oath seriously.[172] Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she personally worships with that church and with the national Church of Scotland.[173] She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI, and Francis. A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Royal Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth, such as in 2000, when she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus Christ: To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.[174] Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots. Elizabeth II and US President Ronald Reagan riding at Windsor, June 1982 She is the patron of over 600 organisations and charities.[175] Her main leisure interests include equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis.[176] Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family.[177][178] Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life have occasionally been witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepare a meal together and do the washing up afterwards.[179] In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[180] After the trauma of the war, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[181] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[182] In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of monarchy

were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales.[183] In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.[184] At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic,[185] but in the 1980s public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.[186] Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.[187] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though Elizabeth's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.[188] In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.[189] Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for Elizabeth,[190] and in 2012, her Diamond Jubilee year, approval ratings hit 90%.[191] Referenda in Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 both rejected proposals to become republics.[192] Elizabeth has been portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Lucian Freud, Peter Blake, Juliet Pannett, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Tai-Shan Schierenberg and Pietro Annigoni.[193] Notable photographers of Elizabeth have included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, Annie Leibovitz and John Swannell. The first official portrait of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams.[194] Finances View of Sandingham House from the south bank of the Upper Lake Sandringham House, Elizabeth's private residence in Sandringham, Norfolk Further information: Finances of the British Royal Family Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (the equivalent of about £25 million today[195]).[196][197] Official Buckingham Palace statements in 1993 called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[198] Forbes magazine estimated her net worth at around US$450 million (about £275 million) in 2010.[199] The Royal Collection (which includes artworks and the Crown Jewels) is not owned by the Queen personally and is held in trust,[200] as are the occupied palaces, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle,[201] and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued in 2014 at £442 million.[202] Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen.[201] The British Crown Estate—with holdings of £9.4 billion in 2014[203]—is held in trust for the nation and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity.[204] Titles, styles, honours and arms Titles and styles Main article: List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and has received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am.[205] Arms See also: Flags of Elizabeth II and Coats of arms of Elizabeth II From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George.[206] Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere.[207] Coat of Arms of Elizabeth, Heiress Presumptive (1944-1947).svg Coat of Arms of Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (1947-1952).svg Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Scotland).svg Coat of arms of Canada (1957-1994).svg Coat of arms of Princess Elizabeth (1944–1947) Coat of arms of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (1947–1952) Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom (except Scotland) Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in Scotland Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in Canada (one of three versions used in her reign)[e] Issue Name Birth Marriage Their children Their grandchildren Date Spouse Prince Charles, Prince of Wales 14 November 1948 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince George of Cambridge Princess Charlotte of Cambridge Prince Henry of Wales 9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles Princess Anne, Princess Royal 15 August 1950 14 November 1973 Divorced 28 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips Savannah Phillips Isla Phillips Zara Tindall Mia Tindall 12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence Prince Andrew, Duke of York 19 February 1960 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice of York Princess Eugenie of York Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex 10 March 1964 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys-Jones Lady Louise Windsor James, Viscount Severn Ancestry Main articles: Ancestry of Elizabeth II and Descent of Elizabeth II from William I Ancestors of Elizabeth II 16. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 8. Edward VII of the United Kingdom 17. Victoria of the United Kingdom (niece of 22) 4. George V of the United Kingdom 18. Christian IX of Denmark 9. Princess Alexandra of Denmark 19. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel 2. George VI of the United Kingdom 20. Duke Alexander of Württemberg 10. Francis, Duke of Teck 21. Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde 5. Princess Mary of Teck 22. Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (uncle of 17) 11. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge 23. Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel 1. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 24. Thomas Lyon-Bowes, Lord Glamis 12. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 25. Charlotte Grimstead 6. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 26. Oswald Smith 13. Frances Dora Smith 27. Henrietta Mildred Hodgson 3. Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 28. Lord Charles Cavendish-Bentinck 14. Charles Cavendish-Bentinck 29. Anne Wellesley 7. Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck 30. Edwyn Burnaby 15. Caroline Louisa Burnaby 31. Anne Caroline Salisbury See also Portal icon Commonwealth realms portal Portal icon Royalty portal List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II Notes ^ See Queen's Official Birthday for an explanation of why Elizabeth II's official birthdays are not on the same day as her actual one. ^ These countries are listed in the order of their original accession to the Commonwealth.[1] ^ Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[4] ^ Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom doubled to 3 million,[68] and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.[69] In North America, just under 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.[70] ^ Canada has used three different versions of the arms during her reign. This version was used between 1957 and 1994.[208] References ^ Bartram, Graham (2010). Flying Flags in the United Kingdom: A Guide to Britain's Flag Protocol (pdf). Flag Institute. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-9513286-1-3. ^ Bradford, p. 22; Brandreth, p. 103; Marr, p. 76; Pimlott, pp. 2–3; Lacey, pp. 75–76; Roberts, p. 74 ^ Hoey, p. 40 ^ Brandreth, p. 103; Hoey, p. 40 ^ Brandreth, p. 103 ^ Pimlott, p. 12 ^ Williamson, p. 205 ^ Lacey, p. 56; Nicolson, p. 433; Pimlott, pp. 14–16 ^ Crawford, p. 26; Pimlott, p. 20; Shawcross, p. 21 ^ Brandreth, p. 124; Lacey, pp. 62–63; Pimlott, pp. 24, 69 ^ Brandreth, pp. 108–110; Lacey, pp. 159–161; Pimlott, pp. 20, 163 ^ Brandreth, pp. 108–110 ^ Brandreth, p. 105; Lacey, p. 81; Shawcross, pp. 21–22 ^ Brandreth, pp. 105–106 ^ Bond, p. 8; Lacey, p. 76; Pimlott, p. 3 ^ Lacey, pp. 97–98 ^ Marr, pp. 78, 85; Pimlott, pp. 71–73 ^ Brandreth, p. 124; Crawford, p. 85; Lacey, p. 112; Marr, p. 88; Pimlott, p. 51; Shawcross, p. 25 ^ a b "Her Majesty The Queen: Education". Royal Household. Retrieved 31 May 2010. ^ Marr, p. 84; Pimlott, p. 47 ^ a b Pimlott, p. 54 ^ a b Pimlott, p. 55 ^ Warwick, Christopher (2002). Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts. London: Carlton Publishing Group. p. 102. ISBN 0-233-05106-6. ^ "Biography of HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother: Activities as Queen". Royal Household. Retrieved 28 July 2009. ^ Crawford, pp. 104–114; Pimlott, pp. 56–57 ^ Crawford, pp. 114–119; Pimlott, p. 57 ^ Crawford, pp. 137–141 ^ a b "Children's Hour: Princess Elizabeth". BBC. 13 October 1940. Retrieved 22 July 2009. ^ "Early public life". Royal Household. Retrieved 20 April 2010. ^ Pimlott, p. 71 ^ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36973. p. 1315. 6 March 1945. Retrieved 5 June 2010. ^ Bradford, p. 45; Lacey, p. 148; Marr, p. 100; Pimlott, p. 75 ^ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37205. p. 3972. 31 July 1945. Retrieved 5 June 2010. ^ Bond, p. 10; Pimlott, p. 79 ^ "Royal plans to beat nationalism". BBC News. 8 March 2005. Retrieved 15 June 2010. ^ Pimlott, pp. 71–73 ^ "Gorsedd of the Bards". National Museum of Wales. Retrieved 17 December 2009. ^ "21st birthday speech". Royal Household. Retrieved 28 July 2009. ^ Brandreth, pp. 132–139; Lacey, pp. 124–125; Pimlott, p. 86 ^ Bond, p. 10; Brandreth, pp. 132–136, 166–169; Lacey, pp. 119, 126, 135 ^ Heald, p. 77 ^ Edwards, Phil (31 October 2000). "The Real Prince Philip". Channel 4. Retrieved 23 September 2009. ^ Crawford, p. 180 ^ Davies, Caroline (20 April 2006). "Philip, the one constant through her life". The Telegraph (London). Retrieved 23 September 2009. ^ Heald, p. xviii ^ Hoey, pp. 55–56; Pimlott, pp. 101, 137 ^ The London Gazette: no. 38128. p. 5495. 