consulting industry. In particular, the founders of two of the three most prominent management consulting firms graduated with undergraduate degrees from the university. Bruce Henderson, founder of The Boston Consulting Group, graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering in 1937,[164] while Bill Bain, founder of Bain and Company, graduated in 1959 with Phi Beta Kappa honors in history. Jane Silber, the current CEO of Canonical, Ltd., received a graduate degree from Vanderbilt. Thomas W. Beasley, the co-founder of the Corrections Corporation of America, graduated from the Vanderbilt Law School; he has been honored as a "Distinguished Alumni".[38][165] Amy Grant Three alumni, biochemist Stanford Moore (B.A. 1935), economist and microcredit pioneer Muhammad Yunus (Ph.D. 1971), and former Vice President Al Gore have won the Nobel Prize.[166][167] Four current or former members of the faculty also share that distinction: biochemist Stanley Cohen, physiologist Earl Sutherland, and pioneer molecular biologist Max Delbrück;[7] Nobel laureate and neuroscientist Paul Greengard was a visiting scholar. Alain Connes and Vaughan Jones, both Fields Medalists, are Distinguished Professors of Mathematics at the university. In addition, the university has a rich literary and journalistic legacy. Most notably, the Southern Agrarians were a group of influential American writers and poets in the 1920s and 1930s based at Vanderbilt. Three U.S. Poets Laureate are Vanderbilt alums: Allen Tate (B.A. 1922), Robert Penn Warren (B.A. 1925), and Randall Jarrell (M.A. 1938). Warren later went on to the win the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and for poetry. Novelists James Dickey (B.A. 1949) and James Patterson (M.A. 1970) also graduated from Vanderbilt.[168] Two well-known sportswriters, Grantland Rice (B.A. 1901) and Fred Russell (B.A. 1927), have a scholarship named after them at the university,[169] and Buster Olney (B.A. 1988) writes for ESPN.com and The New York Times.[170] Journalist David Brinkley attended briefly.[171] Skip Bayless (B.A. 1974) of ESPN First Take attended Vanderbilt as a recipient of the Russell-Rice scholarship.[170] Willie Geist (B.A. 1997) is a host of MSNBC's Morning Joe. Vanderbilt alumna Hildy Kuryk is the director of communications at Vogue and former senior New York finance consultant for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.[172][173][174] Jay Cutler Current Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler (B.S. 2005) is also a Vanderbilt alum and was drafted in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Denver Broncos. Cutler's teammate and offensive tackle Chris Williams (B.S. 2008) was a first round pick by the Bears in 2008. Vanderbilt also produced the first overall draft pick of Major League Baseball in 2007 with David Price, the second overall draft pick of Major League Baseball in 2008 with Pedro Alvarez and the seventh overall draft pick in 2009 with Mike Minor. Price, Alvarez and Minor were drafted by the then-named Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Pittsburgh Pirates and Atlanta Braves, respectively. Pitcher Josh Zeid made his major league debut with the Houston Astros in 2013. ESPN basketball analyst Carolyn Peck was a standout member of the Commodores' basketball program from 1985–1988, eventually becoming a head coach and leading the Purdue Boilermakers women's basketball team to a national championship in 1999. Many of its alumni became involved in the music industry, likely given the university's location in Nashville. Dinah Shore (B.A. 1938), Rosanne Cash (B.A. 1979), Amy Grant (B.A. 1982), and Dierks Bentley (B.A. 1997) are all alumni.[168] Shore later went on to star in a variety of films and radio and television series; other Vanderbilt alumni with Hollywood connections include Academy Award-winners Delbert Mann (B.A. 1941) and Tom Schulman (B.A. 1972) and Joe Bob Briggs (B.A. 1974).[168][170] See also[edit] Portal icon Tennessee portal Portal icon University portal Latin American Public Opinion Project Rites of Spring Music Festival Southern Ivy Anthony Joseph Arduengo III, chemistry Margaret Atwood, English literature Donald Barthelme, English Robin Behn, creative writing Philip Beidler, American literature David T. Beito, history Rick Bragg, author and journalist Joel Brouwer, poetry Guy Caldwell, University Distinguished Research Professor, biological sciences Carl Carmer, non-fiction writing Cornelius Carter, dance Philip B. Coulter, political science Philip Daileader, history Frank Duarte, author/physicist, professor Abdurrahim El-Keib, engineering[211][212] and interim prime minister of Libya (2011–2012)[213] Walter Enders, economics John Engels, poetry Ibrahim Fawal, film Arun Gupta, Distinguished University Research Professor, chemistry and material science John P. Hermann, Old English studies Julie Laible, Professor of Education Nathaniel Thomas Lupton, President from 1871 to 1874 Roscoe C. Martin (1903-1972), Professor of Political Science and Director of the Bureau of Public Administration at UA from 1938 to 1949. Michael Martone, creative writing Forrest McDonald, history Steve Sample, Sr., arranger and jazz educator, former Director of Jazz Studies Hudson Strode, creative writing Donald S. Strong (1912-1995), Professor of Political Science at UA from 1946 to 1979. Michael Tuomey, geology, mineralogy and agricultural chemistry and first Alabama State Geologist William J. Vaughn (1834-1912), Professor of Mathematics, also alumnus The Crimson White is the student-produced newspaper. Published two times a week during the academic year and weekly during the summer, the CW normally distributes 15,000 copies per publication. The CW received a 2010 Mark of Excellence Award for "Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper at a Four-Year College or University" in the Southeast region by the Society of Professional Journalists.[97][98] The CW won the Mark of Excellence Award again in 2011 and a Gold Crown Award from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association for its spring 2011 issues. The Crimson White was also inducted into the College Media Hall of Fame for its coverage of the April 2011 tornado that caused massive damage in Tuscaloosa.[99] First published in 1892, Corolla is the official yearbook of the university. It is produced annually by students and is the oldest student-run publication on campus. The Black Warrior Review is the university's widely distributed and influential literary journal managed and published by graduate students (primarily from the English and Creative Writing departments). Founded in 1974, BWR publishes local, regional, and nationally known writers, poets, and visual artists. Since 1990, UA has also published the Marr's Field Journal, an undergraduate literary journal published by and composed of material from UA 's undergraduates. Like its "big brother," MFJ publishes fiction, poetry, and graphic art. The Southern Historian is a journal of Southern history written, edited, and produced entirely by graduate students in the Department of History. Southern Historian features articles on all aspects of Southern history, culture and book reviews in all fields of U.S. History. WVUA-FM, "90.7 The Capstone", formerly known as "New Rock 90.7", is one of the older college radio stations in the nation, tracing its roots back to 1940. It carries a variety of music programming and broadcasts the games of several of the university's sports teams. Athletics and traditions[edit] CrimsonTideAlogo.png Main article: Alabama Crimson Tide Further information: University of Alabama traditions The University of Alabama's intercollegiate athletic teams are known as the Alabama Crimson Tide (this name can be shortened to Alabama, the Crimson Tide, or even the Tide). The nickname Crimson Tide originates from a 1907 football game versus Auburn University in Birmingham where, after a hard-fought game in torrential rain in which Auburn had been heavily favored to win, Alabama forced a tie. Writing about the game, one sportswriter described the offensive line as a "Crimson Tide", in reference to their jerseys, stained red from the wet dirt. Alabama competes primarily in the Southeastern Conference (Western Division) of the NCAA's Division I. Alabama fields men's varsity teams in football, basketball, baseball, golf, cross country, swimming and diving, tennis, and track and field. Women's varsity teams are fielded in basketball, golf, cross country, gymnastics, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. The Athletic facilities on campus include the Bryant-Denny Stadium, named after legendary football coach Paul "Bear" Bryant and former UA President George Denny, and the 14,619-seat Coleman Coliseum. Alabama's women's rowing team competes in the Big 12 conference of the NCAA's Division I. Alabama maintains athletic rivalries with Auburn University and the University of Tennessee. The rivalry with Auburn is especially heated as it encompasses all sports. The annual Alabama-Auburn football game is nicknamed the Iron Bowl. While the rivalry with Tennessee is centered around football for the most part, there is no shortage of acrimony here, especially given the recent history between then-UT Coach Phillip Fulmer and his relationship to the Tide's most recent NCAA probation. There are also rivalries with Louisiana State University (football and baseball), University of Mississippi (football and men's basketball), Mississippi State University (football, men's basketball), University of Georgia (women's gymnastics), and the University of Florida (football, softball). Football[edit] Further information: Alabama Crimson Tide football The University of Alabama football program, started in 1892, has won 23 SEC titles and 15 national championships (including 9 awarded by the Associated Press and 8 by the Coaches Poll).[100] The program has compiled 31 10-win seasons and 59 bowl appearances, winning 32 of them – all NCAA records. Alabama has produced 18 hall-of-famers, 97 All-Americans honored 105 times, and 1 Heisman trophy winner (Mark Ingram, Jr.). The Crimson Tide's current home venue, Bryant-Denny Stadium, opened in 1929 with a capacity of around 12,000. The most recent addition of the stadium was completed in 2010. An upper deck was added in the south end zone, completing the upper deck around the stadium. The current official capacity of the stadium is 101,821. The previous addition was the north end zone expansion, completed 2006. The Tide has also played many games, including the Iron Bowl against rival Auburn University, at Legion Field in Birmingham. Bryant-Denny Stadium in 2010 Nearly synonymous with Alabama football is legendary coach Paul "Bear" Bryant whose record at the University of Alabama was 232–46–9. He led the Crimson Tide to 6 national titles in 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, and 1979, which is tied with Notre Dame's legendary coach Knute Rockne. Additionally, the 1966 team was the only one in the country to finish with a perfect record, but poll voters denied the 12–0 Alabama team the three-peat as Michigan State and Notre Dame played each other to a 10–10 tie in what was considered the "Game of the Century" and subsequently split the national championship. On December 12, 2009, sophomore running back Mark Ingram was awarded the Heisman Trophy as college football's best player. In being so named, Ingram became the first Heisman Trophy winner for the University of Alabama. Alabama defeated Texas 37–21 in the BCS Championship game on January 7, 2010, capping a perfect season, an SEC Championship, and winning its first national championship in the BCS era. Alabama defeated Louisiana State University 21-0 on January 9, 2012, to win its second BCS National Championship. Alabama won its third BCS National Championship in January 2013 defeating Notre Dame 42–14, becoming the first school to win three BCS Titles. On January 1, 2015 #1 Alabama lost to #4 Ohio St. in the second game of the first College Football Playoffs 42-35. School songs[edit] The school's fight song is "Yea Alabama", written in 1926 by Lundy Sykes, then editor of the campus newspaper.[101] Sykes composed the song in response to a contest by the Rammer Jammer to create a fight song following Alabama's first Rose Bowl victory. The song as it currently played by the Million Dollar Band during games (the form known to most people) is simply the chorus of the larger song. While the opening line of song is taken to be Yea Alabama, Crimson Tide!,[102] the correct opening line is Yea, Alabama! Drown 'em Tide![103] The Alabama Alma Mater is set to the tune of Annie Lisle, a ballad written in the 1850s. The lyrics are usually credited as, "Helen Vickers, 1908", although it is not clear whether that was when it was written or if that was her graduating class Sports car racing[edit] Johnny Cecotto Johnny Cecotto Jr. Milka Duno Pastor Maldonado Enzo Potolicchio Alex Popow Ernesto José Viso Swimming[edit] María Elena Giusti Francisco Sanchez Albert Subirats Rafael Vidal Andreina Pinto Tennis[edit] Jorge Andrew Juan Carlos Bianchi José de Armas Alfonso Mora Gabriela Paz-Franco Nicolás Pereira Maurice Ruah Milagros Sequera David Souto Jimy Szymanski Daniel Vallverdu María Vento-Kabchi Garbiñe Muguruza Cuisine[edit] Main article: Venezuelan cuisine The Venezuelan cuisine, one of the most varied in the region, reflects the climatic contrasts and cultures coexisting in Venezuela. Among them are hallaca, pabellón criollo, arepas, pisca andina, tarkarí de chivo, jalea de mango, and fried camiguanas. Other[edit] Dayana Mendoza, Miss Universe 2008 Internationally, Venezuela has been well documented for its successes in beauty pageants.[219] Miss Venezuela is a closely followed event throughout the country, and Venezuela has received 6 Miss World, 7 Miss Universe, 7 Miss International and 2 Miss Earth titles.[219] Venezuela ranks first in the Global Beauties webpage list as the country with more international pageants titles won. It also has a Guinness World Record, after Dayana Mendoza, Miss Universe 2008 from Venezuela crowned Stefania Fernandez, also from Venezuela as Miss Universe 2009, marking the first time over 50 years in the competition that a country wins the title in two consecutive years.[220] Venezuela is the most successful country in Miss World and Miss International and is second in the Miss Universe pageant only surpassed by USA. Carlos Raúl Villanueva was the most important Venezuelan architect of the modern era; he designed the Central University of Venezuela, (a World Heritage Site) and its Aula Magna. Other notable architectural works include the Capitolio, the Baralt Theatre, the Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex, and the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge. Education[edit] Central University of Venezuela Main article: Education in Venezuela The literacy rate for the adult population was already 91.1 by 1998.[221] In 2008, 95.2% of the adult population was literate.[222] Net primary school enrollment rate was at 91% in 2005.[222] Net secondary enrollment rate was at 63% in 2005.[222] Venezuela has a number of universities, of which the most prestigious are the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), founded in Caracas in 1721, the University of Zulia (LUZ) founded in 1891, the University of the Andes (ULA), founded in Mérida State in 1810, the Simón Bolívar University (USB), founded in Miranda State in 1967 and the University of the East (UDO), founded in Sucre State in 1958. Currently, large numbers of Venezuelan graduates seek for a future elsewhere due to the country's troubled economy and heavy crime rate. In a study titled Venezolana Community Abroad. A New Method of Exile by Thomas Paez, Mercedes Vivas and Juan Rafael Pulido of the Central University of Venezuela, over 1.35 million Venezuelan college graduates had left the country since the beginning of the Bolivarian Revolution.[180][181] It is believed nearly 12% of Venezuelans live abroad with Ireland becoming a popular destination for students.[223] According to Claudio Bifano, president of the Venezuelan Academy of Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, more than half of medical graduates in 2013 had left Venezuela.[224] Health[edit] Main articles: Health care in Venezuela and Mission Barrio Adentro Venezuela has a national universal health care system. The current government has created a program to expand access to health care known as Misión Barrio Adentro,[225][226] although its efficiency and work conditions have been criticized.[227][228][229] It has reported that many of the clinics were closed and as of December 2014, it was estimated that 80% of Barrio Adentro establishments were abandoned in Venezuela.[230][231] National Artists of the Philippines (Filipino: Pambansang Alagad ng Sining ng Pilipinas) is an order bestowed by the Philippines on Filipinos who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine art. Originally instituted as an Award, it was elevated to the status of Order in 2003.[1] The Order is administered by the Cultural Center of the Philippines by virtue of President Ferdinand Marcos's Proclamation ? 