21 November 1947. Retrieved 27 June 2010. ^ a b "60 Diamond Wedding anniversary facts". Royal Household. 18 November 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2010. ^ Hoey, p. 58; Pimlott, pp. 133–134 ^ Hoey, p. 59; Petropoulos, p. 363 ^ Bradford, p. 61 ^ Letters Patent, 22 October 1948; Hoey, pp. 69–70; Pimlott, pp. 155–156 ^ Pimlott, p. 163 ^ Brandreth, pp. 226–238; Pimlott, pp. 145, 159–163, 167 ^ Brandreth, pp. 240–241; Lacey, p. 166; Pimlott, pp. 169–172 ^ Brandreth, pp. 245–247; Lacey, p. 166; Pimlott, pp. 173–176; Shawcross, p.16 ^ Bousfield and Toffoli, p. 72; Charteris quoted in Pimlott, p. 179 and Shawcross, p. 17 ^ Pimlott, pp. 178–179 ^ Pimlott, pp. 186–187 ^ Bradford, p. 80; Brandreth, pp. 253–254; Lacey, pp. 172–173; Pimlott, pp. 183–185 ^ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 41948. p. 1003. 5 February 1960. Retrieved 19 June 2010. ^ Brandreth, pp. 269–271 ^ Brandreth, pp. 269–271; Lacey, pp. 193–194; Pimlott, pp. 201, 236–238 ^ Bond, p. 22; Brandreth, p. 271; Lacey, p. 194; Pimlott, p. 238; Shawcross, p. 146 ^ "Princess Margaret: Marriage and family". Royal Household. Retrieved 8 September 2011. ^ Bradford, p. 82 ^ "50 facts about The Queen's Coronation". Royal Household. 25 May 2003. Retrieved 14 April 2011. ^ Pimlott, p. 207 ^ Briggs, pp. 420 ff.; Pimlott, p. 207; Roberts, p. 82 ^ Lacey, p. 182 ^ Lacey, p. 190; Pimlott, pp. 247–248 ^ Cotton, Belinda; Ramsey, Ron. "By appointment: Norman Hartnell's sample for the Coronation dress of Queen Elizabeth II". National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 4 December 2009. ^ Marr, p. 272 ^ Pimlott, p. 182 ^ "Queen and Australia: Royal visits". Royal Household. Retrieved 8 December 2009. "Queen and New Zealand: Royal visits". Royal Household. Retrieved 8 December 2009. Marr, p. 126 ^ Brandreth, p. 278; Marr, p. 126; Pimlott, p. 224; Shawcross, p. 59 ^ Challands, Sarah (25 April 2006). "Queen Elizabeth II celebrates her 80th birthday". CTV News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2007. ^ Thomson, Mike (15 January 2007). "When Britain and France nearly married". BBC. Retrieved 14 December 2009. ^ Pimlott, p. 255; Roberts, p. 84 ^ Marr, pp. 175–176; Pimlott, pp. 256–260; Roberts, p. 84 ^ Lacey, p. 199; Shawcross, p. 75 ^ Lord Altrincham in National Review quoted by Brandreth, p. 374 and Roberts, p. 83 ^ Brandreth, p. 374; Pimlott, pp. 280–281; Shawcross, p. 76 ^ a b Hardman, p. 22; Pimlott, pp. 324–335; Roberts, p. 84 ^ Roberts, p. 84 ^ a b "Queen and Canada: Royal visits". Royal Household. Retrieved 12 February 2012. ^ Bradford, p. 114 ^ Pimlott, p. 303; Shawcross, p. 83 ^ a b Macmillan, pp. 466–472 ^ Speaight, Robert (1970). Vanier, Soldier, Diplomat, Governor General: A Biography. London: William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd. ISBN 978-0-00-262252-3. ^ Dubois, Paul (12 October 1964). "Demonstrations Mar Quebec Events Saturday". The Gazette (Montreal). p. 1. Retrieved 6 March 2010. ^ Bousfield, p. 139 ^ Dymond, Glenn (5 March 2010). "Ceremonial in the House of Lords" (PDF). House of Lords Library. p. 12. Retrieved 5 June 2010. ^ "Public life 1962–1971". Royal Household. Retrieved 1 September 2011. ^ Bond, p. 66; Pimlott, pp. 345–354 ^ Bradford, pp. 123, 154, 176; Pimlott, pp. 301, 315–316, 415–417 ^ Bradford, p. 181; Pimlott, p. 418 ^ Bradford, p. 181; Marr, p. 256; Pimlott, p. 419; Shawcross, pp. 109–110 ^ a b Bond, p. 96; Marr, p. 257; Pimlott, p. 427; Shawcross, p. 110 ^ Pimlott, pp. 428–429 ^ Pimlott, p. 449 ^ Hardman, p. 137; Roberts, pp. 88–89; Shawcross, p. 178 ^ Elizabeth to her staff, quoted in Shawcross, p. 178 ^ Pimlott, pp. 336–337, 470–471; Roberts, pp. 88–89 ^ a b c d e Heinricks, Geoff (29 September 2000). "Trudeau: A drawer monarchist". National Post (Toronto). p. B12. ^ Trudeau, p. 313 ^ "Queen's 'fantasy assassin' jailed". BBC. 14 September 1981. Retrieved 21 June 2010. ^ Lacey, p. 281; Pimlott, pp. 476–477; Shawcross, p. 192 ^ Bond, p. 115; Pimlott, p. 487 ^ Shawcross, p. 127 ^ Lacey, pp. 297–298; Pimlott, p. 491 ^ Bond, p. 188; Pimlott, p. 497 ^ Pimlott, pp. 488–490 ^ Pimlott, p. 521 ^ Pimlott, pp. 503–515; see also Neil, pp. 195–207 and Shawcross, pp. 129–132 ^ Thatcher to Brian Walden quoted in Neil, p. 207; Andrew Neil quoted in Woodrow Wyatt's diary of 26 October 1990 ^ Campbell, p. 467 ^ Thatcher, p. 309 ^ Roberts, p. 101; Shawcross, p. 139 ^ a b Geddes, John (2012). "The day she descended into the fray". Maclean's (Special Commemorative Edition: The Diamond Jubilee: Celebrating 60 Remarkable years ed.): 72. ^ a b MacQueen, Ken; Treble, Patricia (2012). "The Jewel in the Crown". Maclean's (Special Commemorative Edition: The Diamond Jubilee: Celebrating 60 Remarkable years ed.): 43–44. ^ Pimlott, pp. 515–516 ^ Pimlott, pp. 519–534 ^ Hardman, p. 81; Lacey, p. 307; Pimlott, pp. 522–526 ^ Lacey, pp. 293–294; Pimlott, p. 541 ^ Pimlott, p. 538 ^ "Annus horribilis speech, 24 November 1992". Royal Household. Retrieved 6 August 2009. ^ Lacey, p. 319; Marr, p. 315; Pimlott, pp. 550–551 ^ Stanglin, Doug (18 March 2010). "German study concludes 25,000 died in Allied bombing of Dresden". USA Today. Retrieved 19 March 2010. ^ Brandreth, p. 377; Pimlott, pp. 558–559; Roberts, p. 94; Shawcross, p. 204 ^ Brandreth, p. 377 ^ Bradford, p. 229; Lacey, pp. 325–326; Pimlott, pp. 559–561 ^ Bradford, p. 226; Hardman, p. 96; Lacey, p. 328; Pimlott, p. 561 ^ Pimlott, p. 562 ^ Brandreth, p. 356; Pimlott, pp. 572–577; Roberts, p. 94; Shawcross, p. 168 ^ MORI poll for The Independent newspaper, March 1996, quoted in Pimlott, p. 578 and O'Sullivan, Jack (5 March 1996). "Watch out, the Roundheads are back". The Independent. Retrieved 17 September 2011. ^ Pimlott, p. 578 ^ Brandreth, p. 357; Pimlott, p. 577 ^ Brandreth, p. 358; Hardman, p. 101; Pimlott, p. 610 ^ Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 358; Marr, p. 338; Pimlott, p. 615 ^ Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 358; Lacey, pp. 6–7; Pimlott, p. 616; Roberts, p. 98; Shawcross, p. 8 ^ Brandreth, pp. 358–359; Lacey, pp. 8–9; Pimlott, pp. 621–622 ^ a b Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 359; Lacey, pp. 13–15; Pimlott, pp. 623–624 ^ Bond, p. 156; Bradford, pp. 248–249; Marr, pp. 349–350 ^ Brandreth, p. 31 ^ Bond, pp. 166–167 ^ Bond, p. 157 ^ "Queen cancels visit due to injury". BBC. 26 October 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2009. ^ Alderson, Andrew (28 May 2007). "Revealed: Queen's dismay at Blair legacy". The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 May 2010. ^ Alderson, Andrew (27 May 2007). "Tony and Her Majesty: an uneasy relationship". The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 May 2010. ^ "Historic first for Maundy service". BBC. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008. ^ Bradford, p. 253 ^ "Address to the United Nations General Assembly". Royal Household. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010. ^ a b "Queen addresses UN General Assembly in New York". BBC. 7 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010. ^ "Royal tour of Australia: The Queen ends visit with traditional 'Aussie barbie'". The Telegraph. 29 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011. ^ "The Queen's Diamond Jubilee message". Royal Household. Retrieved 31 May 2012. ^ "Prince Harry pays tribute to the Queen in Jamaica". BBC. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. ^ "Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall to Undertake a Royal Tour of Canada in 2012". Office of the Governor General of Canada. The Commonwealth realms (pink) and their territories and protectorates (red) at the beginning of Elizabeth II's reign A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume. Elizabeth II and Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference, Windsor Castle From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[73] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[74] Spanning 1953–54, the Queen and her husband embarked on a six-month around-the-world tour. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[75] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[76] Throughout her reign, the Queen has undertaken state visits to foreign countries and tours of Commonwealth ones and she is the most widely travelled head of state.[77] In 1956, French Prime Minister Guy Mollet and British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor of the European Union.[78] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[79] The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[80] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[81] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[82] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[83] Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