1001 of April 2, 1972 and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The first award was posthumously conferred on Filipino painter Fernando Amorsolo. Contents [hide] 1 Conferment 2 Categories 3 Criteria 4 Honors and Privileges 5 The Roster of National Artists 6 Controversies 6.1 2009 National Artist of the Philippines controversy 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Conferment[edit] The Order is the highest state honor conferred on individuals deemed as having done much for their artistic field. Deserving individuals must have been recommended by both the Cultural Center and the National Commission on Culture and the Arts prior to receiving the award. Such people are then titled, by virtue of a Presidential Proclamation, as National Artist (Filipino: Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining, "National Servant of the Arts Award"), and are inducted into the Order. Recipients attend a conferment ceremony at Malacañang Palace, where the President bestows on them the insignia of the Order: an ornate, gilt collar and a small pin, both depicting the Order's emblem. In addition to the collar, each new Member is given a citation that is presented during the conferment ceremony. The Cultural Center of the Philippines then presents a Memorabilia Exhibit of the recipients' works, and holds a Gabi ng Parangal (Night of Tributes) for the National Artists at the Tanghalang Pambansa. Categories[edit] Categories under which National Artists can be recognized originally included:[2] Music - composition, direction, and/or performance; Dance - choreography, direction and/or performance; Theater – direction, performance and/or production design; Visual Arts – painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art and/or imaging; Literature – poetry, fiction, essay, playwriting, journalism and/or literary criticism; Film and Broadcast Arts – direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, camera work, and/or performance; and Architecture, Design and Allied Arts – architecture design, interior design, industrial arts design, landscape architecture and fashion design. However, national artists have since been honored under new categories. The NCCA 'created' the category of National Artist for Fashion Design when it nominated Ramon Valera, but subsumed that category under "Architecture and Allied Arts". President Fidel V. Ramos issued an executive order creating the category of National Artist for Historical Literature before conferring the honor to Carlos Quirino. Criteria[edit] Nominations for National Artist of the Philippines are based on a broad criteria, as set forth by the Cultural Center of the Philippines and the National Commission on Culture and the Arts:[2] Living artists who have been Filipino citizens for the last ten years prior to nomination as well as those who have died after the establishment of the award in 1972 but were Filipino citizens at the time of their death; Artists who have helped build a Filipino sense of nationhood through the content and form of their works; Artists who have distinguished themselves by pioneering in a mode of creative expression or style, making an impact on succeeding generations of artists; Artists who have created a significant body of works and/or have consistently displayed excellence in the practice of their art form, enriching artistic expression or style; and Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through prestigious national and/or international recognition, awards in prestigious national and/or international events, critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works, and/or respect and esteem from peers within an artistic discipline. Nominations are then submitted to the National Artist Secretariat that is created by the National Artist Award Committee; experts from the different art fields then sit on a First Deliberation to prepare the short list of nominees. A Second Deliberation, which is a joint meeting of the Commissioners of the NCCA and the Board of Trustees of the CCP, decides on the final nominees. The list is then forwarded to the President of the Philippines, who, by Presidential Proclamation, proclaims the final nominees as members of the Order of National Artists.[3] Honors and Privileges[edit] The rank and title of National Artist, as proclaimed by the President of the Philippines;[4] The insignia of a National Artist and a citation; A lifetime emolument and material and physical benefits comparable in value to those received by the highest officers of the land such as: a cash award of One-Hundred Thousand Pesos (?100,000.00) net of taxes, for living awardees; a cash award of Seventy-Five Thousand Pesos (?75,000.00) net of taxes, for posthumous awardees, payable to legal heir/s; a monthly life pension, medical and hospitalization benefits; life insurance coverage for Awardees who are still insurable; a state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani; a place of honor, in line with protocolar precedence, at national state functions, and recognition at cultural events; The Roster of National Artists[edit] Year Awardee Category Notes 1972 Fernando C. Amorsolo Visual Arts - Painting posthumous conferment 1973 Francisca Reyes Aquino Dance Carlos "Botong" V. Francisco Visual Arts - Painting posthumous conferment Amado V. Hernández Literature Antonio J. Molina Music Juan Nakpíl Architecture Guillermo E. Tolentino Visual Arts - Sculpture José García Villa Literature 1976 Napoleón V. Abueva Visual Arts - Sculpture Leonor Orosa-Goquingco Dance Lamberto V. Avellana Film and Theater Nick Joaquín Literature Jovita Fuentes Music Victorio C. Edades Visual Arts - Painting Pablo Antonio Architecture posthumous conferment 1981 Vicente S. Manansala Visual Arts - Painting 1982 Carlos P. Rómulo Literature Gerardo de León Film posthumous conferment 1987 Honorata "Atang" de la Rama Theater and Music 1988 Antonio R. Buenaventura Music Lucrecia Reyes Úrtula Dance 1989 Lucrecia R. Kasilag Music 1990 Francisco Arcellana Literature César Legaspi Visual Arts - Painting Leandro V. Locsin Architecture 1991 Hernándo R. Ocampo Visual Arts - Painting Lucio D. San Pedro Music 1997 Lino Brocka Film posthumous conferment Felipe Padilla de León Music Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero Theater Rolando S. Tínio Theater and Literature N. V. M. González Literature Levi Celério Music & Literature Arturo R. Luz Visual Arts - Painting José Maceda Music Carlos Quirino Historical Literature 1999 J. Elizalde Navarro Visual Arts - Painting posthumous conferment Ernani Joson Cuenco Music Andrea O. Veneración Edith L. Tiempo Literature Daisy Avellana Theater 2001 Ishmael Bernál Film posthumous conferment Severino Montano Theater F. Sioníl José Literature Ang Kiukok Visual Arts - Painting 2003 José T. Joya posthumous conferment Virgilio S. Almario Literature Alejándro R. Roces Eddie S. Romero Film and Broadcast Arts Salvador F. Bernál Theater and Design 2006 BenCab Visual Arts - Painting Abdulmari Asia Imao Visual Arts - Sculpture Bienvenido Lumbera Literature Ramón Obusan Dance I.P. Santos Architecture - Landscape Fernando Poe, Jr. Film posthumous conferment Ramón Valera Architecture, Design and Allied Arts - Fashion Design 2009* Manuel Conde Film and Broadcast Arts posthumous conferment Lázaro Francisco Literature Federico Aguilar Alcuáz Visual Arts - Painting, Sculpture and Mixed Media 2014[5] Alice Reyes Dance Francisco Coching Visual Arts posthumous conferment Cirilo F. Bautista Literature Francisco Feliciano Music Ramón Santos Music José María Zaragoza Architecture posthumous conferment Proclaimed in 2009 but conferment delayed due to a controversy. Order was later bestowed to candidate in a ceremony at Malacañang Palace in November 2013.[6] Music Levi Celério Ernani Joson Cuenco Felipe Padilla de León Francisco Feliciano Lucrecia R. Kasilag José Maceda Antonio J. Molina Lucio D. San Pedro Ramón Santos Andrea O. Veneración Antonio R. Buenaventura Jovita Fuentes Dance Francisca Reyes Aquino Leonor Orosa-Goquingco Ramón Obusan Alice Reyes Lucrecia Reyes Úrtula Theater Daisy Avellana Honorata "Atang" de la Rama Rolando S. Tínio Salvador F. Bernál (Set Design) Lamberto V. Avellana Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero Severino Montano Architecture Pablo Antonio Juan Nakpíl Leandro V. Locsín I. P. Santos José María Zaragoza Architecture, Design and Allied Arts - Fashion Design Ramón Valera Historical Literature Carlos Quirino Visual Arts Napoleón V. Abueva (Sculpture) Fernando C. Amorsolo (Painting) BenCab (Painting) Francisco Coching Victorio C. Edades (Painting) Carlos "Botong" V. Francisco (Painting) Abdulmari Asia Imao (Sculpture) José T. Joya (Painting) Ang Kiukok (Painting) César Legaspi (Painting) Arturo R. Luz (Painting) Vicente S. Manansala (Painting) J. Elizalde Navarro (Painting) Hernándo R. Ocampo (Painting) Guillermo E. Tolentino (Sculpture) Federico Aguilar Alcuáz (Painting, Sculpture, and Mixed Media) Literature Francisco Arcellana Virgilio S. Almario Cirilo F. Bautista N. V. M. Gonzalez Amado V. Hernández Nick Joaquín The Supreme Court of the Philippines (Filipino: Kataás-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas; colloquially referred to by the Spanish: Corte Suprema), is the highest court in the Philippines. It is presided over by a Chief Justice and is composed of fifteen (15) Justices, including the Chief Justice. Pursuant to the Constitution, the Supreme Court has "administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof".[1] The Supreme Court Complex, which was formerly the part of the University of the Philippines Manila campus,[2] occupies the corner of Padre Faura Street and Taft Avenue in Manila, with the main building directly fronting the Philippine General Hospital. Until 1945, the Court met in Cavite. Contents [hide] 1 Constitutional role 1.1 Composition 1.2 Adjudication 2 Cases 2.1 Appellate review 2.2 Original jurisdiction 3 History 3.1 Pre-Hispanic and Hispanic periods 3.2 American period 3.3 Commonwealth and independence 3.4 Writ of Amparo 3.4.1 Habeas Data 3.5 Language 3.6 Judicial corruption 3.7 “Bantay Korte Suprema” 4 Current Justices 5 Supreme Court Justices of the Philippines 6 Philippine court system 7 See also 8 Books 9 References 10 External links Constitutional role[edit] Composition[edit] The Members of the Court (2012 Annual Report) A person must meet the following requirements in order to be appointed to the Supreme Court: (1) natural-born citizenship; (2) at least 40 years old; and (3) must have been for fifteen years or more a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines.[3] An additional constitutional requirement, though less precise in nature, is that a judge "must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence."[4] Upon a vacancy in the Court, whether for the position of Chief Justice or Associate Justice, the President fills the vacancy by appointing a person from a list of at least 3 nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council.[5] Beginning with the 1935 Constitution, Supreme Court Justices are obliged to retire upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70.[6] Some Justices had opted to retire before reaching the age of 70, such as Florentino Feliciano, who retired at 67 to accept appointment to the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization and Ma. Alicia Austria-Martinez who retired at 68 due to health reasons.[7] The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines provides that: "Section 11, Article VIII. The Members of the Supreme Court xxx shall hold office during good behavior until they reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office."[1] Since, 1901, it was only incumbent Associate Justice Alicia Austria-Martinez who resigned for health reasons. Thus, on September, 2008, Austria-Martinez, citing health reasons, filed a letter to the Court through Reynato Puno, tendering her resignation effective April 30, 2009, or 15 months before her compulsory retirement on December 19, 2010. In the October 1 Judicial and Bar Council's en banc deliberations, Reynato Puno ruled: “The court merely noted it. We don’t have to approve it... it is her right.”[8] During the JBC hearing, a JBC member said "Austria-Martinez had wanted to retire earlier because of health reasons. We were told she had health problems even when she was in the CA.”[9] Retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Artemio Panganiban stated: "I am saddened that Justice Ma. Alicia Austria-Martinez has opted to retire early from the Supreme Court due to 'health reasons.' She is not bedridden. Neither is she physically or mentally incapacitated, but she has chosen to retire on April 30, 2009 because she felt she could no longer cope with the heavy caseload."[10] Adjudication[edit] See also: Judicial review in the Philippines The powers of the Supreme Court are defined in Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution. These functions may be generally divided into two – judicial functions and administrative functions. The administrative functions of the Court pertain to the supervision and control over the Philippine judiciary and its employees, as well as over members of the Philippine bar. Pursuant to these functions, the Court is empowered to order a change of venue of trial in order to avoid a miscarriage of justice and to appoint all officials and employees of the judiciary.[11] The Court is further authorized to promulgate the rules for admission to the practice of law, for legal assistance to the underprivileged, and the procedural rules to be observed in all courts.[12] The more prominent role of the Court is located in the exercise of its judicial functions. Section 1 of Article VIII contains definition of judicial power that had not been found in previous constitutions. The judicial power is vested in “one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.” [13] This judicial power is exercised through the judiciary’s primary role of adjudication, which includes the “duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government.” [13] The definition reaffirms the power of the Supreme Court to engage in judicial review, a power that had traditionally belonged to the Court even before this provision was enacted. Still, this new provision effectively dissuades from the easy resort to the political question doctrine as a means of declining to review a law or state action, as was often done by the Court during the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos.[14] As a result, the existence of “grave abuse of discretion” on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government is sufficient basis to nullify state action. Cases[edit] The Court is authorized to sit either en banc or in divisions of 3, 5 or 7 members. Since the 1970s, the Court has constituted itself in 3 divisions with 5 members each. A majority of the cases are heard and decided by the divisions, rather than the court en banc. However, the Constitution requires that the Court hear en banc “[a]ll cases involving the constitutionality of a treaty, international or executive agreement, as well as “those involving the constitutionality, application, or operation of presidential decrees, proclamations, orders, instructions, ordinances, and other regulations”.[5] The Court en banc also decides cases originally heard by a division when a majority vote cannot be reached within the division. The Court also has the discretion to hear a case en banc even if no constitutional issue is involved, as it typically does if the decision would reverse precedent or presents novel or important questions. Appellate review[edit] Far and away the most common mode by which a case reaches the Supreme Court is through an appeal from a decision rendered by a lower court. Appealed cases generally originate from lawsuits or criminal indictments filed and tried before the trial courts. These decisions of the trial courts may then be elevated on appeal to the Court of Appeals, or more rarely, directly to the Supreme Court if only “questions of law” are involved. Apart from decisions of the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court may also directly review on appeal decisions rendered by the Sandiganbayan and the Court of Tax Appeals. Decisions rendered by administrative agencies are not directly appealable to the Supreme Court, they must be first challenged before the Court of Appeals. However, decisions of the Commission on Elections may be elevated directly for review to the Supreme Court, although the procedure is not, strictly speaking, in the nature of an appeal. Review on appeal is not as a matter of right, but "of sound judicial discretion and will be granted only when there are special and important reasons therefor".[15] In the exercise of appellate review, the Supreme Court may reverse the decision of lower courts upon a finding of an "error of law". The Court generally declines to engage in review the findings of fact made by the lower courts, although there are notable exceptions to this rule. The Court also refuses to entertain cases originally filed before it that should have been filed first with the trial courts. Original jurisdiction[edit] The other mode by which a case reaches the Supreme Court is through an original petition filed directly with the Supreme Court, in cases where the Constitution establishes “original jurisdiction” with the Supreme Court. Under Section 5(1), Article VIII of the Constitution, these are “cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and corpus”. Resort to certiorari, prohibition and mandamus may be availed of only if "there is no appeal, or any plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law".