abby-lane abby-rode abigail-clayton ada-tauler addie-juniper addison-cain adele-wiesenthal adeline-lange adeline-pollicina adriana-amante adrianna-laurenti adrianna-russo agnes agnes-ardant agnes-zalontai aimee-addison aisha-sun aja aleena-ferari alessandra-schiavo aletta-ocean alexandra-nice alexandria-cass alexa-parks alex-dane alex-foxe alexia-knight alexis-devell alexis-firestone alexis-greco alexis-payne alexis-x alex-storm alex-white aliana-love alice-springs alicia-alighatti alicia-monet alicia-rio alicyn-sterling alighiera-olena ali-moore aline-santos alissa-ashley allysin-chaynes alysin-embers alyssa-love alyssa-reece amanda-addams amanda-blake amanda-blue amanda-jane-adams amanda-rae amanda-stone amanda-tyler amber-hunt amberlina-lynn amber-lynn amber-michaels amber-peach amber-wild amber-woods ambrosia-fox amia-miley ami-rodgers amy-allison amy-brooke amy-rose amy-starz anastasia-christ anastasia-sands andrea-adams andrea-brittian andrea-lange andrea-true andy angel angela-baron angela-summers angel-barrett angel-cash angel-cruz angel-cummings angel-ducharme angelica-sin angelika-reschner angelina-brasini angelina-korrs angelina-valentine angel-kelly angel-long angel-west angie-knight anita-andic anita-blond anita-cannibal anita-dark anna-belle anna-malle anna-nikova anna-pierce anna-ventura anna-veruska anne-bie-warburg anne-libert anne-magle anne-sand annette-haven annie-sprinkle ann-kiray ann-marie-michelle antonia-dorian april-flowers april-may april-west arcadia-lake ariana-bali ariana-jollee arlana-blue ashley-anne ashley-brooks ashley-coda ashley-fires ashley-lauren ashley-long ashley-marie ashley-nicole ashley-perk ashley-renee ashley-robbins ashley-welles ashley-wells ashley-winger ashlyn-gere astrid-bone athena-star aubrey-nichols aurora aurora-snow autumn-bliss autumn-rayne ava-devine ava-lauren avalon ava-marteens avy-lee-roth bailey-monroe bambi-allen barbara-bourbon barbara-boutet barbara-dare barbara-doll barbara-moose barbarella barbie-angel barbie-doll barett-moore bea-fiedler beata beatrice-poggi beatrice-valle becky-savage becky-sunshine belinda-butterfield bella-donna bethany-sweet beverly-bliss beverly-glen biggi-stenzhorn bionca black-widow blond-cat blondi blue-angel bobbi-bliss bobbi-dean bobbie-burns bonnie-holiday brandee brandi-edwards brandy-alexandre brandy-dean brandy-lee brandy-smile brandy-wine bree-anthony breezy-lane brenda-basse briana-blair bridgette-belle bridgette-monet bridgette-monroe bridget-waters brigitte-lahaie brigitte-monnin brigitte-verbecq brittany brittany-stryker britt-corvin britt-morgan bronze brooke-bennett brooke-fields brooke-haven brooke-west brook-van-buuren buffy-davis bunnie-blake bunny-bleu bunny-hatton busty-belle cali-caramel calisyn-heart cameo cameron-love camila-sampaio camilla-rhodes camille-morgan camrie-foxxx candace-daley candi candida-royalle candie-evens candi-summers candy-apples candy-barr candy-hill candy-samples candy-stanton cara-lott caressa-savage carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

14 December 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2012. ^ "The Queen's Diamond Jubilee in 2012". Royal Household. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ^ "UK to name part of Antarctica Queen Elizabeth Land". BBC. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2013. ^ "Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Announces Broadcast Details for London 2012 Opening Ceremony, Friday". PR Newswire. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ^ Brown, Nicholas (27 July 2012). "How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics". BBC. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ "Queen honoured with Bafta award for film and TV support". BBC. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013. ^ "Queen leaves hospital after stomach bug". BBC. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ "Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting". BBC. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013. ^ "Elizabeth Set To Beat Victoria's Record As Longest Reigning Monarch In British History". The Huffington Post. 6 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014. ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada (9 September 2015). "Governor General to Host Special Event in Honour of Her Majesty's Historic Reign". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 9 September 2015. ^ Office of the Prime Minister of Canada (18 May 2015), Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada on the occasion of Victoria Day, Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 21 May 2015 ^ Williams, Kate (6 September 2015). "The Queen's record-long reign has seen Britain's greatest time of change". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 September 2015. ^ Brandreth, pp. 370–371; Marr, p. 395 ^ Mansey, Kate; Leake, Jonathan; Hellen, Nicholas (19 January 2014). "Queen and Charles start to 'job-share'". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 20 January 2014. Marr, p. 395 ^ "Queen 'will do her job for life'". BBC. 19 April 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2007. Shawcross, pp. 194–195 ^ "How we are organised". Church of Scotland. Retrieved 4 August 2011. ^ "Christmas Broadcast 2000". Royal Household. Retrieved 28 July 2009. Shawcross, pp. 236–237 ^ "Queen and Charities". Royal Household. Retrieved 29 June 2010. ^ "80 facts about The Queen". Royal Household. Retrieved 20 June 2010. ^ Bush, Karen (26 October 2007). Everything Dogs Expect You To Know. London: New Holland Publishers. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-84537-954-4. Retrieved 18 September 2012. ^ Pierce, Andrew (1 October 2007). "Hug for Queen Elizabeth's first corgi". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 September 2012. ^ Delacourt, Susan (25 May 2012). "When the Queen is your boss". Toronto Star. Retrieved 27 May 2012. ^ Bond, p. 22 ^ Bond, p. 35; Pimlott, p. 180; Roberts, p. 82; Shawcross, p. 50 ^ Bond, p. 35; Pimlott, p. 280; Shawcross, p. 76 ^ Bond, pp. 66–67, 84, 87–89; Bradford, pp. 160–163; Hardman, pp. 22, 210–213; Lacey, pp. 222–226; Marr, p. 237; Pimlott, pp. 378–392; Roberts, pp. 84–86 ^ Cartner-Morley, Jess (10 May 2007). "Elizabeth II, belated follower of fashion". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 September 2011. ^ Bond, p. 97; Bradford, p. 189; Pimlott, pp. 449–450; Roberts, p. 87; Shawcross, pp. 114–117 ^ Bond, p. 117; Roberts, p. 91 ^ Bond, p. 134; Pimlott, pp. 556–561, 570 ^ Bond, p. 134; Pimlott, pp. 624–625 ^ Hardman, p. 310; Lacey, p. 387; Roberts, p. 101; Shawcross, p. 218 ^ "Monarchy poll". Ipsos MORI. April 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2015. "Monarchy Survey" (PDF). Populus Ltd. 14–16 December 2007. p. 9. Retrieved 17 August 2010. "Poll respondents back UK monarchy". BBC News. 28 December 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2010. ^ "Monarchy/Royal Family Trends – Satisfaction with the Queen". Ipsos MORI. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2015. ^ "Vincies vote "No"". BBC News. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Elizabeth II". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 22 June 2013. ^ "Marcus Adams". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ^ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2015), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" MeasuringWorth. ^ "£2m estimate of the Queen's wealth 'more likely to be accurate'". The Times: 1. 11 June 1971. ^ Pimlott, p. 401 ^ Lord Chamberlain Lord Airlie quoted in Hoey, p. 225 and Pimlott, p. 561 ^ Serafin, Tatiana (7 July 2010). "The World's Richest Royals". Forbes. New York. Retrieved 13 January 2011. ^ "FAQs". Royal Collection. Retrieved 29 March 2012. "Royal Collection". Royal Household. Retrieved 9 December 2009. ^ a b "The Royal Residences: Overview". Royal Household. Retrieved 9 December 2009. ^ "Accounts, Annual Reports and Investments". Duchy of Lancaster. 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013. ^ "Financial Information". The Crown Estate. 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ^ "FAQs". Crown Estate. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ^ "Greeting a member of The Royal Family". Royal Household. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ "Coat of Arms: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth". Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia. Retrieved 6 April 2013. ^ "Personal flags". Royal Household. Retrieved 21 June 2010. ^ "Coat of Arms of Canada". Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2011. Bibliography Bond, Jennie (2006). Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years. London: Carlton Publishing Group. ISBN 1-84442-260-7 Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002). Fifty Years the Queen. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 1-55002-360-8 Bradford, Sarah (2012). Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-91911-6 Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4 Briggs, Asa (1995). The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Volume 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-212967-8 Campbell, John (2003). Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-06156-9 Crawford, Marion (1950). The Little Princesses. London: Cassell & Co. Hardman, Robert (2011). Our Queen. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-193689-1 Heald, Tim (2007). Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84820-2 Hoey, Brian (2002). Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-653136-9 Lacey, Robert (2002). Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-85940-0 Macmillan, Harold (1972). Pointing The Way 1959–1961 London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-12411-1 Marr, Andrew (2011). The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II and Her People. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-74852-1 Neil, Andrew (1996). Full Disclosure. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-64682-7 Nicolson, Sir Harold (1952). King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign. London: Constable & Co. Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006). Royals and the Reich: the princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516133-5 Pimlott, Ben (2001). The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255494-1 Roberts, Andrew; Edited by Antonia Fraser (2000). The House of Windsor. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35406-6 Shawcross, William (2002). Queen and Country. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-8056-5 Thatcher, Margaret (1993). The Downing Street Years. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255049-0 Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (1993). Memoirs. Toronto: McLelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-8588-5 Williamson, David (1987). Debrett's Kings and Queens of Britain. Webb & Bower. ISBN 0-86350-101-X Wyatt, Woodrow; Edited by Sarah Curtis (1999). The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt: Volume II. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-77405-1 External links Listen to this article (info/dl) This audio file was created from a revision of the "Elizabeth II" article dated 23 June 2014, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help) More spoken articles Archival material relating to Elizabeth II listed at the UK National Archives Portraits of Queen Elizabeth II at the National Portrait Gallery, London Queen Elizabeth II at the Internet Movie Database Find out more on Wikipedia's Sister projects Commons-logo.svg Media from Commons Wikinews-logo.svg News stories from Wikinews Wikiquote-logo.svg Quotations from Wikiquote Wikisource-logo.svg Source texts from Wikisource Titles and succession Elizabeth II House of Windsor Born: 21 April 1926 Regnal titles Preceded by George VI Queen of the United Kingdom 6 February 1952 – present Incumbent Heir apparent: Charles, Prince of Wales Queen of Australia 6 February 1952 – present Queen of Canada 6 February 1952 – present Queen of New Zealand 6 February 1952 – present Queen of Ceylon 6 February 1952 – 22 May 1972 Succeeded by William Gopallawa as President of Sri Lanka Queen of Pakistan 6 February 1952 – 23 March 1956 Succeeded by Iskander Mirza as President of Pakistan Queen of South Africa 6 February 1952 – 31 May 1961 Succeeded by Charles Swart as President of South Africa Preceded by Herself as Queen of the United Kingdom Queen of Ghana 6 March 1957 – 1 July 1960 Succeeded by Kwame Nkrumah as President of Ghana Queen of Nigeria 1 October 1960 – 1 October 1963 Succeeded by Nnamdi Azikiwe as President of Nigeria Queen of Sierra Leone 27 April 1961 – 19 April 1971 Succeeded by Christopher Cole as President of Sierra Leone Queen of Tanganyika 9 December 1961 – 9 December 1962 Succeeded by Julius Nyerere as President of Tanganyika Queen of Trinidad and Tobago 31 August 1962 – 1 August 1976 Succeeded by Ellis Clarke as President of Trinidad and Tobago Queen of Uganda 9 October 1962 – 9 October 1963 Succeeded by Edward Mutesa as President of Uganda Queen of Kenya 12 December 1963 – 12 December 1964 Succeeded by Jomo Kenyatta as President of Kenya Queen of Malawi 6 July 1964 – 6 July 1966 Succeeded by Hastings Banda as President of Malawi Queen of Malta 21 September 1964 – 13 December 1974 Succeeded by Anthony Mamo as President of Malta Queen of the Gambia 18 February 1965 – 24 April 1970 Succeeded by Dawda Jawara as President of the Gambia Queen of Guyana 26 May 1966 – 23 February 1970 Succeeded by Edward Luckhoo as President of Guyana Queen of Mauritius 12 March 1968 – 12 March 1992 Succeeded by Veerasamy Ringadoo as President of Mauritius Queen of Fiji 10 October 1970 – 6 October 1987 Succeeded by Penaia Ganilau as President of Fiji Queen of Jamaica 6 August 1962 – present Incumbent Heir apparent: Charles, Prince of Wales Queen of Barbados 30 November 1966 – present Queen of the Bahamas 10 July 1973 – present Queen of Grenada 7 February 1974 – present Preceded by Herself as Queen of Australia Queen of Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975 – present Preceded by Herself as Queen of the United Kingdom Queen of the Solomon Islands 7 July 1978 – present Queen of Tuvalu 1 October 1978 – present Queen of Saint Lucia 22 February 1979 – present Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979 – present Queen of Belize 21 September 1981 – present Queen of Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981 – present Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983 – present Preceded by George VI Head of the Commonwealth 1952–present Incumbent Military offices Preceded by The Earl Jellicoe as First Lord of the Admiralty Lord High Admiral 1964–2011 Succeeded by The Duke of Edinburgh Order of precedence First Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom as sovereign Succeeded by The Duke of Edinburgh Order of Precedence in Canada as sovereign Succeeded by David Johnston as governor general v t e Queen Elizabeth II Monarchies Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom Royal Cypher of Queen Elizabeth II.svg Ancestry and family Descent from William the Conqueror George VI (father) Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (mother) Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (husband) Wedding Wedding dress Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (sister) Charles, Prince of Wales (son) Anne, Princess Royal (daughter) Prince Andrew, Duke of York (son) Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (son) Godchildren Accession and coronation Coronation Royal Guests Participants in the procession Coronation gown Coronation Medal Treetops Hotel Proclamation of accession Reign Annus horribilis Lithgow Plot Marcus Sarjeant incident Michael Fagan incident Personality and image Prime Ministers Jubilees Silver Jubilee Events Medal Honours Jubilee Gardens Jubilee line Jubilee Walkway Golden Jubilee Prom at the Palace Party at the Palace Medal Honours Jubilee Odyssey Diamond Jubilee Pageant Armed Forces Parade and Muster Thames Pageant Gloriana Spirit of Chartwell Concert Gibraltar Flotilla Medal Honours Commonwealth tours Australia Official openings Canada Ships used HMS Vanguard (23) SS Gothic (1947) HMY Britannia The Fiji coups of 1987 resulted in the overthrow of the elected government of Fijian Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra, the deposition of Elizabeth II as Queen of Fiji, and in the declaration of a republic. The first coup, in which Bavadra was deposed, took place on 14 May 1987; a second coup on 28 September ended the Fijian Monarchy, and was shortly followed by the proclamation of a republic on 7 October. Both military actions were led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, then third in command of the Royal Fiji Military Forces. Depending on perspective, one may view the event either as two successive coups d'état separated by a four-month intermission, or as a single coup begun on 14 May and completed with the declaration of the republic. Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Coups d'etat 2.1 May coup 2.2 October coup The Commonwealth of Nations,[2] commonly known as the Commonwealth (formerly the British Commonwealth),[3][1] is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states that were mostly territories of the former British Empire.[4] The Commonwealth operates by intergovernmental consensus of the member states, organised through the Commonwealth Secretariat and Non-governmental organisations, organised through the Commonwealth Foundation.[5] The Commonwealth dates back to the mid 20th century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which established the member states as "free and equal".[6] The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II who is the Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen is also the monarch of 16 members of the Commonwealth, known as Commonwealth realms. The other members of the Commonwealth have different persons as head of state: 32 members are republics and five members are monarchies with a different monarch. Member states have no legal obligation to one another. Instead, they are united by language, history, culture and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.[5] These values are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter[7] and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games. On 3 October 2013, after 48 years of membership, Gambia became the most recent nation to withdraw from the Commonwealth.[8] The Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km2 (11,566,870 sq mi), almost a quarter of the world land area and spans all the continents. With an estimated population of 2.328 billion, near a third of the world population,[9] the Commonwealth in 2014 produced a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of $10.45 trillion, representing 17% of the gross world product when measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) and 14% of the gross world product when measured nominally. Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Dominions 1.3 Republics 1.4 New Commonwealth 1.5 Plan G and inviting Europe to join 2 Structure 2.1 Head of the Commonwealth 2.2 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2.3 Commonwealth Secretariat 2.4 Commonwealth citizenship and High Commissioners 3 Membership 3.1 Criteria 3.2 Members 3.3 Applicants 3.4 Suspension 3.5 Termination 4 Politics 4.1 Objectives and activities 4.2 Competence 4.3 Elections 5 Economy 5.1 Proposed multilateral trade agreement 6 Commonwealth Family 6.1 Commonwealth Foundation 6.2 Commonwealth Games 6.3 Commonwealth War Graves Commission 6.4 Commonwealth of Learning 6.5 Commonwealth Business Council 7 Culture 7.1 Sport 7.2 Literature 7.3 Political system 7.4 Symbols 7.5 Recognition 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History[edit] Origin[edit] Main article: British Empire The prime ministers of five members at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. (L-R) Mackenzie King (Canada); Jan Smuts (South Africa); Winston Churchill (United Kingdom); Peter Fraser (New Zealand); John Curtin (Australia) In her address to Canada on Dominion Day, 1959, Queen Elizabeth II set the confederation of Canada on 1 July 1867 as the birth of the "first independent country within the British Empire. So, it also marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations."[10] In was not, though, until 1884 that Lord Rosebery, while visiting Australia, described the changing British Empire—as some of its colonies became more independent—as a "Commonwealth of Nations".