[16] However,‡ notwithstanding this grant of original jurisdiction, the Court has, through the years, assigned to lower courts such as the Court of Appeals the power to hear petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto and habeas corpus. As a result, the Court has considerable discretion to refuse to hear these petitions filed directly before it on the ground that such should have been filed instead with the Court of Appeals or the appropriate lower court. Nonetheless, cases that have attracted wide public interest, or where a speedy resolution is of the essence, have been accepted for decision by the Supreme Court without hesitation. In cases involving the original jurisdiction of the Court, there must be a finding of "grave abuse of discretion" on the part of the respondents to the suit to justify favorable action on the petition. The standard of "grave abuse of discretion", a markedly higher standard than "error of law", has been defined as "a capricious and whimsical exercise of judgment amounting to lack of jurisdiction"[17] History[edit] Supreme Court Building, Manila Pre-Hispanic and Hispanic periods[edit] In the years prior to the official establishment of the Supreme Court, institutions exercising judicial power were already in existence. Before the Spaniards came, judicial authority “in its primitive form” was in the hands of barangay chiefs. During the early years of the Spanish government, these powers were vested upon Miguel López de Legazpi, the first Governor-General of the Philippines. He administered civil and criminal justice under the Royal Order of August 14, 1569. The present Supreme Court was preceded by the Real Audiencia, a collegial body established on May 5, 1583 and composed, of a president, four oidores (justices), and a fiscal, among others. It was the highest tribunal in the Philippines, below only the Council of the Indies of Spain. However, this body also exercised administrative functions, not just judicial functions. The Audiencia’s functions and structure underwent substantial modifications in 1815 when its president was replaced by a chief justice and the number of justices was increased. It then came to be known as the Audiencia Territorial de Manila with two branches, civil and criminal, later renamed sala de lo civil and sala de lo criminal. The Audiencia was converted to a purely judicial body by a Royal Decree issued on July 4, 1861, but its decisions were appealable to the Supreme Court of Spain sitting in Madrid. On February 26, 1886, a territorial Audiencia was organized in Cebu, followed by an Audiencia for criminal cases in Vigan. However, the pre-eminence of the Supreme Court as the sole interpreter of the law was unknown during the Spanish regime.[18] American period[edit] The Supreme Court of the Philippines was officially established on June 11, 1901 through the passage of Act No. 136, otherwise known as the Judiciary Law of the Second Philippine Commission. By virtue of that law, judicial power in the Philippine Islands was vested in the Supreme Court, Courts of First Instance and Justice of the Peace courts. Other courts were subsequently established. The judicial structure introduced by Act No. 136 was reaffirmed by the US Congress with the passage of the Philippine Bill of 1902. The Administrative Code of 1917 ordained the Supreme Court as the highest tribunal of the Philippines with nine members: a chief justice and eight associate justices. Its decisions could be further appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C.[18] Commonwealth and independence[edit] This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) From 1901 to 1935, although a Filipino was always appointed chief justice, the majority of the members of the Supreme Court were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved only with the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and Jose P. Laurel were among the first appointees to replace the American justices. With the ratification of the 1935 Constitution in a plebiscite held on May 14, 1935, the membership in the Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and ten associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each. Article V of the Treaty of Manila (1946) abolished the U.S. Supreme Court's appellate authority over the Supreme Court of the Philippines, but provided that Philippine appeals pending before the U.S. Supreme Court would be allowed to run to completion.[18] Under the 1973 Constitution, the membership of the Supreme Court was increased to 15. The justices sat en banc or in divisions. The 1973 Constitution also vested in the Supreme Court administrative supervision over all lower courts which heretofore was under the Department of Justice. After the overthrow of President Ferdinand Marcos in 1986, President Corazon C. Aquino, using her emergency powers, promulgated a transitory charter known as the “Freedom Constitution” which did not affect the composition and powers of the Supreme Court. The Freedom Charter was replaced by the 1987 Constitution which is the fundamental charter in force in the Philippines at present. Section 1 Article VIII of the Constitution vests the judicial power “in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.” Writ of Amparo[edit] Main article: Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data (Philippines) The Supreme Court approved the Writ of Amparo on September 25, 2007.[19] The writ of amparo (Spanish for protection) strips the military of the defense of simple denial. Under the writ, families of victims have the right to access information on their cases—a constitutional right called the "habeas data" common in several Latin American countries. The rule is enforced retroactively. Chief Justice Puno stated that "If you have this right, it would be very, very difficult for State agents, State authorities to be able to escape from their culpability."[20][21] The Resolution and the Rule on the Writ of Amparo gave legal birth to Puno's brainchild.[22][23][24] No filing or legal fees is required for Amparo which takes effect on October 24. Puno also stated that the court will soon issue rules on the writ of Habeas Data and the implementing guidelines for Habeas Corpus. The petition for the writ of amparo may be filed "on any day and at any time" with the Regional Trial Court, or with the Sandiganbayan, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. The interim reliefs under amparo are: temporary protection order (TPO), inspection order (IO), production order (PO), and witness protection order (WPO, RA 6981).[25] The Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) has criticized the Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data for being insufficient, saying further action must be taken, including enacting laws for protection against torture, enforced disappearance, and laws to provide legal remedies to victims. AHRC said the writ failed to protect non-witnesses, even if they too face threats.[26] Habeas Data[edit] On August 30, 2007, Puno vowed to institute the writ of habeas data as a new legal remedy to the extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances. Puno explained that the writ of amparo denies to authorities defense of simple denial, and habeas data can find out what information is held by the officer, rectify or even the destroy erroneous data gathered.[27] On January 22, 2008, the Supreme Court En Banc approved the rules for the writ of Habeas Data ("to protect a person’s right to privacy and allow a person to control any information concerning them"), effective on February 2, the Philippines’ Constitution Day.[28] Language[edit] Since the courts' creation, English had been used in court proceedings. But for the first time in Philippine judicial history, or on August 22, 2007, three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan will use Filipino, to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University College of Law following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, Rizal and Metro Manila.[29] Judicial corruption[edit] On January 25, 2005, and on December 10, 2006, Philippines Social Weather Stations released the results of its two surveys on corruption in the judiciary; it published that: a) like 1995, 1/4 of lawyers said many/very many judges are corrupt. But (49%) stated that a judges received bribes, just 8% of lawyers admitted they reported the bribery, because they could not prove it. [Tables 8-9]; judges, however, said, just 7% call many/very many judges as corrupt[Tables 10-11];b) "Judges see some corruption; proportions who said - many/very many corrupt judges or justices: 17% in reference to RTC judges, 14% to MTC judges, 12% to Court of Appeals justices, 4% i to Shari'a Court judges, 4% to Sandiganbayan justices and 2% in reference to Supreme Court justices [Table 15].[30][31] The September 14, 2008, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) survey, ranked the Philippines 6th (6.10) among corrupt Asian judicial systems. PERC stated that "despite India and the Philippines being democracies, expatriates did not look favourably on their judicial systems because of corruption." PERC reported Hong Kong and Singapore have the best judicial systems in Asia, with Indonesia and Vietnam the worst: Hong Kong's judicial system scored 1.45 on the scale (zero representing the best performance and 10 the worst); Singapore with a grade of 1.92, followed by Japan (3.50), South Korea (4.62), Taiwan (4.93), the Philippines (6.10), Malaysia (6.47), India (6.50), Thailand (7.00), China (7.25), Vietnam's (8.10) and Indonesia (8.26).[32]<[33] In 2014, Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (global survey ranking countries in terms of perceived corruption), the Philippines ranked 85th out of 175 countries surveyed, an improvement from placing 94th in 2013. It scored 38 on a scale of 1 to 100 in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI).[34] The Philippines jumped nine places in the recently published World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index 2015, making it one of the most improved countries in terms of global rankings. It ranked 51st out of 102 countries on the ROLI, a significant jump from last year when the country ranked 60th out of 99 countries. This makes the Philippines the most improved among ASEAN member nations. "Results showed that the country ranked high in terms of constraints on government powers (39th); absence of corruption (47th), and open government (50th)." "The Philippines, however, fell to the bottom half of the global rankings in terms of regulatory enforcement (52nd); order and security (58th); criminal justice (66th); fundamental rights (67th), and civil justice (75th)." [35] “Bantay Korte Suprema”[edit] "Watch the Supreme Court" coalition was launched at the Training Center, Ground Floor, Supreme Court Centennial Bldg on November 17, 2008, "to ensure the fair and honest selection of the 7 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court on 2009." Members of “Bantay Korte Suprema” include retired Philippine presidents, retired Supreme Court justices, legislators, legal practitioners, the academe, the business community and the media. former Senate President Jovito Salonga, UP Law Dean Marvic Leonen, Senate Majority Leader and Judicial and Bar Council member Kiko Pangilinan, the Philippine Bar Association, Artemio Panganiban, and Rodolfo Urbiztondo, of the 48,000-strong Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP), and the chambers of commerce, witnessed the landmark event. BKS will neither select nor endorse a candidate, “but if it receive information that makes a candidate incompetent, it will divulge this to the public and inform the JBC." At the BKS launching, the memorandum of understanding (MOU) on the public monitoring of the selection of justices to the SC was signed. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court Appointments Watch (SCAW) coalition of law groups and civil society to monitor the appointment of persons to judicial positions was also re-launched. The SCAW consortium, composed of the Alternative Law Groups, Libertas, Philippine Association of law Schools and the Transparency and Accountability Network, together with the online news magazine Newsbreak, reactivated itself for the JBC selection process of candidates.[36][37][38][39] Lolita Ritmanis born – orchestrator composer Ilja Ripss born inventor of the Bible Code Fricis Rokpelnis – – author Marks Rotko – – abstract expressionist painter Elza Rozenberga – – poet playwright married to Janis Pliekšans Juris Rubenis born – famous Lutheran pastor Martinš Rubenis born – athlete bronze medalist at the Winter Olympics in Turin Brunis Rubess born – businessman Inta Ruka born – photographer Tana Rusova born – pornographic actress S edit Rudolfs Saule born ballet master performer with the Latvian National Ballet Uljana Semjonova born – basketball player Haralds Silovs – short track and long track speed skater Karlis Skalbe – – poet Karlis Skrastinš – – ice hockey player Baiba Skride born – violinist Konstantins Sokolskis – – romance and tango singer Ksenia Solo born Latvian Canadian actress Serge Sorokko born art dealer and publisher Raimonds Staprans born – Latvian American painter Janis Šteinhauers – – Latvian industrialist entrepreneur and civil rights activist Gotthard Friedrich Stender – the first Latvian grammarian Lina Šterna – – biologist and social activist Roze Stiebra born animator Henrijs Stolovs – – stamp dealer Janis Streics born – film director screenwriter actor Janis Strelnieks born – basketball player Peteris Stucka – – author translator editor jurist and educator Janis Sudrabkalns poet and journalist Jevgenijs Svešnikovs born – prominent chess player Stanislavs Svjanevics – – economist and historian Š edit Viktors Šcerbatihs born – athlete weightlifter Pauls Šimanis – – Baltic German journalist politician activist defending and preserving European minority cultures Vestards Šimkus born – pianist Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


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carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

Current Justices[edit] Name Born Law School Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Appointing President Replacing Sereno Maria Lourdes P.A. Sereno (Chief Justice) July 2, 1960 (Age 55) University of the Philippines College of Law August 13, 2010 (as Associate Justice) August 25, 2012(as Chief Justice) July 2, 2030 Benigno Aquino III Renato Corona Carpio Antonio T. Carpio (Senior Associate Justice) October 26, 1949 (Age 66) in Davao City University of the Philippines College of Law October 26, 2001 October 26, 2019 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Minerva P. Gonzaga-Reyes SCPh Justice Presbitero Velasco Jr Official Portrait.jpg Presbitero J. Velasco, Jr. August 8, 1948 (Age 67) in Pasay University of the Philippines College of Law March 31, 2006 August 8, 2018 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Artemio V. Panganiban Associate Justice Teresita Leonardo-De Castro-.jpg Teresita De Castro October 8, 1948 (Age 67) University of the Philippines College of Law December 3, 2007 October 8, 2018 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Cancio Garcia SCPh Justice Arturo Brion Official Portrait.jpg Arturo D. Brion December 29, 1946 (Age 68) in Manila Ateneo de Manila Law School March 17, 2008 December 29, 2016 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez SCPh Justices Diosdado Peralta Official.jpg Diosdado M. Peralta March 27, 1952 (Age 63) University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law January 14, 2009 March 27, 2022 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Ruben Reyes SCPh Justice Lucas Bersamin.jpg Lucas P. Bersamin October 18, 1949 (Age 66) University of the East College of Law April 3, 2009 October 18, 2019 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Adolfo Azcuna SCPh Justice Mariano del Castillo.jpg Mariano C. del Castillo July 29, 1949 (Age 66) Ateneo de Manila Law School July 29, 2009 July 29, 2019 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Ma. Alicia Austria-Martinez Martin Villarama, Jr. April 14, 1946 (Age 69) Manuel L. Quezon University November 6, 2009 January 16, 2016 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Consuelo Ynares-Santiago Jose P. Perez December 14, 1946 (Age 68) University of the Philippines College of Law December 26, 2009 December 14, 2016 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Leonardo A. Quisumbing SCPh Jose C. Mendoza.jpg Jose C. Mendoza August 13, 1947 (Age 68) San Beda College of Law January 4, 2010 August 13, 2017 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Minita Chico-Nazario SCPh Justice Bienvenido L. Reyes.jpg Bienvenido L. Reyes July 6, 1947 (Age 68) San Beda College of Law August 20, 2011 July 6, 2017 Benigno Aquino III Antonio Eduardo Nachura SCPh Justice Estela Perlas-Bernabe.jpg Estela Perlas-Bernabe May 14, 1952 (Age 63) Ateneo de Manila Law School September 16, 2011 May 14, 