[11] Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from the first one in 1887, leading to the creation of the Imperial Conferences in 1911.[12] The Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences. A specific proposal was presented by Jan Smuts in 1917 when he coined the term "the British Commonwealth of Nations" and envisioned the "future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence" at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 by delegates from the Dominions as well as Britain.[13][14] The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, when the term British Commonwealth of Nations was substituted for British Empire in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the Irish Free State.[15] Dominions[edit] In the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference, Britain and its dominions agreed they were "equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations." These aspects to the relationship were formalised by the Statute of Westminster in 1931, which applied to Canada without the need for ratification, but Australia, New Zealand, and Newfoundland had to ratify the statute for it to take effect. Newfoundland never did, as on 16 February 1934, with the consent of its parliament, the government of Newfoundland voluntarily ended and governance reverted to direct control from London. Newfoundland later joined Canada as its 10th province in 1949.[16] Australia and New Zealand ratified the Statute in 1942 and 1947 respectively.[17][18] Although the Union of South Africa was not among the Dominions that needed to adopt the Statute of Westminster for it to take effect, two laws—the Status of the Union Act, 1934, and the Royal Executive Functions and Seals Act of 1934—were passed to confirm South Africa's status as a sovereign state[19] After World War II ended, the British Empire was gradually dismantled to the 14 British overseas territories still held by the United Kingdom. In April 1949, following the London Declaration, the word "British" was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature.[20] Burma (also known as Myanmar, 1948) and Aden (1967) are the only states that were British colonies at the time of the war not to have joined the Commonwealth upon independence. Former British protectorates and mandates that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt (independent in 1922), Iraq (1932), Transjordan (1946), British Palestine (part of which became the state of Israel in 1948), Sudan (1956), British Somaliland (which united with the former Italian Somaliland in 1960 to form the Somali Republic), Kuwait (1961), Bahrain (1971), Oman (1971), Qatar (1971), and the United Arab Emirates (1971). Republics[edit] On 18 April 1949, Ireland formally became a republic in accordance with the Irish Republic of Ireland Act 1948. Because it did this, it was automatically excluded from the Commonwealth. While Ireland had not actively participated in the Commonwealth since the early 1930s and was content to leave the Commonwealth, other dominions wished to become republics without losing Commonwealth ties. The issue came to a head in April 1949 at a Commonwealth prime ministers' meeting in London. Under the London Declaration, India agreed that, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would accept the British Sovereign as a "symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth". Upon hearing this, King George VI told the Indian politician Krishna Menon: "So, I've become 'as such'".[21] The other Commonwealth countries recognised India's continuing membership of the association. At Pakistan's insistence, India was not regarded as an exceptional case and it was assumed that other states would be accorded the same treatment as India. The London Declaration is often seen as marking the beginning of the modern Commonwealth. Following India's precedent, other nations became republics, or constitutional monarchies with their own monarchs, while some countries retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, but their monarchies developed differently and soon became fully independent of the British monarchy. The monarch is regarded as a separate legal personality in each realm, even though the same person is monarch of each realm. New Commonwealth[edit] As the Commonwealth grew, Britain and the pre-1945 dominions became informally known as the Old Commonwealth and planners in the interwar period, like Lord Davies, who had also taken "a prominent part in building up the League of Nations Union" in the United Kingdom, in 1932 founded the New Commonwealth Society, of which British section Winston Churchill became the president. [2] This new society was aimed at the creation of an international air force to be the arm of the League of Nations, to allow nations to disarm and safeguard the peace. The term New Commonwealth has been used in Great Britain (especially in the 1960s and 1970s) to refer to recently decolonised countries, predominantly non-white and developing. It was often used in debates about immigration from these countries.[22] Plan G and inviting Europe to join[edit] At a time when Germany and France, together with Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, were planning for what later became the European Union, and newly independent African countries were joining the Commonwealth, new ideas were floated to prevent Britain from becoming isolated in economic affairs. British trade with the Commonwealth was four times larger than trade with Europe. The British government under Prime Minister Anthony Eden considered in 1956 and 1957 a "plan G" to create a European free trade zone while also protecting the favoured status of the Commonwealth.[23][24][25] Britain also considered inviting Scandinavian and other European countries to join the Commonwealth so it would become a major economic common market. At one point in October 1956 Eden and French Prime Minister Guy Mollet discussed having France join the Commonwealth. Nothing came of any of the proposals.[26] Structure[edit] Head of the Commonwealth[edit] Main article: Head of the Commonwealth Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth Under the formula of the London Declaration, Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of the Commonwealth, a title that is by law a part of Elizabeth's royal titles in each of the Commonwealth realms,[27] the 16 members of the Commonwealth that recognise the Queen as their monarch. However, when the monarch dies, the successor to the crown does not automatically become Head of the Commonwealth.[28] The position is symbolic, representing the free association of independent members,[27] the majority of which (32) are republics, and five have monarchs of different royal houses (Brunei, Lesotho, Malaysia, Swaziland, and Tonga). Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting[edit] Main article: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting The main decision-making forum of the organisation is the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), where Commonwealth heads of government, including (amongst others) prime ministers and presidents, assemble for several days to discuss matters of mutual interest. CHOGM is the successor to the Meetings of Commonwealth Prime Ministers and, earlier, the Imperial Conferences and Colonial Conferences, dating back to 1887. There are also regular meetings of finance ministers, law ministers, health ministers, etc. Members in arrears, as special members before them, are not invited to send representatives to either ministerial meetings or CHOGMs.[27] The head of government hosting the CHOGM is called the Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office and retains the position until the following CHOGM.[29] After the most recent CHOGM, in Valletta, Malta, from 26–29 November 2015 Malta's prime minister, Joseph Muscat, became the Chairperson-in-Office and will continue to hold the title until the next CHOGM. Commonwealth Secretariat[edit] Main article: Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House, London, the headquarters of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the Commonwealth's principal intergovernmental institution The Commonwealth Secretariat, established in 1965, is the main intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth, facilitating consultation and co-operation among member governments and countries. It is responsible to member governments collectively. The Commonwealth of Nations is represented in the United Nations General Assembly by the secretariat as an observer. The secretariat organises Commonwealth summits, meetings of ministers, consultative meetings and technical discussions; it assists policy development and provides policy advice, and facilitates multilateral communication among the member governments. It also provides technical assistance to help governments in the social and economic development of their countries and in support of the Commonwealth's fundamental political values. The secretariat is headed by the Commonwealth Secretary-General who is elected by Commonwealth heads of government for no more than two four-year terms. The secretary-general and two deputy secretaries-general direct the divisions of the Secretariat. The present secretary-general is Kamalesh Sharma, from India, who took office on 1 April 2008, succeeding Don McKinnon of New Zealand (2000–2008), and was re-elected in 2011 to his second term in 2012. The first secretary-general was Arnold Smith of Canada (1965–75), followed by Sir Shridath Ramphal of Guyana (1975–90) and Chief Emeka Anyaoku of Nigeria (1990–99). Patricia Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal is to begin her term as the sixth secretary-general on 1 April 2016. Commonwealth citizenship and High Commissioners[edit] Main article: Commonwealth citizen In recognition of their shared heritage and culture, Commonwealth countries are not considered to be "foreign" to each other.[30][31][32] The exception is Australia, where no such distinction is made – in the High Court case of Sue v Hill, other Commonwealth countries were held to be foreign powers. Similarly, in Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, the nationals of other Commonwealth realms were held to be 'aliens'. When engaging bilaterally with one another, Commonwealth governments exchange High Commissioners instead of ambassadors. Between two Commonwealth realms, they represent the Head of Government rather than the Head of State. In addition, some members treat resident citizens of other Commonwealth countries preferentially to citizens of non-Commonwealth countries. Britain and several others, mostly in the Caribbean, grant the right to vote to Commonwealth citizens who reside in those countries. Some states, such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand, have abolished such preferences.[citation needed] In non-Commonwealth countries in which their own country is not represented, Commonwealth citizens may seek consular assistance at the British embassy.[33] Other alternatives can also occur such as an emergency consular services agreement between Canada and Australia that began in 1986.[34] Membership[edit] Members of the Commonwealth shaded according to their political status. Commonwealth realms are shown in blue, republics in pink, and members with their own monarchy are displayed in green. Criteria[edit] Main article: Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria The criteria for membership of the Commonwealth of Nations have developed over time from a series of separate documents. The Statute of Westminster 1931, as a fundamental founding document of the organisation, laid out that membership required dominionhood. The 1949 London Declaration ended this, allowing republican and indigenous monarchic members on the condition that they recognised the British monarch as the "Head of the Commonwealth".[35] In the wake of the wave of decolonisation in the 1960s, these constitutional principles were augmented by political, economic, and social principles. The first of these was set out in 1961, when it was decided that respect for racial equality would be a requirement for membership, leading directly to the withdrawal of South Africa's re-application (which they were required to make under the formula of the London Declaration upon becoming a republic). The 14 points of the 1971 Singapore Declaration dedicated all members to the principles of world peace, liberty, human rights, equality, and free trade.[36] These criteria were unenforceable for two decades,[37] until, in 1991, the Harare Declaration was issued, dedicating the leaders to applying the Singapore principles to the completion of decolonisation, the end of the Cold War, and the end of apartheid in Politics edit President Valdas Adamkus right chatting with Vice President Dick Cheney left See also List of Lithuanian rulers Mindaugas – the first and only King of Lithuania – Gediminas – the ruler of Lithuania – Algirdas – the ruler together with Kestutis of Lithuania – Kestutis – the ruler together with Algirdas of Lithuania – Vytautas – the ruler of Lithuania – together with Jogaila Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

South Africa.[38] The mechanisms by which these principles would be applied were created, and the manner clarified, by the 1995 Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, which created the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG), which has the power to rule on whether members meet the requirements for membership under the Harare Declaration.[39] Also in 1995, an Inter-Governmental Group was created to finalise and codify the full requirements for membership. Upon reporting in 1997, as adopted under the Edinburgh Declaration, the Inter-Governmental Group ruled that any future members would have to have a direct constitutional link with an existing member.[40] In addition to this new rule, the former rules were consolidated into a single document. These requirements are that members must accept and comply with the Harare principles, be fully sovereign states, recognise the monarch of the Commonwealth realms as the Head of the Commonwealth, accept the English language as the means of Commonwealth communication, and respect the wishes of the general population with regard to Commonwealth membership.[40] These requirements had undergone review, and a report on potential amendments was presented by the Committee on Commonwealth Membership at the 2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.[41] New members were not admitted at this meeting, though applications for admission were considered at the 2009 CHOGM.[42] New members must "as a general rule" have a direct constitutional link to an existing member. In most cases, this is due to being a former colony of the United Kingdom, but some have links to other countries, either exclusively or more directly (e.g. Samoa to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea to Australia, and Namibia to South Africa). The first member to be admitted without having any constitutional link to the British Empire or a Commonwealth member was Mozambique, a former Portuguese colony, in 1995 following its first democratic elections and South Africa's re-admission in 1994. Mozambique's controversial entry led to the Edinburgh Declaration and the current membership guidelines.[43] In 2009, Rwanda became the second Commonwealth member admitted not to have any such constitutional links. It was a Belgian trust territory that had been a German colony until World War I.[44] Consideration for its admission was considered an "exceptional circumstance" by the Commonwealth Secretariat.[45] Members[edit] Main article: Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Flags of the members of the Commonwealth in Parliament Square, London The Commonwealth flag flies at the Parliament of Canada in Ottawa The Commonwealth comprises 53 countries, across all six inhabited continents. The members have a combined population of 2.1 billion people, almost a third of the world population, of which 1.26 billion live in India and 94% live in Asia and Africa combined.[46] After India, the next-largest Commonwealth countries by population are Pakistan (180 million), Nigeria (170 million), Bangladesh (156 million), the United Kingdom (63 million) and South Africa (52 million). Tuvalu is the smallest member, with about 10,000 people.[47] The land area of the Commonwealth nations is about 31,500,000 km2 (12,200,000 sq mi), or about 21% of the total world land area. The three largest Commonwealth nations by area are Canada at 9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi), Australia at 7,617,930 km2 (2,941,300 sq mi), and India at 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi).[48] The Commonwealth members have a combined gross domestic product of over $9 trillion, 78% of which is accounted for by the four largest economies: United Kingdom ($2.95 trillion), India ($2.05 trillion), Canada ($1.79 trillion), and Australia ($1.44 trillion).[49] The status of "Member in Arrears" is used to denote those that are in arrears in paying subscription dues. The status was originally known as "special membership", but was renamed on the Committee on Commonwealth Membership's recommendation.[50] There are currently no Members in Arrears. The most recent Member in Arrears, Nauru, returned to full membership in June 2011.[51] Nauru has alternated between special and full membership since joining the Commonwealth, depending on its financial situation.[52] Applicants[edit] See also: Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria § Prospective members In 1997 the Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that, to become a member of the Commonwealth, an applicant country should, as a rule, have had a constitutional association with an existing Commonwealth member; that it should comply with Commonwealth values, principles and priorities as set out in the Harare Declaration; and that it should accept Commonwealth norms and conventions.[53] South Sudan is currently (2013) the only country specifically expressing an interest in joining the Commonwealth.[54] A senior Commonwealth source argued in 2006 that "many people have assumed an interest from Israel, but there has been no formal approach".[55] The State of Palestine is also a potential candidate for membership.[55] Other eligible applicants could be any of the remaining inhabited British overseas territories, Crown dependencies, Australian external territories and Associated States of New Zealand if they become fully independent.[56] Many such jurisdictions are already directly represented within the Commonwealth, particularly through the Commonwealth Family.[57] There are also former British possessions that have not become independent, for example, Hong Kong, which still participates in some of the institutions within the Commonwealth Family. All three Crown dependencies regard the existing situation as unsatisfactory and have lobbied for change. The States of Jersey have called on the UK Foreign Secretary to request that the Commonwealth Heads of Government "consider granting associate membership to Jersey and the other Crown Dependencies as well as any other territories at a similarly advanced stage of autonomy". Jersey has proposed that it be accorded "self-representation in all Commonwealth meetings; full participation in debates and procedures, with a right to speak where relevant and the opportunity to enter into discussions with those who are full members; and no right to vote in the Ministerial or Heads of Government meetings, which is reserved for full members".