2022 Benigno Aquino III Conchita Carpio-Morales Leonen Marvic Mario Victor F. Leonen December 29, 1962 (Age 52) University of the Philippines College of Law November 21, 2012 December 29, 2032 Benigno Aquino III Maria Lourdes Sereno Justice Francis H. Jardeleza Official.jpg Francis H. Jardeleza September 26, 1949 (Age 66) University of the Philippines College of Law August 19, 2014 September 26, 2019 Benigno Aquino III Roberto Abad Supreme Court Justices of the Philippines[edit] # Justice Born Term End of Tenure Replacing Chief Justices Chief Executive 1 Cayetano Arellano March 2, 1847 June 11, 1901 April 12, 1920 Newly created seat First Chief Justice William Howard Taft 2 Florentino Torres October 16, 1844 June 17, 1901 April 20, 1920 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 3 Victorino Mapa February 25, 1855 June 17, 1901 October 31, 1913 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 4 James Francis Smith January 28, 1859 June 17, 1901 February 17, 1903 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 5 Joseph F. Cooper March 30, 1854 June 17, 1901 October 17, 1904 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 6 Charles A. Willard May 21, 1857 June 17, 1901 April 24, 1904 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 7 Fletcher Ladd December 21, 1862 June 17, 1901 July 13, 1903 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 8 John T. McDonough July 12, 1843 February 18, 1903 May 1, 1904 James Francis Smith Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 9 Elias Finley Johnson June 24, 1861 October 3, 1903 April 1, 1933 Fletcher Ladd Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 10 Adam Clarke Carson January 14, 1869 November 16, 1904 November 30, 1920 Charles A. Willard Cayetano Arellano Luke Edward Wright 11 James F. Tracy March 30, 1854 July 1, 1905 July 2, 1909 John T. Mcdonough Cayetano Arellano Luke Edward Wright 12 Sherman Moreland October 16, 1868 February 1, 1909 April 23, 1917 Cayetano Arellano James Francis Smith 13 Charles Burke Elliott January 6, 1861 June 3, 1909 February 13, 1910 Cayetano Arellano James Francis Smith 14 Grant T. Trent February 28, 1910 April 23, 1917 Cayetano Arellano William Cameron Forbes 15 Manuel Araullo January 1, 1853 December 16, 1913 October 31, 1921 Victorino Mapa Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 16 Thomas A. Street March 14, 1872 June 13, 1917 June 1, 1935 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 17 George A. Malcolm November 5, 1881 July 9, 1917 February 1, 1936 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 18 Ramón Avanceña April 13, 1872 October 31, 1917 March 31, 1925 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 19 Frederich Charles Fisher November 17, 1917 November 16, 1918 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 20 Percy M. Moir November 25, 1918 November 20, 1920 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 21 Ignacio Villamor February 1, 1863 May 19, 1920 May 23, 1933 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 22 James A. Ostrand January 20, 1871 September 27, 1921 June 30, 1933 Victorino Mapa Charles Yeater 23 Charles A. Johns June 25, 1857 October 7, 1921 January 11, 1932 Victorino Mapa Charles Yeater 24 Norberto Romualdez June 6, 1875 November 1, 1921 April 1, 1932 Manuel Araullo Manuel Araullo Leonard Wood 25 Antonio Villareal January 17, 1880 June 16, 1925 June 5, 1940 Ramón Avanceña Leonard Wood 26 John A. Hull August 7, 1874 June 1, 1932 February 1, 1936 Ramón Avanceña Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 27 James C. Vickers August 5, 1877 June 1, 1932 February 1, 1936 Ramón Avanceña Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 28 José Abad Santos February 19, 1886 June 18, 1932 December 23, 1941 Norberto Romualdez Ramón Avanceña Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 29 Carlos A. Imperial November 4, 1880 June 22, 1932 May 20, 1941 Ramón Avanceña Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 30 George C. Butte May 9, 1877 July 1, 1932 February 1, 1936 Ramón Avanceña Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 31 Anacleto Diaz November 20, 1878 November 20, 1933 December 19, 1941 Ramón Avanceña Frank Murphy 32 Leonard S. Goddard January 29, 1871 January 9, 1934 January 29, 1936 Ramón Avanceña Frank Murphy 33 Claro M. Recto February 8, 1890 July 3, 1935 November 1, 1936 Ramón Avanceña Frank Murphy 34 José P. Laurel March 9, 1891 February 29, 1936 February 5, 1942 Ramón Avanceña Manuel L. Quezon 35 Pedro Concepcion October 31, 1936 January 1, 1940 Ramón Avanceña Manuel L. Quezon 36 Manuel V. Moran October 27, 1893 December 12, 1938 July 9, 1945 Ramón Avanceña Manuel L. Quezon 37 Roman Ozaeta February 28, 1891 June 24, 1941 October 16, 1950 Ramón Avanceña Manuel L. Quezon 38 Ricardo Parás February 17, 1891 December 28, 1941 April 1, 1951 José Abad Santos Manuel L. Quezon 39 Antonio Horrilleno February 13, 1878 July 1, 1943 August 17, 1945 José Yulo Manuel L. Quezon 40 José Yulo September 24, 1894 February 5, 1942 May 7, 1942 José Abad Santos Manuel L. Quezon 41 Jorge C. Bocobo October 19, 1886 February 5, 1942 January 31, 1944 José Abad Santos Manuel L. Quezon 42 Jose Generoso May 11, 1942 No Record José Yulo Manuel L. Quezon 43 Jose Lopez Vito May 12, 1872 May 11, 1942 January 31, 1944 José Yulo Manuel L. Quezon 44 Delfin Jaranilla December 24, 1883 June 6, 1945 June 6, 1946 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 45 Felicisimo R. Feria August 6, 1883 June 6, 1945 August 6, 1953 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 46 Mariano H. De Joya September 8, 1887 June 6, 1945 June 25, 1945 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 47 Guillermo Pablo June 25, 1886 June 6, 1945 June 4, 1955 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 48 Gregorio Perfecto November 28, 1891 June 6, 1945 August 17, 1949 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 49 Emilio Y. Hilado November 1, 1891 June 6, 1945 May 31, 1948 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 50 Jose A. Espiritu April 10, 1886 June 6, 1945 August 15, 1945 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 51 Manuel C. Briones January 1, 1894 September 15, 1945 May 24, 1949 Manuel V. Moran José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 52 César Bengzon May 29, 1896 September 15, 1945 April 28, 1961 Manuel V. Moran José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 53 Sabino B. Padilla August 21, 1894 June 25, 1946 August 21, 1964 Manuel V. Moran Manuel Roxas 54 Pedro Tuazon September 15, 1884 June 25, 1946 January 4, 1954 Manuel V. Moran Manuel Roxas 55 Jose Hontiveros March 19, 1889 June 25, 1946 October 16, 1947 Manuel V. Moran Manuel Roxas 56 Alejandro A. Reyes June 4, 1899 August 6, 1948 June 3, 1959 Manuel V. Moran Elpidio Quirino 57 Marcelino R. Montemayor July 27, 1890 August 21, 1948 July 27, 1960 Manuel V. Moran Elpidio Quirino 58 Luis P. Torres April 8, 1880 August 20, 1949 April 1, 1950 Manuel V. Moran Elpidio Quirino 59 Felix Angelo Bautista May 20, 1896 October 20, 1950 May 20, 1956 Manuel V. Moran Elpidio Quirino 60 Fernando Jugo May 14, 1891 October 20, 1950 June 3, 1956 Manuel V. Moran Elpidio Quirino 61 Alejo Labrador July 17, 1894 April 22, 1952 July 17, 1964 Ricardo Parás Elpidio Quirino 62 Roberto Concepcion June 7, 1903 February 9, 1954 June 17, 1966 Ricardo Parás Ramon Magsaysay 63 Ramon Diokno March 28, 1886 February 10, 1954 April 21, 1954 Ricardo Parás Ramon Magsaysay 64 Jose B. L. Reyes August 19, 1902 June 30, 1954 August 19, 1972 Ricardo Parás Ramon Magsaysay 65 Pastor M. Endencia July 26, 1890 December 20, 1955 July 26, 1960 Ricardo Parás Ramon Magsaysay 66 Alfonso Felix September 17, 1888 July 24, 1956 September 17, 1958 Ricardo Parás Ramon Magsaysay 67 Jesus G. Barrera December 18, 1896 June 5, 1959 December 18, 1966 Ricardo Parás Carlos P. García 68 Jose Gutierrez David January 29, 1891 August 28, 1959 January 29, 1961 Ricardo Parás Carlos P. García 69 Arsenio Dizon October 5, 1901 July 26, 1960 October 5, 1971 Ricardo Parás Carlos P. García 70 Jose Ma. Paredes August 15, 1895 August 18, 1960 August 15, 1965 Ricardo Parás Carlos P. García 71 Dionisio De Leon April 8, 1892 April 28, 1961 April 8, 1962 César Bengzon Carlos P. García 72 Felipe Natividad September 20, 1891 April 8, 1962 September 20, 1962 César Bengzon Diosdado Macapagal 73 Roberto Regala June 7, 1897 May 23, 1962 December 22, 1975 César Bengzon Diosdado Macapagal 74 Querube Makalintal December 22, 1910 May 23, 1962 October 21, 1973 César Bengzon Diosdado Macapagal 75 Calixto Zaldivar September 13, 1904 September 12, 1964 September 13, 1974 César Bengzon Diosdado Macapagal 76 Jose P. Bengzon May 5, 1898 September 12, 1964 May 5, 1968 César Bengzon Diosdado Macapagal 77 Conrado V. Sanchez February 19, 1900 May 29, 1966 February 19, 1970 César Bengzon Ferdinand Marcos 78 Fred Ruiz Castro September 2, 1914 May 29, 1966 January 5, 1976 César Bengzon Ferdinand Marcos 79 Eugenio Angeles November 2, 1868 June 30, 1967 November 2, 1968 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 80 Enrique Fernando July 25, 1915 June 30, 1967 July 1, 1979 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 81 Francisco Capistrano October 6, 1899 September 16, 1968 October 6, 1969 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 82 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. April 18, 1918 December 17, 1968 April 1, 1986 Eugenio Angeles Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 83 Antonio P. Barredo October 1, 1912 December 17, 1968 October 4, 1982 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 84 Julio Villamor April 12, 1902 January 24, 1970 April 12, 1972 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 85 Felix Makasiar November 20, 1915 August 2, 1970 July 25, 1985 Conrado V. Sanchez Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 86 Felix Q. Antonio May 18, 1911 June 1972 May 18, 1980 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 87 Salvador Esguerra June 19, 1906 June 1972 June 19, 1976 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 88 Estanislao A. Fernandez March 28, 1910 October 19, 1973 March 28, 1975 Querube Makalintal Ferdinand Marcos 89 Cecilia Muñoz-Palma November 22, 1913 October 29, 1973 November 22, 1978 Newly created seat Querube Makalintal Ferdinand Marcos 90 Ramon Aquino August 31, 1917 October 29, 1973 November 19, 1985 Newly created seat Querube Makalintal Ferdinand Marcos 91 Hermogenes Concepcion, Jr. April 7, 1920 April 18, 1975 April 16, 1986 Calixto Zaldivar Querube Makalintal Ferdinand Marcos 92 Ruperto G. Martin March 27, 1913 April 18, 1975 January 10, 1978 Estanislao A. Fernandez Querube Makalintal Ferdinand Marcos 93 Guillermo S. Santos January 23, 1915 May 27, 1977 January 23, 1980 Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos 94 Ramon C. Fernandez February 16, 1916 May 27, 1977 May 11, 1982 Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos 95 Juvenal K. Guerrero November 4, 1916 May 11, 1977 November 4, 1984 Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos 96 Vicente Abad Santos July 12, 1916 January 17, 1979 July 12, 1986 Fred Ruiz Castro Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos 97 Pacifico P. De Castro July 16, 1915 January 17, 1979 May 31, 1984 Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos 98 Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera May 11, 1922 January 17, 1979 May 11, 1992 Cecilia Muñoz-Palma Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos (1979) Corazon Aquino (1986) 99 Vicente G. Ericta February 3, 1915 November 20, 1981 May 11, 1982 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 100 Efren I. Plana June 28, 1928 November 20, 1981 April 16, 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 101 Venicio T. Escolin February 13, 1921 November 20, 1981 April 15, 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 102 Conrado M. Vasquez September 13, 1913 May 14, 1982 September 30, 1983 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 103 Lorenzo Relova January 20, 1916 May 14, 1982 January 19, 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 104 Hugo Gutierrez, Jr. January 29, 1927 May 14, 1982 March 31, 1993 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 105 Buenaventura S. De La Fuente July 14, 1922 February 28, 1984 March 6, 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 106 Serafin R. Cuevas June 25, 1928 June 1, 1984 April 16, 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 107 Nestor B. Alampay February 17, 1920 January 24, 1985 March 17, 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 108 Lino M. Patajo September 23, 1916 July 31, 1985 April 16, 1986 Felix Makasiar Ferdinand Marcos 109 Jose Feria January 11, 1917 April 7, 1986 January 10, 1987 Felix Makasiar Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 110 Pedro Yap July 1, 1918 April 8, 1986 April 18, 1988 Leo D. Medialdea Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 111 Marcelo Fernan October 24, 1927 April 9, 1986 June 30, 1988 Florenz D. Regalado Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 112 Andres Narvasa November 30, 1928 April 10, 1986 December 1, 1991 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 113 Isagani A. Cruz October 11, 1924 April 16, 1986 October 11, 1994 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 114 Edgardo L. Paras July 4, 1922 April 16, 1986 July 4, 1992 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 115 Florentino P. Feliciano March 14, 1928 August 8, 1986 December 13, 1995 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 116 Teodoro R. Padilla August 24, 1927 January 12, 1987 August 22, 1997 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 117 Abdulwahid A. Bidin April 7, 1925 January 12, 1987 May 7, 1995 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 118 Emilio A. Gancayco August 20, 1921 January 12, 1987 August 20, 1991 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 119 Abraham F. Sarmiento October 8, 1921 January 25, 1987 October 8, 1991 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 120 Irene R. Cortes October 20, 1921 February 1, 1987 October 20, 1990 Jose Feria Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 121 Carolina Griño-Aquino October 22, 1923 February 2, 1988 October 22, 1993 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 122 Leo D. Medialdea August 17, 1927 May 2, 1988 November 7, 1992 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Corazon Aquino 123 Florenz D. Regalado October 13, 1928 July 29, 1988 October 13, 1998 Marcelo Fernan Corazon Aquino 124 Hilario G. Davide, Jr. December 20, 1935 January 24, 1991 November 29, 1998 Irene R. Cortes Marcelo Fernan Corazon Aquino 125 Flerida Ruth Romero August 1, 1929 October 21, 1991 August 1, 1999 Abraham Sarmiento Marcelo Fernan Corazon Aquino 126 Rodolfo A. Nocon March 15, 1924 December 2, 1991 March 15, 1994 Marcelo Fernan Corazon Aquino 127 Josue N. Bellosillo November 13, 1933 March 3, 1992 November 13, 2003 Andres Narvasa Corazon Aquino 128 Jose A.R. Melo May 30, 1932 August 10, 1992 May 30, 2002 Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 129 Jose C. Campos, Jr. April 9, 1923 September 3, 1992 April 9, 1993 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 130 Camilo D. Quiason July 18, 1925 February 1, 1993 July 18, 1995 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 131 Reynato Puno May 17, 1940 June 28, 1993 December 7, 2006 Hugo Gutierrez Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 132 Jose C. Vitug July 15, 1934 June 28, 1993 July 15, 2004 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 133 Santiago M. Kapunan August 12, 1932 January 5, 1994 August 12, 2002 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 134 Vicente V. Mendoza April 5, 1933 June 7, 1994 April 5, 2003 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 135 Ricardo J. Francisco February 13, 1928 January 5, 1995 February 13, 1998 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 136 Regino C. Hermosisima Jr. February 2, 1929 January 10, 1995 October 18, 1997 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 137 Artemio Panganiban December 7, 1936 October 5, 1995 December 19, 2005 Camilo Quiason Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 138 Justo P. Torres, Jr. November 1, 1927 March 11, 1996 November 1, 1997 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 139 Antonio M. Martinez February 2, 1929 November 10, 1997 February 2, 1999 Hilario Davide, Jr. Fidel Ramos 140 Leonardo A. Quisumbing November 6, 1939 January 15, 1998 November 6, 2009 Justo P. Torres Jr. Hilario Davide, Jr. Fidel Ramos 141 Fidel P. Purisima October 28, 1930 January 20, 1998 October 28, 2000 Hilario Davide, Jr. Fidel Ramos 142 Bernardo P. Pardo February 11, 1932 September 30, 1998 February 11, 2002 Hilario Davide, Jr. Joseph Estrada 143 Arturo B. Buena March 25, 1932 January 5, 1999 March 25, 2002 Renato C. Corona Hilario Davide, Jr. Joseph Estrada 144 Minerva P. Gonzaga-Reyes September 25, 1931 January 5, 1999 September 25, 2001 Hilario Davide, Jr. Joseph Estrada 145 Consuelo Ynares-Santiago October 5, 1939 April 6, 1999 October 5, 2009 Antonio Martinez Hilario Davide, Jr. Joseph Estrada 146 Sabino R. De Leon Jr. June 9, 1932 October 12, 1999 June 9, 2002 Flerida Ruth Pineda-Romero Hilario Davide, Jr. Joseph Estrada 147 Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez February 28, 1938 December 22, 2000 February 28, 2008 Fidel P. Purisima Hilario Davide, Jr. Joseph Estrada 148 Antonio T. Carpio October 26, 1949 October 26, 2001 October 26, 2019 Minerva P. Gonzaga-Reyes Hilario Davide, Jr. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 149 Alicia Austria-Martinez December 19, 1940 April 9, 2002 April 30, 2009 Bernardo P. Pardo Hilario Davide, Jr. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 150 Renato C. Corona October 15, 1948 April 9, 2002 May 17, 2010 Arturo B. Buena Hilario Davide, Jr. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 151 Conchita Carpio-Morales June 19, 1941 August 26, 2002 June 19, 2011 Jose A.R. Melo, JR. Hilario Davide, Jr. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 152 Romeo J. Callejo, Sr. April 28, 1937 August 26, 2002 April 28, 2007 Sabino R. De Leon Jr. Hilario Davide, Jr. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 153 Adolfo S. Azcuna February 16, 1939 October 17, 2002 February 16, 2009 Santiago M. Kapunan Hilario Davide, Jr. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 154 Dante O. Tiñga May 11, 1939 July 4, 2003 May 11, 2009 Vicente V. Mendoza Hilario Davide, Jr. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 155 Minita V. Chico-Nazario December 5, 1939 February 10, 2004 December 5, 2009 Josue N. Bellosillo Hilario Davide, Jr. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 156 Cancio C. Garcia October 30, 1937 October 7, 2004 October 30, 2007 Jose C. Vitug Hilario Davide, Jr. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 157 Presbitero J. Velasco, Jr. Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III[1][2][3][4][5] (born February 8, 1960) is a Filipino politician who has been the 15th President of the Philippines since June 2010.[4][6][7] Since the start of his presidency, he has also been referred to in the media as PNoy.[8][9][10][11] Aquino is a fourth-generation politician: his great-grandfather, Servillano "Mianong" Aquino, served as a delegate to the Malolos Congress; his grandfather, Benigno Aquino, Sr., served as Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1943 to 1944; and his parents were President Corazon Aquino and Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. Aquino is a member of the Liberal Party.[12] In the Liberal Party, Aquino held various positions such as Secretary General and Vice President for Luzon. Aquino is the Chairman of the Liberal Party.[13] Born in Manila, Aquino finished his Bachelor of Arts (major in Economics) from Ateneo de Manila University in 1981 and joined his family in their exile in the United States shortly thereafter. He returned to the Philippines in 1983 shortly after the assassination of his father and held several positions working in the private sector. In 1998, he was elected to the House of Representatives as Representative of the 2nd district of Tarlac province. He was subsequently re-elected to the House in 2001 and 2004.[4] In 2007, having been barred from running for re-election to the House due to term limits, he was elected to the Senate in the 14th Congress of the Philippines.[4] Following the death of his mother on August 1, 2009, many people began calling on Aquino to run for president.[4] On September 9, 2009, Aquino officially announced he would be a candidate in the 2010 presidential election, held on May 10, 2010.[4] On June 9, 2010, the Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Aquino the winner of the 2010 presidential election.[4] On June 30, 2010, at the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park, Manila,[4][14] Aquino was sworn into office as the fifteenth President of the Philippines, succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, by Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Conchita Carpio-Morales.[4][15] In 2013, TIME named him one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World.[16] Although the official residence of the president is the Malacañang Palace, Aquino actually resides in the Bahay Pangarap (House of Dreams), located within the Palace grounds.[17][18] Contents [hide] 1 Early life and education 2 Congressional career 2.1 House of Representatives 2.2 Senate 2.2.1 Senate bills 3 2010 presidential campaign 4 Presidency 4.1 Criticisms 4.1.1 Yolanda 4.1.2 Mamasapano 4.1.3 Noynoying 4.2 Cabinet 4.3 Judicial appointments 5 Personal life 6 Ancestry 7 Honours and awards 8 References 9 External links Early life and education Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Aquino III was born at 10:28 AM on February 8, 1960 at Far Eastern University Hospital in Sampaloc, Manila.[1] He is the third of the five children of Benigno S. Aquino, Jr., who was then the Vice Governor of Tarlac province, and Corazon Cojuangco, daughter of a prominent Tarlac businessman. He has four sisters, namely: Maria Elena (Ballsy), Aurora Corazon (Pinky), Victoria Elisa (Viel), and Kristina Bernadette (Kris). He attended Ateneo de Manila University in Quezon City for his elementary, high school, and college education.[19] He graduated in 1981 with a Bachelor's degree in Economics.[4][19] He was one of the students of former professor of economics at Ateneo de Manila University, former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. In September 1972, Aquino's father, who was then a senator and prominent opposition leader to President Ferdinand Marcos, was arrested for subversion. In August 1973, Aquino's father was brought before a military tribunal in Fort Bonifacio.[20] On August 25, 1973, Aquino's father wrote a letter to his son from Fort Bonifacio, giving advice to his son; "The only advice I can give you: Live with honor and follow your conscience. There is no greater nation on earth than our Motherland. No greater people than our own. Serve them with all your heart, with all your might and with all your strength. Son, the ball is now in your hands."[20] In 1980, after a series of heart attacks, Aquino's father was allowed to seek medical treatment in the United States, where Aquino's family began a period of self-exile. In 1981, shortly after graduation, Aquino joined his family in the United States. In 1983, after three years in exile in the United States, Aquino's family returned to the Philippines, shortly after the assassination of his father on August 21, 1983.[19] He had a short tenure as a member of the Philippine Business for Social Progress, working as an assistant of the executive director of PBSP.[19] He later joined Mondragon Industries Philippines, Inc. as an assistant Retail Sales Supervisor and assistant promotions manager for Nike Philippines, Inc.[19] From 1986 to 1992, during the presidency of his mother, Aquino joined the Intra-Strata Assurance Corporation, a company owned by his uncle Antolin Oreta Jr., as vice president.[19] On August 28, 1987, eighteen months into the presidency of Aquino's mother, rebel soldiers led by Gregorio Honasan staged an unsuccessful coup attempt, attempting to siege Malacañang Palace. Aquino was two blocks from the palace when he came under fire. Three of Aquino's four security escorts were killed, and the last was wounded protecting him. He himself was hit by five bullets, one of which is still embedded in his neck.[21] From 1993 to 1998, he worked for Central Azucarera de Tarlac, the sugar refinery in charge of the Cojuangco-owned Hacienda Luisita, as the executive assistant for administration from 1993 to 1996, then he worked as manager for field services from 1996 to 1998.[19] Congressional career House of Representatives Aquino became Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives on November 8, 2004, but relinquished the post on February 21, 2006, when Aquino joined the Liberal Party in calling for the resignation of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo at the height of the Hello Garci scandal.[4][13] Aquino was also Chairman of the Board of the Central Luzon Congressional Caucus.[13] Senate Barred from running for re-election to the House of Representatives of the Philippines, to represent the 2nd district of Tarlac, due to term limits, Aquino was elected to the Senate of the Philippines in the 2007 Philippine midterm election on May 15, 2007, under the banner of the Genuine Opposition (GO), a coalition comprising a number of parties, including Aquino's own Liberal Party, seeking to curb attempts by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to amend the 1986 Philippine Constitution. In Aquino's political ads, he was endorsed by his younger sister, TV host Kris Aquino, and his mother, the late former President Corazon Aquino. Although a Roman Catholic, Aquino was endorsed by the pentecostal Jesus Is Lord Church, one of the largest Protestant churches in the Philippines.[22][23][24] With more than 14.3 million votes, Aquino's tally was the sixth highest of the 37 candidates for the 12 vacant seats elected from the nation at large. Aquino assumed his new office on June 30, 2007.[4] During the campaign, Aquino reached out to his former enemy, Senator Gregorio Honasan, supporting his application for bail. Aquino told Job Tabada of Cebu Daily News, on March 5, 2007; "I endorse Honasan's request for bail para parehas ang laban [to even out the playing field]. I was hit by bullets from Honasan's men in the neck and hips but that's past now. The principle of my father was, 'Respect the rights even of your enemies.' Ito ang nagpatingkad ng demokrasya [This is what defines democracy]. Genuine reconciliation is democracy in action."[25] Aquino was referring to an unsuccessful coup attempt staged by rebel soldiers led by Gregorio Honasan on August 28, 1987, in which Aquino was seriously injured. Unbalanced scales.svg The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2012) Senate bills The Budget Impoundment and Control Act (SB 3121), wherein "impoundment" refers to the power of the president to refuse the release of funds appropriated by the Congress of the Philippines, is another bill Aquino is proud of;[26] he regretted,[26] however, that such power has been used and abused by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, a result of which abuse has been the significant emasculation of Congress' ability to check the president's authority. Aquino filed this bill so the president would have to pass through Congress every time the president decides to impound part of the budget. Another significant Aquino contribution to the Philippines' corruption problem is Senate Bill 2035, which is the Preservation of Public Infrastructures bill, seeking to raise standards in the construction of all public infrastructures by penalizing contractors of defective infrastructures. The bill also requires the Bureau of Maintenance under the Department of Public Works and Highways to conduct periodic inspections of public infrastructures. Aquino also pushed for the passage of the Amending the Government Procurement Act (SB 2160), which applies to all government procurement activities regardless of source of funds whether local or foreign; only treaties or international/executive agreements entered into by the government prior to its enactment shall be exempt from coverage. The bill was filed in light of the Department of Justice declaration regarding the validity of the controversial NBN-ZTE scandal, wherein its international aspect, as well as the fact that it was an executive agreement, was cited as one reason for its exemption from the procurement process stipulated in Republic Act 9184. Focusing further on accountability in government appropriations and spending, Aquino filed other reform-oriented, well-thought-out types of bills, among which were for: Philippine National Police reform; an increase in penalties for corporations and work establishments not compliant with minimum wage; the banning of reappointment to the Judicial and Bar Council; the prevention of reappointment and bypassing of the Commission on Appointments; real property valuation based on international standards; and superior responsibility for senior military officers, who are ultimately responsible for their own subordinates. However, none of these bills were passed into law. 2010 presidential campaign Main article: Philippine presidential election, 2010 See also: Benigno Aquino III presidential campaign, 2010 Aquino being proclaimed as the President-elect of the Philippines by President of the Senate of the Philippines Juan Ponce Enrile and House Speaker Prospero Nograles at the Batasang Pambansa in Quezon City on June 9, 2010. Map of dignitaries who attend Aquino's inauguration. On November 26, 2008, the Liberal Party elected Mar Roxas, president of the Liberal Party, as the standard-bearer of the Liberal Party for President of the Philippines in the then-upcoming 2010 presidential elections.[27] Following the death and funeral of Aquino's mother, former President Corazon Aquino, many people began calling on Aquino to run for President of the Philippines.[4] This groundswell of support became known as the "Noynoy Phenomenon".[28] On August 27, 2009, Edgardo "Eddie" Roces, son of the late Chino Roces, former publisher and owner of The Manila Times, and a group of lawyers and activists formed the Noynoy Aquino for President Movement (NAPM), a nationwide campaign to collect a million signatures in order to persuade Aquino to run for president,[29] reminiscent of Roces' father, who on October 15, 1985, launched the Cory Aquino for President Movement (CAPM), collecting more than one million signatures nationwide, asking Aquino's mother to run against Ferdinand Marcos in the 1986 presidential snap elections.[30] In September 2009, the Liberal Party held numerous press conferences in relation to the 2010 elections at the Club Filipino in Greenhills, San Juan, the site of the presidential inauguration of Aquino's mother in February 1986. On September 1, 2009, at the Club Filipino, in a press conference, Senator Mar Roxas, president of the Liberal Party, announced his withdrawal from the 2010 presidential race and expressed his support for Aquino, as the party standard-bearer instead.[31] Aquino later stood side by side with Roxas, but did not make a public statement at the press conference.[12] The next day, Aquino announced that he would be going on a "spiritual retreat" over the weekend to finalize his decision for the elections,visiting the Carmelite sisters in Zamboanga City.[4] reminiscent of his mother's own soul-searching in 1985 before deciding to run for the elections the following year.[32] He came back on September 9 to formally announce his candidacy.[4][33] Almost two weeks later, Roxas pledged to run alongside Aquino as the Liberal Party standard-bearer for vice-president.[34][35] The two men filed their respective certificates of candidacy for president and vice-president on November 28, 2009. Fake psychiatric reports on Aquino's mental health began circulating online during the 90-day election campaign period from February 9 – May 8, 2010,[36][37] Aquino received information that the first such report came from the wife of Nacionalista Party supporter and former National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) president Guido Delgado, a move Aquino claims was made with "malicious intent".[37] A second report came from an unidentified supporter of Senator Manny Villar, the Nacionalistas' leader and presidential candidate.[37][37][38][38] Later presented by Delgado at a press conference, the psychiatric report was supposedly signed by Father Jaime C. Bulatao, S.J., PhD, a Jesuit priest, a professor of Psychology and a clinical psychologist at the Ateneo de Manila University, taken when Aquino was finishing his Bachelor's degree in Economics at the university in 1979. It reportedly showed that Aquino suffered from depression and melancholia,[38] the priest later denied writing the document at all.[37] Another supposed psychiatric report that later surfaced claimed that Aquino suffered from major depressive disorder; the report's supposed author, Jesuit priest Father Carmelo A. Caluag II, denied writing any evaluations of Aquino. The university's psychology department later debunked the documents, with Aquino labelling them as another desperate effort by rivals to malign his reputation.[37] During the campaign,[36] Senator Francis Escudero began endorsing Aquino as president and PDP-Laban standard-bearer Jejomar Binay, for Vice President, launching the Aquino-Binay campaign.[39] However, this was done without the consent of the two candidates; Binay was former President Joseph Estrada's running mate for vice-president. During the 2010 presidential election, held on May 10, 2010, in unofficial tallies, conducted by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and the Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV), Aquino was the leading candidate in tallied votes for president, and in the official Congressional canvass, Aquino was the leading candidate in canvassed votes for president.[40] Aquino was unofficially being referred to as "president-apparent" by the media.