[58] The States of Guernsey and the Government of the Isle of Man have made calls of a similar nature for a more integrated relationship with the Commonwealth,[59] including more direct representation and enhanced participation in Commonwealth organisations and meetings, including Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings.[60] The Chief Minister of the Isle of Man has said: "A closer connection with the Commonwealth itself would be a welcome further development of the Island's international relationships"[61] At the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956, in the face of colonial unrest and international tensions, French Premier Guy Mollet proposed to British Prime Minister Anthony Eden that their two countries be joined in a "union". When that proposal was turned down, Mollet suggested that France joined the Commonwealth, possibly with "a common citizenship arrangement on the Irish basis." Talks regarding a form of union faded away with the end of the Suez crisis.[62] No records of those confidential talks appear to exist in French archives and it is likely that the project was the brainchild of Mollet, a known anglophile. Suspension[edit] Main article: Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations In recent years, the Commonwealth has suspended several members "from the Councils of the Commonwealth" for "serious or persistent violations" of the Harare Declaration, particularly in abrogating their responsibility to have democratic government.[63] This is done by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG), which meets regularly to address potential breaches of the Harare Declaration. Suspended members are not represented at meetings of Commonwealth leaders and ministers, although they remain members of the organisation. Currently, there are no suspended members. Nigeria was suspended between 11 November 1995 and 29 May 1999,[64] following its execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa on the eve of the 1995 CHOGM.[65] Pakistan was the second country to be suspended, on 18 October 1999, following the military coup by Pervez Musharraf.[66] The Commonwealth's longest suspension came to an end on 22 May 2004, when Pakistan's suspension was lifted following the restoration of the country's constitution.[67] Pakistan was suspended for a second time, far more briefly, for six months from 22 November 2007, when Musharraf called a state of emergency.[68] Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 over concerns regarding the electoral and land reform policies of Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF government,[69] before it withdrew from the organisation in 2003.[70] Wikinews has related news: Fiji fully suspended from the Commonwealth after failure to call election The declaration of a Republic in Fiji in 1987, after military coups designed to deny Indo-Fijians political power, was not accompanied by an application to remain. Commonwealth membership was held to have lapsed until 1997, after discriminatory provisions in the republican constitution were repealed and reapplication for membership made.[71][72] Fiji has since been suspended twice, with the first imposed from 6 June 2000[73] to 20 December 2001 after another coup.[69] Fiji was suspended yet again in December 2006, following the most recent coup. At first, the suspension applied only to membership on the Councils of the Commonwealth.[71][74] After failing to meet a Commonwealth deadline for setting a date for national elections by 2010, Fiji was "fully suspended" on 1 September 2009.[71][74] The Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, Kamalesh Sharma, confirmed that full suspension meant that Fiji would be excluded from Commonwealth meetings, sporting events and the technical assistance programme (with an exception for assistance in re-establishing democracy). Sharma stated that Fiji would remain a member of the Commonwealth during its suspension, but would be excluded from emblematic representation by the secretariat.[71] On 19 March 2014 Fiji’s full suspension was amended to a suspension from councils of the Commonwealth by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group, permitting Fiji to join a number of Commonwealth activities, including the Commonwealth Games.[75] Fiji's suspension was lifted in September 2014.[76] The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group fully reinstated Fiji as a member following elections in September 2014.[77] Most recently, international pressure has been mounting to suspend Sri Lanka from the Commonwealth, citing grave human rights violations by the host country. There were also calls to change the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013 from Sri Lanka to another member country. Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper threatened to boycott the event, but was instead represented at the meeting by Deepak Obhrai. The UK Foreign Affairs Committee called upon Prime Minister David Cameron to boycott the event, however, he chose to attend.[78][79] Termination[edit] As membership is purely voluntary, member governments can choose at any time to leave the Commonwealth. Pakistan left on 30 January 1972 in protest at the Commonwealth's recognition of breakaway Bangladesh, but rejoined on 2 August 1989. Zimbabwe's membership was suspended in 2002 on the grounds of alleged human rights violations and deliberate misgovernment, and Zimbabwe's government terminated its membership in 2003.[80] The Gambia left the Commonwealth on 3 October 2013.[8] Although heads of government have the power to suspend member states from active participation, the Commonwealth has no provision for the expulsion of members. Until 2007, Commonwealth realms that became republics automatically ceased to be members, until (like India in 1950) they obtained the permission of other members to remain in the organisation. This policy has been changed, so if any current Commonwealth realms were to become republics, they would not have to go through this process.[81] Ireland had withdrawn its participation in the Commonwealth in the 1930s, attending its last Commonwealth governmental heads' meeting in 1932. However it continued to be regarded by the Commonwealth as a Commonwealth member until it declared itself a republic, on 18 April 1949. It is the only country whose membership terminated without any declaration withdrawing from the organisation. Instead, it was (with its own tacit support) excluded from the organisation under the rules then applicable. South Africa was barred from continuing as a member after it became a republic in 1961, due to hostility from many members, particularly those in Africa and Asia as well as Canada, to its policy of racial apartheid. The South African government withdrew its application to remain in the organisation as a republic when it became clear at the 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference that any such application would be rejected. South Africa was re-admitted to the Commonwealth in 1994, following its first multiracial elections that year. The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 ended the colony's ties to the Commonwealth through the United Kingdom. The government of Hong Kong, as a special administrative region of China, did not pursue membership. Hong Kong has nevertheless continued to participate in some of the organisations of the Commonwealth family, such as the Commonwealth Lawyers Association, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, the Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel.[82][83] Politics[edit] Objectives and activities[edit] The Commonwealth's objectives were first outlined in the 1971 Singapore Declaration, which committed the Commonwealth to the institution of world peace; promotion of representative democracy and individual liberty; the pursuit of equality and opposition to racism; the fight against poverty, ignorance, and disease; and free trade.[84] To these were added opposition to discrimination on the basis of gender by the Lusaka Declaration of 1979,[36] and environmental sustainability by the Langkawi Declaration of 1989.[85] These objectives were reinforced by the Harare Declaration in 1991. The Commonwealth's current highest-priority aims are on the promotion of democracy and development, as outlined in the 2003 Aso Rock Declaration,[86] which built on those in Singapore and Harare and clarified their terms of reference, stating, "We are committed to democracy, good governance, human rights, gender equality, and a more equitable sharing of the benefits of globalisation."[87] The Commonwealth website lists its areas of work as: Democracy, Economics, Education, Gender, Governance, Human Rights, Law, Small States, Sport, Sustainability, and Youth.[88] Through a separate voluntary fund, Commonwealth governments support the Commonwealth Youth Programme, a division of the Secretariat with offices in Gulu (Uganda), Lusaka (Zambia), Chandigarh (India), Georgetown (Guyana) and Honiara (Solomon Islands). Competence[edit] In recent years, the Commonwealth has been accused of not being vocal enough on its core values. Allegations of a leaked memo from the Secretary General instructing staff not to speak out on human rights were published in October 2010.[89] The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 considered a report by a Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group panel which asserted that the organisation had lost its relevance and was decaying due to the lack of a mechanism to censure member countries when they violated human rights or democratic norms.[90] The panel made 106 "urgent" recommendations including the adoption of a Charter of the Commonwealth, the creation of a new commissioner on the rule of law, democracy and human rights to track persistent human rights abuses and allegations of political repression by Commonwealth member states, recommendations for the repeal of laws against homosexuality in 41 Commonwealth states and a ban on forced marriage.