[41] On June 9, 2010, at the Batasang Pambansa Complex, in Quezon City, the Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Aquino as the President-elect of the Philippines,[4][6] following the 2010 election with 15,208,678 votes,[4][7] while Jejomar Binay, the former mayor of Makati City, was proclaimed as the Vice President-elect of the Philippines with 14,645,574 votes,[42] defeating runner-up for the vice presidency Mar Roxas, the standard-bearer of the Liberal Party for vice president. Presidency Main article: Presidency of Benigno Aquino III See also: List of presidential trips made by Benigno Aquino III and Noynoying Presidential styles of Benigno S. Aquino III Seal of the President of the Philippines.svg Reference style His Excellency[4] Spoken style Your Excellency Alternative style Mr. President The Presidency of Benigno S. Aquino III began at noon on June 30, 2010, when he became the fifteenth President of the Philippines, succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Aquino is the: Third-youngest person to be elected president, and the fourth-youngest president after Emilio Aguinaldo, Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos.[3] First president to be a bachelor and has no official consort, being unmarried and having no children.[3] Second president not to drink alcoholic beverages; the first president not to drink alcohol was Emilio Aguinaldo.[3] Eighth president to be a smoker.[3] First graduate of Ateneo de Manila University to become president.[3] Third president who will only hold office in Malacañang Palace, but not be a resident, following Corazon Aquino and Fidel V. Ramos.[3] First president to make Bahay Pangarap his official residence.[8][43] Third president to use his second given name, Simeon, as his middle initial, as Manuel L. Quezon and Jose P. Laurel did (Like his grandfather and father used his second name as well).[2][3][4] Second president to be a child of a former president (Former President Corazon Aquino). First president to be a former student of a former president (Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal). The presidential transition began on June 9, 2010, when the Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Aquino the winner of the 2010 Philippine presidential elections held on May 10, 2010, proclaiming Aquino as the President-elect of the Philippines.[6][7] The transition was in charge of the new presidential residence, cabinet appointments and cordial meetings between them and the outgoing administration. President Aquino at work President Noynoy Aquino on YouTube Worldview as seen on ANC. The presidential residence of Aquino is Bahay Pangarap (English: House of Dreams),[17] located inside of Malacañang Park,[44] at the headquarters of the Presidential Security Group across the Pasig River from Malacañang Palace.[17][18] Aquino is the first president to make Bahay Pangarap his official residence.[8][43] Malacañang Park was intended as a recreational retreat by former President Manuel L. Quezon.[43] The house was built and designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,[17][43] and underwent a number of renovations.[17] In 2008, the house was demolished and rebuilt in contemporary style by architect Conrad Onglao,[17][43] a new swimming pool was built, replacing the Commonwealth-era swimming pool.[8][43] The house originally had one bedroom,[17] however, the house was renovated for Aquino to have four bedrooms,[8] a guest room, a room for Aquino's household staff, and a room for Aquino's close-in security.[44] The house was originally intended as a rest house, the venue for informal activities and social functions for the First Family by former President Manuel L. Quezon.[17] Malacañang Park was refurbished through the efforts of First Lady Eva Macapagal, wife of former President Diosdado Macapagal, in the early 1960s.[43] First Lady Macapagal renamed the rest house as Bahay Pangarap.[43] During the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos, the house was restored and became the club house of the Malacañang Golf Club.[17] The house was used by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to welcome special guests.[17] Aquino refused to live in Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the President of the Philippines, or in Arlegui Mansion, the residence of former presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel V. Ramos, stating that the two residences are too big,[17] and also stated that his small family residence at Times Street in Quezon City would be impractical, since it would be a security concern for his neighbors.[18] Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs William Joseph Burns (middle) shakes hands with President Benigno S. Aquino III (right) as United States Ambassador to the Philippines Harry K. Thomas, Jr. (left) looks on. On June 29, 2010, Aquino officially named the members of his Cabinet, with Aquino himself as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government,[45] a position that Vice President-elect Jejomar Binay initially wanted, however, Aquino stated that the post is not being considered for him,[46] but has offered Binay various positions, such as, to head a commission that will investigate the outgoing Arroyo administration, the posts of Secretary of Agrarian Reform, chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC), and the chairman of Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), but Binay refused.[47] Aquino also announced the formation of a truth commission that will investigate various issues including corruption Franciszek Smuglewicz – painter Yehezkel Streichman Israeli painter Kazys Šimonis – painter Algimantas Švegžda – lt Algimantas Švegžda painter Otis Tamašauskas Lithographer Print Maker Graphic Artist Adolfas Valeška – painter and graphic artist Adomas Varnas – painter Kazys Varnelis – artist Vladas Vildžiunas lt Vladas Vildžiunas sculptor Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis lt Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis graphic artist Viktoras Vizgirda – painter William Zorach – Modern artist who died in Bath Maine Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Kazimieras Leonardas Žoromskis – painter Politics edit President Valdas Adamkus right chatting with Vice President Dick Cheney left See also List of Lithuanian rulers Mindaugas – the first and only King of Lithuania – Gediminas – the ruler of Lithuania – Algirdas – the ruler together with Kestutis of Lithuania – Kestutis – the ruler together with Algirdas of Lithuania – Vytautas – the ruler of Lithuania – together with Jogaila Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

allegations against outgoing President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Aquino named former Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. to head the truth commission.[48] Traditionally, it is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines who administers the oath of office to the incoming president and vice president, however, Aquino refused to allow Chief Justice Renato Corona to swear him into office, due to Aquino's opposition to the midnight appointment of Corona by outgoing President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on May 12, 2010, two days after the 2010 elections and a month before Arroyo's term expired.[49] Instead, Aquino formally requested Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Conchita Carpio-Morales, who opposed the midnight appointment of Corona,[50] to swear him into office.[15] Aquino took the oath of office on June 30, 2010, at the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park, Manila.[4][14] The oath of office was administered by Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales, who officially accepted Aquino's request to swear him into office,[4][15] reminiscent of the decision of his mother, who in 1986, was sworn into the presidency by Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee.[3] After being sworn in as the fifteenth President of the Philippines, succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Aquino delivered his inaugural address. During the inaugural address, Aquino created the no ‘wang-wang’ policy, strengthening the implementation of Presidential Decree No. 96.[9][51] The term ‘wang-wang’ is street lingo for blaring sirens.[52] Presidential Decree No. 96 was issued on January 13, 1973 by former President Ferdinand Marcos, regulating the use of sirens, bells, whistles, horns and other similar devices only to motor vehicles designated for the use of the president, vice president, senate president, House Speaker, chief justice, Philippine National Police, Armed Forces of the Philippines, National Bureau of Investigation, Land Transportation Office, Bureau of Fire Protection and ambulances.[9][51] However, despite having the privilege of using ‘wang-wang’, Aquino maintained he would set the example for his no ‘wang-wang’ policy, not to use ‘wang-wang’, even if it means being stuck in traffic and being late every now and then.[53][54] Aquino also traded the official black presidential Mercedes Benz S-Guard limousine for his own white Toyota Land Cruiser 200.[53] After the inaugural address, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority began to enforce Aquino's no ‘wang-wang’ policy, confiscating ‘wang-wang’ from public officials and private motorists who illegally used them.[51] From June 30 – July 9, 2010, Aquino was Secretary of the Interior and Local Government,[45] until Aquino named Jesse Robredo, a former Naga mayor, as Interior Secretary.[55] On July 14, 2010, the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) called an emergency meeting in Camp Aguinaldo to assess the damage caused by Typhoon Basyang.[56] Aquino attended the meeting to obtain information on the damage caused by Typhoon Basyang and to personally monitor the repair and recovery work in the aftermath of the typhoon.[56] In the meeting, Aquino criticized the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) for failing to predict and to warn the residents of Metro Manila that Typhoon Basyang would ravage Metropolitan Manila.[56][57] On July 15, 2010, Aquino offered Vice President Jejomar Binay the position of chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC). Binay has accepted the offer of Aquino to take charge of the housing sector as chairman of HUDCC.[58] On July 26, 2010, at the Batasang Pambansa, in Quezon City, Aquino delivered his first State of the Nation Address (SONA).[10][59] During Aquino's first State of the Nation Address (SONA), Aquino announced his intention to reform the education system in the Philippines by shifting to K–12 education, a 12-year basic education cycle.[60] K–12 education is used in the United States, Canada, and Australia. On July 30, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 1, creating the Truth Commission. The commission is tasked to investigate various anomalies and issues including graft and corruption allegations against the past administration, government officials and their accomplices in the private sector during the last nine years. The commission has until December 31, 2012 to complete its mission. Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. will head the commission.[61] Presidential trips of President Aquino On August 4, 2010, Aquino implemented Executive Order No. 2, signed on July 30, 2010, ordering the immediate removal of all midnight appointments made by the previous administration for violating the 60-day constitutional ban on presidential appointments before a national election.[62] On August 6, 2010, Aquino implemented Executive Order No. 3, signed on July 30, 2010, an executive order revoking Executive Order No. 883, signed by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on May 28, 2010, that automatically promoted lawyers in government executive service to the rank of Career Executive Service Officer III (CESO III).[63] Aquino also announced the removal of Prisco Nilo as administrator of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).[64] PAGASA was directly under Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Undersecretary for Research and Development (R&D) Graciano Yumul.[64] A special order from DOST Secretary Mario Montejo, dated August 5, 2010, designated Yumul as PAGASA administrator, replacing Nilo.[64] On August 7, 2010, Malacañang announced that Yumul will be heading PAGASA temporarily, for only three months, as PAGASA will undergo a "reorientation" to improve its services. Aquino has yet to name the new administrator who will permanently head PAGASA.[65] On August 9, 2010, Aquino implemented Executive Order No. 4, signed on July 30, 2010, reorganizing and renaming the Office of the Press Secretary as the Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO),[66][67] and creating the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office (PCDSPO).[66][67] Aquino appointed former ABS-CBN News Channel (ANC) anchor Ricky Carandang and Herminio Coloma as secretaries of the new media communications group.[67][68] On August 13, 2010, Aquino appointed Maria Lourdes Aranal Sereno as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, his first appointment to the Supreme Court of the Philippines.[69] On August 14, 2010, Aquino directed the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) and the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) to fully implement Executive Order No. 255, issued on July 25, 1987 by former President Corazon Aquino, requiring all radio stations to broadcast a minimum of four original Filipino musical compositions every hour.[70] On August 16, 2010, Aquino launched his official presidential website. The presidential website's aim is to create communication between Aquino and the people, getting feedback from the people, telling Aquino their woes and grievances.[71] On August 23, 2010, in front of the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park, Manila, the site of Aquino's presidential inauguration, the Manila hostage crisis occurred. Aquino expressed concern over the matter and gave his condolences to the victims. Aquino defended the actions of the police at the scene, stating that the gunman had not shown any signs of wanting to kill the hostages. Aquino ordered a "thorough investigation" into the incident, and would wait until it is completed before deciding whether anyone should lose his or her job.[72] Aquino declared that the media may have worsened the situation by giving the gunman "a bird's-eye view of the entire situation".[73] Aquino also made reference to the Moscow theater hostage crisis, which, according to Aquino, resulted in "more severe" casualties despite Russia's "resources and sophistication".[74] On August 24, 2010, Aquino signed Proclamation No. 23, declaring August 25, 2010, as a national day of mourning, instructing all public institutions nationwide and all Philippine embassies and consulates overseas to lower the Philippine flag at half-mast, in honor of the eight Hong Kong residents who died in the Manila hostage crisis.[75][76] On August 25, 2010, at a press conference in Malacañang, Aquino apologized to those offended when he was caught on television apparently smiling while being interviewed at the crime scene hours after the Manila hostage crisis.[77] Aquino said; "My smile might have been misunderstood. I have several expressions. I smile when I'm happy, I smile when I'm faced with a very absurd situation...and if I offended certain people, I apologize to them. It's more of an expression maybe of exasperation rather than anything and again, I apologize if I offended certain people, who misunderstood (my) facial expression."[77] On September 1, 2010, Aquino implemented Executive Order No. 5, signed on August 25, 2010, an executive order amending Executive Order No. 594, signed by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on December 20, 2006, stating the rules governing the appointment or designation and conduct of special envoys.[78] Executive Order No. 5 prevents special envoys from using the title "ambassador".[78] Aquino also ordered the Department of Health (DOH) to support and assist all regional hospitals and health centers and intensify their efforts to attend to the needs of dengue–inflicted patients.[79] On September 2, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 6, extending the duration of the operations of the Presidential Middle East Preparedness Committee (PMEPC) to December 30, 2010.[80] On September 3, 2010, Aquino took responsibility for everything that happened during the Manila hostage crisis.[81] Aquino actually has direct supervision of the Philippine National Police, since Aquino had asked Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Jesse Robredo to address other concerns, such as coming up with a comprehensive plan on delivering social services to and relocating informal settlers in coordination with the local governments.[81] On September 8, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 7, ordering the suspension of all allowances, bonuses and incentives of board members of government-owned and-controlled corporations (GOCCs) and government financial institutions (GFIs) until December 31, 2010.[82] On September 9, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 8, reorganizing and renaming the Build-Operate and Transfer Center (BOT) to the Public-Private Partnership Center (PPP) and transferring its attachment from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA).[83] On September 13, 2010, Aquino appointed Philippine National Police (PNP) Deputy Director General Raul Bacalzo as the new PNP Director, replacing General Jesus Verzosa, who retired on September 14, 2010.[84] United States president, Barack Obama, with President Aquino and Vietnamese president, Nguy?n Minh Tri?t, at a working lunch with leaders of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations around the United Nations General Assembly Meeting in New York City. United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton delivers remarks at the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) compact agreement signing ceremony with President Benigno S. Aquino III at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City, on September 23, 2010. On September 20, 2010, Aquino delivered his departure statement[85] at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), before leaving for his first official trip to the United States.[86] Secretary of Foreign Affairs Alberto Romulo, Secretary of Finance Cesar Purisima, Secretary of Trade & Industry Gregory Domingo, and Secretary of Energy Jose Rene Almendras, including 34 businessmen and 12 officials and support staff of the Presidential Communications Operations Office joined Aquino in the trip.[86] On September 22, 2010, Aquino delivered his speech[87] during the Citibank Economic Conference in New York City. On September 23, 2010, Aquino delivered his extemporaneous remarks[88] during a meeting with the Filipino community at Baruch College in New York City. Aquino also delivered his remarks[89] at the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) compact agreement signing ceremony at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. The US$434-million MCC compact agreement will fund the Aquino administration's various programs on poverty reduction, revenue generation, and infrastructure development.[86] On September 24, 2010, Aquino delivered his statement before the 65th United Nations General Assembly in New York City. Aquino also had a seven-minute one-on-one talk with President of the United States Barack Obama during the 2nd Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-US Leaders Meeting at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City.[90][91] During the meeting, Aquino recognized the United States’ commitment to reinvigorating its relationship with the region and its individual nations at a time of ever-increasing complexity in global affairs.[90] Obama expressed his determination to elevate RP-US relations to a higher level, and welcomed the Aquino administration’s anti-corruption efforts.[90] Aquino and Obama also discussed military matters, about the possible removal of thousands of tons of war materials that Allied forces had left behind on Corregidor Island during World War II.[91] On September 26, 2010, during a visit to the Seasons Market Place in Milpitas, California, Aquino was greeted by cheering members of the Filipino community of San Jose, California.[92] Aquino also delivered his speech in front of the Filipino community at the Mission San Francisco de Asis in San Francisco, California. On September 28, 2010, Aquino arrived at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), after his week-long working visit to the United States. Aquino delivered his arrival statement at NAIA.[11] On September 30, 2010, Bishop Nereo Odchimar of Tandag, head of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP), said that Aquino might face excommunication from the Catholic Church for supporting the Reproductive Health Bill, the plan to distribute and give Filipino couples the choice to use contraceptives for artificial birth control. However, despite the possibility of excommunication, Aquino said that he is not changing his position on contraceptive use.[93] On October 1, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 9, amending Section 1 of Executive Order No. 67, signed by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on January 22, 2002, and reorganizing the Presidential Commission on the Visiting Forces Agreement created under Executive Order No. 199, signed by former President Joseph Estrada on January 17, 2000. On October 2, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 10, declaring October 2, 2010 as the Nationwide Philhealth Registration Day (NPRD) and directing the Department of Health (DOH) to lead concerned government agencies to facilitate the nationwide Philhealth registration. President Benigno S. Aquino III (3rd to the right) and other ASEAN leaders during the 2nd ASEAN-Russia Summit, Hanoi, Vietnam, October 30, 2010. On October 26, 2010, Aquino delivered his departure statement[94] at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), before leaving for his first official trip to Vietnam. Aquino met with President of Vietnam Nguy?n Minh Tri?t at the Presidential Palace in Hanoi, Vietnam. Aquino and Tri?t signed four memorandum of agreement on four areas of cooperation, namely, higher education, defense, oil spill preparedness and response, and search and rescue at sea. Aquino also met with Prime Minister of Vietnam Nguy?n T?n Dung.[95] Aquino delivered a toast[96] at the State Banquet hosted by Tri?t at the Government Guest House. On October 27, 2010, Aquino delivered his extemporaneous remarks[97] during a meeting with the Filipino community in Vietnam. On October 28, 2010, Aquino delivered his statement[98] during the ASEAN Leaders’ Retreat in Hanoi, Vietnam. On October 29, 2010, Aquino delivered his statements during the 13th ASEAN-Japan Summit,[99] 13th ASEAN-Republic of Korea Summit,[100] 13th ASEAN-China Summit,[101] 13th ASEAN Plus Three Summit,[102] and 3rd ASEAN-UN Summit[103] in Hanoi, Vietnam. On October 30, 2010, Aquino delivered his statements during the 8th ASEAN-India Summit,[104] 5th East Asia Summit,[105] 2nd ASEAN-Russia Summit,[106] ASEAN-Australia Summit,[107] and ASEAN-New Zealand Commemorative Summit[108] in Hanoi, Vietnam. On October 31, 2010, Aquino arrived at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), after his first official trip to Vietnam. Aquino delivered his arrival statement at NAIA.[109][110] On November 8, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 11, transferring the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to the Office of the President. On November 9, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 12, delegating to the Executive Secretary the power to approve compromises or releases of any interest, penalty or civil liability to the Social Security System (SSS) pursuant to Section 4(6) of Republic Act No. 8282, otherwise known as the Social Security Act of 1997. On November 10, 2010, former President of the United States Bill Clinton arrived in Manila.[111] Aquino met with Clinton in a courtesy call at Malacañang Palace.[112] Clinton gave a talk on globalization and delivered a lecture titled "Embracing Our Common Humanity" at the Manila Hotel, attended by politicians, business executives and members of the media.[111][112] The next day, Clinton quietly left for Singapore.[111] On November 11, 2010, Aquino delivered his departure statement[113] at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), before leaving for his first official trip to Japan for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit in Yokohama, Japan.[114] On November 12, 2010, Aquino delivered his speech[115] during the APEC CEO Summit in Yokohama, Japan. On November 14, 2010, Aquino delivered his statement during the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting Retreat in Yokohama, Japan. On November 15, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 13, abolishing the Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (PAGC) and transferring its investigative, adjudicatory and recommendatory functions to the Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary for Legal Affairs and the Office of the President. On November 19, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 14, transferring the control and supervision of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) from the Department of Health (DOH) to the Office of the President. On November 22, 2010, Aquino signed Proclamation No. 73, declaring November 23, 2010, as a national day of remembrance for the victims in the Maguindanao massacre. On December 9, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 18, abolishing agencies under the Office of the President such as the Presidential Anti-Smuggling Group (PASG) and the Office of the Presidential Adviser on Global Warming and Climate Change. On December 20, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 15, granting combat allowance to uniformed members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) who are directly involved in combat operations against members of National Security Threat Groups. On December 21, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 16, extending the term of the SOCCSKSARGEN Area Development Office (ADPO) from January 2010 to December 2016. On December 22, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 17, forming the EDSA People Power Commission, designated to organize the nationwide celebrations commemorating the 25th anniversary of the 1986 People Power Revolution in February 2011. On December 30, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 19, extending the suspension of the grant of allowances and other incentives to members of the Board of Directors/Trustees of Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) and Government Financial Institutions (GFIs). On January 6, 2011, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 20, extending the duration of operation of the Presidential Middle East Preparedness Committee (PMECC), led by Special Envoy Roy Cimatu, to June 30, 2011. On January 14, 2011, Aquino signed Executive Orders No. 21 and 22, reducing the rate of import duty on milling wheat, cement and cement clinker to zero under Section 104 of the Presidential Decree No. 1464, otherwise as the Tariff and Customs Code of 1978.[116] On February 1, 2011, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 23, declaring a moratorium on the cutting and harvesting of timber in the natural and residual forests and creating the Anti-Illegal Logging Task Force. On February 10, 2011, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 24, which prescribed rules to govern the compensation of members of the Board of Directors/Trustees in Government-Owned Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) and Government Financial Institutions (GFIs). On February 24, 2011, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 26, declaring the implementation of a National Greening Program (NGP). The NGP will plant some 1.5 billion trees covering about 1.5 million hectares for a period of six years, from 2011 to 2016. On February 28, 2011, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 27, implementing the reduction of real property taxes and interest/penalties assessed on the power generation facilities of independent power producers under build-operate transfer contracts with Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations in Quezon. On March 14, 2011, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 28, reorganizing the Single Negotiating Panel into the Philippine Air Negotiating Panel and the Philippine Air Consultation Panel, mandated by the Philippine government's Domestic and International Civil Aviation Liberalization Policy. On March 14, 2011, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 29, authorizing the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Philippine Air Panels to "pursue more aggressively" the International Civil Aviation Liberalization Policy. On March 14, 2011, Aquino also signed Executive Order No. 30, transferring the Land Registration Authority (LRA) from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to the Department of Justice (DOJ). On July 25, 2011, at the Batasang Pambansa, in Quezon City, Aquino delivered his second State of the Nation Address (SONA). On August 4, 2011, Aquino left the country unannounced to hold unprecedented talks with Murad Ebrahim, chair of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), in Tokyo, Japan.[117] President Aquino and Pope Francis at Malacañang on January 16, 2015. Criticisms Yolanda President Aquino's Administration was criticised during and after Typhoon Yolanda.[118] The victims of the typhoon lost hope on government support.[118] Mamasapano President Aquino was hounded by accusations of evading responsibility for the death of 44 SAF operatives in a failed operation which lead to the so-called Mamasapano massacre.[119] Noynoying Main article: Noynoying Noynoying (pronounced noy-noy-YING[120] or noy-NOY-ying[121]) is a protest gimmick in the form of a neologism that Aquino's critics have used to question his work ethic, alleging his inaction on the issues of disaster response and rising oil prices. A play on the term planking and Aquino's nickname, Noynoying involves posing in a lazy manner, such as sitting idly while resting their heads on one hand, and doing nothing. Cabinet Ambox current red.svg This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2012) Title Name Term President Head of State Head of Government Benigno S. Aquino III 2010- Vice President Jejomar Binay 2010- Cabinet Secretary Jose Rene Almendras 2012- Executive Secretary Paquito Ochoa, Jr. 2010- Press Secretary Edwin Lacierda 2010- Secretary of Agrarian Reform Virgilio de los Reyes 2010- Secretary of Agriculture Proceso Alcala 2010- Secretary of Budget and Management Florencio Abad 2010- Secretary of Education Br. Armin Luistro FSC 2010- Secretary of Energy Jose Rene Almendras 2010-2012 Carlos Jericho Petilla 2012-2015 Zenaida Monsada 2015- Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources Ramon Paje 2010- Secretary of Finance Cesar Purisima 2010- Secretary of Foreign Affairs Alberto Romulo 2010-2011 Albert del Rosario 2011- Secretary of Health Dr. Enrique Ona 2010-2014 Janette Garin 2015- (Acting) From 2014-2015 Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Jesse M. Robredo 2010-2012 Mar Roxas 2012-2015 Mel Senen Sarmiento 2015- Secretary of Justice Leila de Lima 2010-2015 Alfredo Caguioa 2015- (Acting) Secretary of Labor and Employment Rosalinda Baldoz 2010- Secretary of National Defense Voltaire Gazmin 2010- Secretary of Public Works and Highways Rogelio Singson 2010- Secretary of Science and Technology Engr. Mario Montejo 2010- Secretary of Social Welfare and Development Corazon Soliman 2010- Secretary of Tourism Alberto Lim 2010-2011 Ramon Jimenez, Jr. 2011- Secretary of Trade and Industry Gregory Domingo 2010- Secretary of Transportation and Communications Jose de Jesus 2010-2011 Manuel Roxas 2011-2012 Joseph Emilio Abaya 2012- Chief of the Presidential Management Staff Julia Abad 2010- Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority Arsenio Balisacan 2012- Presidential Assistant for Food Security and Agriculture Modernization Francis Pangilinan 2014- Presidential Assistant for Rehabilitation and Recovery Panfilo Lacson 2013-2015 Judicial appointments Aquino appointed the following to the Supreme Court of the Philippines: Maria Lourdes Sereno – August 13, 2010 (as Associate Justice); August 25, 2012 (as Chief Justice).[69] Bienvenido L. Reyes – August 16, 2011 Estela M. Perlas-Bernabe – September 16, 2011 Mario Victor F. Leonen - November 21, 2012 Francis H. Jardeleza - August 19, 2014 (his last SC justice appointee) Personal life This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: grammar. Please help improve this article if you can. (September 2014) Aquino is the first bachelor president, being single and having no children. Aquino previously had a relationship with Shalani Soledad, a Valenzuela councilor and niece of former Senator Francisco Tatad.[122][123][124] In November 2010, Aquino confirmed that he and Soledad had broken up.[125] He had previously dated Korina Sanchez,[122][126] Bernadette Sembrano,[122] and Liz Uy.[125][127] Aquino dated Bunny Calica, a teacher who is into early education and is working with Korean students.[128] Aquino and Calica first met around 2007, and didn't see each other again until 2011.[128] President was aso in a relationship with Korean television host Grace Lee.[129] As of 2015, Aquino is romantically linked to Filipino-German model Pia Wurtzbach. He has stated he has a preference for younger women because he wants to have children.[130] Aquino had been an enthusiast of shooting and billiards,[2][4] but today, he relaxes by playing video games since he could no longer engage in those two pastimes.[131] He is a history buff,[2][4] an audiophile and enjoys listening to music.[4][131] Aquino does not drink alcoholic beverages,[3] but he is a smoker, and has admitted to smoking up to three packs a day.[132] During his presidential campaign, Aquino promised to quit smoking if he wins the election.[133] However, he decided later he would not quit smoking, preferring to do it at the "appropriate" time.[134][135] He also said he is not keen on being a poster boy for anti-smoking advocates.[136] August 8, 1948 March 31, 2006 August 8, 2018 Artemio V. Panganiban Artemio V. Panganiban Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 158 Antonio Eduardo B. Nachura June 13, 1941 February 7, 2007 June 13, 2011 Reynato Puno Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 159 Ruben T. Reyes January 3, 1939 August 2, 2007 January 3, 2009 Romeo J. Callejo, Sr. Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 160 Teresita De Castro October 8, 1948 December 3, 2007 October 8, 2018 Cancio Garcia Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 161 Arturo D. Brion December 29, 1946 March 17, 2008 December 29, 2016 Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 162 Diosdado M. Peralta March 27, 1952 January 14, 2009 March 27, 2022 Ruben Reyes Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 163 Lucas P. Bersamin October 18, 1949 April 3, 2009 October 18, 2019 Adolfo Azcuna Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 164 Mariano C. del Castillo July 29, 1949 July 29, 2009 July 29, 2019 Ma. Alicia Austria-Martinez Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 165 Roberto A. Abad May 22, 1944 August 7, 2009 May 22, 2014 Dante O. Tiñga Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 166 Martin Villarama, Jr. April 14, 1946 November 6, 2009 April 14, 2016 Consuelo Ynares-Santiago Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 167 Jose P. Perez December 14, 1946 December 26, 2009 December 14, 2016 Leonardo A. Quisumbing Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 168 Jose C. Mendoza August 13, 1947 January 4, 2010 August 13, 2017 Minita Chico-Nazario Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 169 Maria Lourdes Sereno July 2, 1960 August 13, 2010 August 25, 2012 Renato C. Corona Renato C. Corona Benigno Aquino III 170 Bienvenido L. Reyes July 6, 1947 August 20, 2011 July 6, 2017 Antonio Eduardo Nachura Renato C. Corona Benigno Aquino III 171 Estela Perlas-Bernabe May 14, 1952 September 16, 2011 May 14, 2022 Conchita Carpio-Morales Renato C. Corona Benigno Aquino III 172 Marvic Mario Victor F. Leonen December 29, 1962 November 21, 2012 December 29, 2032 Maria Lourdes Sereno Maria Lourdes Sereno Benigno Aquino III 173 Francis H. Jardeleza September 26, 1949 August 19, 2014 September 26, 2019 Roberto Abad Maria Lourdes Sereno Benigno Aquino III Philippine court system[edit] Judicial regions Court of Appeals Regional Trial Courts Metropolitan Trial Courts Municipal Trial Courts in Cities Municipal Trial Courts Municipal Circuit Trial Courts Shari'a District Courts Shari'a Circuit Courts F. Sioníl José Bienvenido Lumbera Alejándro R. Roces Carlos P. Rómulo Edith L. Tiempo José García Villa Lázaro Francisco Cinema Lino Brocka Ishmael Bernál Gerardo de León Eddie S. Romero Fernando Poe, Jr. Manuel Conde Controversies[edit] Over the years there have been several controversies involving the awarding of National Artist or involving awardees. 2009 National Artist of the Philippines controversy[edit] Main article: 2009 National Artist of the Philippines controversy In August 2009, the conferment of the Order of National Artists on seven individuals by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo[7] became controversial when it was revealed that musician Ramon Santos had been dropped from the list of nominees short-listed in May that year by the selection committee, and that four other individuals had been nominated via "President’s prerogative": Cecilla Guidote-Alvarez (Theater), Magno José "Carlo” Caparás (Visual Arts and Film), Francisco Mañosa (Architecture), and José “Pitoy” Moreno (Fashion Design).[4][8] Members of the Philippine art community–including a number of living members of the Order–protested that the proclamation politicised the title of National Artist, and made it "a way for President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to accommodate her allies." Specific protests were raised regarding the nomination of Guidote-Alvarez, who was also Executive Director of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, because it was purportedly a breach of protocol and delicadeza (propriety), and of Caparás, on the grounds that he was unqualified for nomination under the both the Visual Arts and the Film categories.[8][9] On July 16, 2013, the controversy finally ended after the Supreme Court of the Philippines voted 12-1-2 that voided the four proclamations.[10] On June 20, 2014, five years after he was originally shortlisted in 2009, Dr. Ramon Santos was finally conferred National Artist for Music by President Benigno S. Aquino III.[5] Infant mortality in Venezuela is 19.33 deaths per 1,000 births for 2014, lower than the South American average (by comparison, the U.S. stands at 5.9 deaths per 1,000 births in 2013).[232] Child malnutrition (defined as stunting or wasting in children under age five) stands at 17%; Delta Amacuro and Amazonas have the nation's highest rates.[233] According to the United Nations, 32% of Venezuelans lack adequate sanitation, primarily those living in rural areas.[234] Diseases ranging from typhoid, yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis D are present in the country.[235] Obesity is prevalent in approximately 30% of the adult population in Venezuela.[232] Venezuela has a total of 150 plants for sewage treatment. However, still 13% of the population lack access to drinking water, but this number has been dropping.[236] During the economic crisis observed under President Maduro's presidency, medical professionals were forced to perform outdated treatments on patients Meanwhile, ISIL forces in Raqqah were launching a siege on Tabqa airbase, the Syrian government's last military base in Raqqah. Kuwaires airbase in Aleppo also came under fierce attack by ISIL.[457][458] On 16 August, there were reports that 22 people were killed in the village of Daraa by a car bomb outside a mosque. The bomb was thought to be detonated by ISIS. Also on 16 August, the Islamic State seized the village of Beden in the Aleppo Governorate from rebels.[459][460] On 17 August, SOHR said that in the past two weeks ISIL jihadists killed over 700 tribal members in oil-rich Deir ez-Zor Governorate.[461] On 19 August, a senior figure in ISIL who had helped prepare and plan car and suicide bombs across Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq was killed. Some reports said that he was killed by Hezbollah fighters. There were also several reports that he was killed by the Syrian Army in the Qalamoun region, near the border with Lebanon.[462][463][464] On 19 August, American journalist James Foley was executed by ISIL, who claimed it was in retaliation for the United States operations in Iraq. Foley was kidnapped in Syria in November 2012 by Shabiha militia.[465] ISIL also threatened to execute Steven Sotloff, who was kidnapped at the Syrian-Turkish border in August 2013.[466] There are reports ISIS captured a Japanese national, two Italian nationals, and a Danish national as well.[467] At least 70 journalists have been killed covering the Syrian war, and more than 80 kidnapped, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists.[468] On 22 August, the al-Nusra Front released a video of captured Lebanese soldiers and demanded that Hezbollah withdraw from Syria under threat of their execution.[469] On 23 August, the Tabqa airbase was no longer encircled by ISIL fighters and the Syrian Army had taken back the M-42 Highway from ISIL fighters, which leads to the city of Salamiyah in the Hama Governorate.[470] Also in Raqqah, the Syrian Army took control of the town of Al-Ejeil.[471][472] ISIL reportedly sent reinforcements from Iraq to the governorate of Raqqah. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said at least 400 ISIL fighters had also been wounded in the previous five days in clashes with the Syrian Army and National Defence Force in Raqqah alone.[471][473] At the same time, Several senior UK and US figures urged Turkey to stop allowing ISIL to cross the border to Syria and Iraq.[474] On the following day, the Islamic State seized Tabqa airbase from government forces.[475] The battle for the base left 346 ISIL fighters and 195 soldiers dead.[476] Prisoners taken by ISIL forces were executed and a video from the mass killing was posted on YouTube. The death toll varied from 120 to 250.[477] On 26 August, the Syrian Air Force carried out airstrikes against ISIL targets in the Governorate of Deir ez-Zor. This was the first time the Syrian army attacked them in Deir ez-Zor as the Syrian Army pulled out of Raqqah and shifted to Deir ez-Zor in a bid to seize its oil and natural gas resources as well as strategically splitting ISIL territories.[478][479] American jets began bombing ISIL in Syria on 23 September 2014, raising U.S. involvement in the war-torn country. At least 20 targets in and around Raqqa were hit, the opposition group Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said. Foreign partners participating in the strikes with the United States were Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Jordan. The US and "partner nation forces" began striking ISIL targets using fighters, bombers and Tomahawk missiles, Pentagon spokesman Rear Adm. John Kirby said.[480] US aircraft include B-1 bombers, F-16s, F-18s and Predator drones, with F-18s flying missions off the USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) in the Persian Gulf. Tomahawk missiles were fired from the destroyer USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) in the Red Sea. Syria's Foreign Ministry told the Associated Press that the US informed Syria's envoy to the U.N. that "strikes will be launched against the terrorist group in Raqqa".[481] The United States informed the Free Syrian Army beforehand of the impending airstrikes, and the rebels said that weapons transfers to the Free Syrian Army had begun.[482] The United States also attacked a specific faction of Al-Nusra called the Khorasan Group, who according to the United States had training camps and plans for attacking the United States in the future.[483] For its part, Turkey launched an official request to the UN for a no-fly zone over Syria.[484] The same day, Israel shot down a Syrian warplane after it entered the Golan area from Quneitra.[485] By 3 October, ISIL forces were heavily shelling the city of Kobanî and were within a kilometer of the town.[486] Within 36 hours from 21 October, the Syrian air force carried out over 200 airstrikes on rebel-held areas across Syria and US and Arab jets attacked IS positions around Kobanî. Syrian Information Minister Omran al-Zoubi said the YPG forces in Kobanî had been provided with military and logistical support.[487][488] Syria reported that its air force had destroyed two fighter jets being operated by IS.[489] By 26 January, the Kurdish YPG forced ISIL forces in Kobanî to retreat,[490] thus fully recapturing the city.[491] The U.S. confirmed that the city had been cleared of ISIL forces on 27 January,[492] and ISIL admitted defeat in Kobanî city three days later, although they vowed to return.[493] The Southern Front (October 2014 – February 2015) In February 2014, the Southern Front of the Free Syrian Army formed in southern Syria. Six months later, they started a string of victories in Daraa and Quneitra during the 2014 Quneitra offensive, the Daraa offensive, the Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin, the Battle of Bosra (2015) and the Battle of Nasib Border Crossing. A government counter-offensive (the 2015 Southern Syria offensive) during this period, that included the IRGC and Hezbollah, recaptured 15 towns, villages and hills,[494][495][496] but the operation slowed soon after[497] and stalled.[498] Since early 2015, opposition military operations rooms based in Jordan and Turkey began increasing cooperation,[499] with Saudi Arabia and Qatar also reportedly agreeing upon the necessity to unite opposition factions against the Syrian government.[500] Northern Al-Nusra Front and Islamist takeover (October 2014 – March 2015) In late October 2014, a conflict erupted between the Al-Nusra Front on one side and the western-backed SRF and Hazzm Movement on the other (Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict). ISIL reportedly reinforced Al-Nusra. By the end of February 2015 Al-Nusra had defeated both groups, captured the entire Zawiya Mountain region in Idlib province and several towns and military bases in other governorates, and seized weapons supplied by the CIA to the two moderate groups.[501][502] The significant amount of weapons seized included a small number of BGM-71 anti-tank missiles similar to weapons systems al-Nusra Front had previously captured from government stockpiles such as French MILANs, Chinese HJ-8s and Russian 9K111 Fagots.[503] Reuters reported that this represented al-Nusra crushing pro-Western rebels in the north of the country.[504] According to FSA commanders in northern Syria, however, the elimination of Harakat Hazm and the SRF was a welcome development due to the Bev Lyon, England, cricketer[69] Dar Lyon, England, cricketer (brother of Bev)[69] Greg, Jason, and Lara Molins, two brothers and a cousin from the same Irish family[74] Jon Moss, Australia, allrounder (Victorian Bushrangers)[69] John Raphael, England, batsman[69] Marshall Rosen, NSW Australia, cricketer and selector[76] Lawrence Seeff, South Africa, batsmen[77] Maurice Sievers, Australia, lower order batsman and fast-medium bowler[69] Bensiyon Songavkar, India, cricketer, MVP of 2009 Maccabiah Games cricket tournament[78] Fred Susskind, South Africa, Test batsman[69] Fred Trueman, England, English test fast bowler (a lifelong Christian)[69] Julien Wiener, Australia, Test cricketer[69] Mandy Yachad, South Africa, Test cricketer[69] Equestrian[edit] Margie Goldstein-Engle Robert Dover, US, 4x Olympic bronze, 1x world championship bronze (dressage)[79] Margie Goldstein-Engle, US, world championship silver, Pan American Games gold, silver, and bronze (jumping)[80] Edith Master, US, Olympic bronze (dressage)[26] Fencing[edit] Helene Mayer Soren Thompson Henri Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), Olympic champion[26] Paul Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), 2x Olympic champion[26] Norman Armitage (Norman Cohn), US (sabre), 17x US champion, Olympic bronze[26] Albert "Albie" Axelrod, US (foil); Olympic bronze, 4x US champion[8] Péter Bakonyi, Hungary (saber), Olympic 3x bronze[41] Cliff Bayer, US (foil); youngest US champion[37] Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy), Austria (saber), Olympic silver[41] Tamir Bloom, US (épée); 2x US champion[37] Daniel Bukantz, US (foil); 4x US champion[37] Sergey Sharikov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver, bronze[26] Yves Dreyfus, France (épée), Olympic bronze, French champion[26] Ilona Elek, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Boaz Ellis, Israel (foil), 5x Israeli champion[34] Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch, Austria (sabre), Olympic bronze[26] Dr. Dezsö Földes, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Dr. Jenö Fuchs, Hungary (saber), 4x Olympic champion[81] Támas Gábor, Hungary (épée), Olympic champion[8] János Garay, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion, silver, bronze, killed by the Nazis[8] Dr. Oskar Gerde, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dr. Sándor Gombos, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion[62] Vadim Gutzeit, Ukraine (saber), Olympic champion[82] Johan Harmenberg, Sweden (épée), Olympic champion[26] Delila Hatuel, Israel (foil), Olympian, ranked # 9 in world[83] Lydia Hatuel-Zuckerman, Israel (foil), 6x Israeli champion[84][85] Dr. Otto Herschmann, Austria (saber), Olympic silver[26] Emily Jacobson, US (saber), NCAA champion[86] Sada Jacobson, US (saber), ranked # 1 in the world, Olympic silver, 2x bronze[86] Allan Jay, British (épée & foil), Olympic 2x silver, world champion[26] Endre Kabos, Hungary (saber), 3x Olympic champion, bronze[26] Roman Kantor, Poland (épée), Nordic champion & Soviet champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dan Kellner, US (foil), US champion[86] Byron Krieger, US[87] Grigory Kriss, Soviet (épée), Olympic champion, 2x silver[26] Allan Kwartler, US (saber), 3x Pan American Games champion[10] Alexandre Lippmann, France (épée), 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver, bronze[8] Helene Mayer, Germany & US (foil), Olympic champion[26] Ljubco Georgievski ????? ??????????? Kiro Gligorov ???? ???????? Nikola Gruevski ?????? ???????? Gjorge Ivanov ????? ?????? Gordana Jankuloska ??????? ?????????? Zoran Jolevski ????? ???????? Srgjan Kerim ????? ????? Lazar Koliševski ????? ?????????? Hari Kostov ???? ?????? Trifun Kostovski ?????? ????????? Ilinka Mitreva ?????? ??????? Lazar Mojsov ????? ?????? Tito Petkovski ???? ????????? Lui Temelkovski ??? ??????????? Boris Trajkovski ????? ?????????? Vasil Tupurkovski ????? ??????????? Zoran Zaev ????? ???? Partisans World War II freedom fighters edit Mirce Acev ????? ???? Mihajlo Apostolski ????j?? ?????????? Cede Filipovski Dame ???? ?????????? ???? Blagoj Jankov Muceto ?????? ?????? ?????? Orce Nikolov ???? ??????? Strašo Pindžur ?????? ?????? Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ????????? ?????????? ?????? Revolutionaries edit Yordan Piperkata ?????? ???????? ????????? Goce Delcev ???? ????? Petar Pop Arsov ????? ??? ????? Dame Gruev ???? ????? Jane Sandanski ???? ????????? Dimitar Pop Georgiev Berovski ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player