[91][92] The failure to release the report, or accept its recommendations for reforms in the area of human rights, democracy and the rule of law, was decried as a "disgrace" by former British Foreign Secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind, a member of the EPG, who told a press conference: "The Commonwealth faces a very significant problem. It's not a problem of hostility or antagonism, it's more of a problem of indifference. Its purpose is being questioned, its relevance is being questioned and part of that is because its commitment to enforce the values for which it stands is becoming ambiguous in the eyes of many member states. The Commonwealth is not a private club of the governments or the secretariat. It belongs to the people of the Commonwealth."[92] In the end, two-thirds of the EPG's 106 urgently recommended reforms were referred to study groups, an act described by one EPG member as having them "kicked into the long grass". There was no agreement to create the recommended position of human rights commissioner, instead a ministerial management group was empowered with enforcement: the group includes alleged human rights offenders. It was agreed to develop a charter of values for the Commonwealth without any decision on how compliance with its principles would be enforced.[90] The result of the effort was that a new Charter of the Commonwealth was signed by Queen Elizabeth on 11 March 2013 at Marlborough House, which opposes "all forms of discrimination, whether rooted in gender, race, colour, creed, political belief or other grounds".[93][94] Elections[edit] See also: List of next general elections Country Next election Polls Term Legislation vote (if different) Last election Fairness Pop. (m) GDP ($bn) IHDI In power now Australia Probably 2016 Polls 3 years[95] September 2013 23.1 1,541 .864 Liberal/National Coalition Bangladesh December 2018 5 years January 2014 150.1 122 .374 Awami League Botswana October 2019 5 years October 2014 2.0 18 no data Botswana Democratic Party Cameroon * May 2018 7 years Movable May 2011 Fraud 20.5 25 .330 People's Movement Canada October 2019 Polls 4 years[96] October 2015 35.7 2,149 .832 Liberal Ghana December 2016 4 years December 2012 24.2 42 .379 New Democrat India May 2019 Polls 5 years[97] May 2014 1,232.7 1,897 .392 Bharatiya Janata Party Kenya * March 2017 5 years Same time March 2013 Violence, crime 44.3 41 .344 TNA Lesotho May 2016 4 years May 2012 2.0 3 .296 Democratic Congress Malaysia in or before June 2018 max 5 years May 2013 Alleged fraud 28.3 240 no data National Front Malawi May 2019 5 years May 2014 16.4 4 .287 Democratic Progressive Party Mozambique * October 2019 5 years October 2014 23.9 15 .220 FRELIMO New Zealand 2017 Polls 3 years 20 September 2014 4.3 161 no data National Namibia November 2019 5 years November 2014 2.1 12 .344 SWAPO Nigeria * April 2019 4 years Same time March 2015 Violence 170.1 500 .500 APC Pakistan * May 2018 5 years May 2013 Violence 182.5 230 .356 Muslim League Papua New Guinea * July 2016 4 years July 2012 7.1 13 no data PNCP Rwanda * August 2017 5 years Mid term, September 2013 August 2010 Violence, fraud 12.0 8 .287 Patriotic Front Sierra Leone * November 2017 5 years November 2012 6.1 4 .210 All People's Congress Singapore April 2021[98] max 5 years May 2015 5.4 298 no data People's Action Party South Africa April 2019 5 years[99] May 2014 52.9 375 no data ANC Sri Lanka January 2020 5 years August 2015 January 2015 20.2 65 .643 National Unity Government (UNP and UPFA) Tanzania October 2015 5 years October 2010 44.9 29 .346 CCM Uganda February 2016 5 years February 2011 35.8 21 .304 National Resist. United Kingdom May 2020 Polls 5 years[100] May 2015 63.7 2,429 .802 Conservative Zambia September 2016 4 years September 2011 14.3 20 .283 Patriotic Elections are also scheduled to be held in Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brunei, Cyprus, Dominica, Fiji (suspended), Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Nauru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. In accordance with the Westminster system these nations' next general elections have no fixed date, but must be held within a specified term length, usually four or five years. [icon] This section requires expansion. (June 2014) Economy[edit] [show]Economies of the Commonwealth of Nations Proposed multilateral trade agreement[edit] Further information: Commonwealth free trade Although the Commonwealth does not have a multilateral trade agreement, research by the Royal Commonwealth Society has shown that trade with another Commonwealth member is up to 50% more than with a non-member on average, with smaller and less wealthy states having a higher propensity to trade within the Commonwealth.[106] There have been various proposals for a Commonwealth free trade zone.[107] However many Commonwealth countries already participate in existing, regional integration projects, including the European Union (3 commonwealth states) and Caribbean Community (12 commonwealth states). Some politicians in the United Kingdom have proposed that there should be a Commonwealth free trade zone,[108] with some suggesting it as an alternative to its membership in the European Union.[109] This faith in the unlimited trade potential of the Commonwealth has been labeled by The Economist as "the ultimate Eurosceptic fantasy".[110] In addition, the EU is already in the process of negotiating free trade agreements with many Commonwealth countries including India and Canada,[111] and currently has free trade agreements with others, such as South Africa. Commonwealth Family[edit] Main article: Commonwealth Family Commonwealth countries share many links outside government, with over a hundred Commonwealth-wide non-governmental organisations, notably for sport, culture, education, law and charity. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is an important vehicle for academic links, particularly through scholarships, principally the Commonwealth Scholarship, for students to study in universities in other Commonwealth countries. There are also many non-official associations that bring together individuals who work within the spheres of law and government, such as the Commonwealth Lawyers Association and the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. Commonwealth Foundation[edit] Main article: Commonwealth Foundation The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organisation, resourced by and reporting to Commonwealth governments, and guided by Commonwealth values and priorities. Its mandate is to strengthen civil society in the achievement of Commonwealth priorities: democracy and good governance, respect for human rights and gender equality, poverty eradication and sustainable, people-centred and sustainable development, and to promote arts and culture. The Foundation was established in 1965 by the Heads of Government. Admittance is open to all members of the Commonwealth, and in December 2008, stood at 46 out of the 53 member countries. Associate Membership, which is open to associated states or overseas territories of member governments, has been granted to Gibraltar. 2005 saw celebrations for the Foundation's 40th Anniversary. The Foundation is headquartered in Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London. Regular liaison and co-operation between the Secretariat and the Foundation is in place. The Foundation continues to serve the broad purposes for which it was established as written in the Memorandum of Understanding.[112] Commonwealth Games[edit] Main article: Commonwealth Games The Commonwealth Games are the third-largest multi-sport event in the world, bringing together globally popular sports and peculiarly "Commonwealth" sports, such as rugby sevens, shown here at the 2006 Games. The Commonwealth Games, a multi-sport event, is held every four years; the 2010 Commonwealth Games were held in New Delhi, India, and the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland, and the 2018 Commonwealth Games will be on Gold Coast, Australia. As well as the usual athletic disciplines, as at the Summer Olympic Games, the games include sports particularly popular in the Commonwealth, such as bowls, netball, and rugby sevens. Started in 1930 as the Empire Games, the games were founded on the Olympic model of amateurism, but were deliberately designed to be "the Friendly Games",[113] with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage.[114] The games are the Commonwealth's most visible activity[113] and interest in the operation of the Commonwealth increases greatly when the Games are held.[115] There is controversy over whether the games—and sport generally—should be involved in the Commonwealth's wider political concerns.[114] The 1977 Gleneagles Agreement was signed to commit Commonwealth countries to combat apartheid through discouraging sporting contact with South Africa (which was not then a member), whilst the 1986 games were boycotted by most African, Asian, and Caribbean countries for the failure of other countries to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement.[116] Yoel Judah, US, 3x world champion kickboxer and boxer & trainer[58] Zab Judah ("Super"), US, world champion junior welterweight & world champion welterweight (Converted to Christianity)[58][59][60][61] Louis Kaplan ("Kid Kaplan"), Russian-born US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Solly Krieger ("Danny Auerbach"), US, world champion middleweight[8] Julie Kogon US, 1947 New England Lightweight Champion. Inducted into the Connecticut Boxing Hall of Fame. Benny Leonard (Benjamin Leiner; "The Ghetto Wizard"), US, world champion lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Battling Levinsky (Barney Lebrowitz), US, world champion light heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] King Levinsky (Harry Kraków), US, heavweight, also known as Kingfish Levinsky[8] Harry Lewis (Harry Besterman), US, world champion welterweight[47] Ted "Kid" Lewis (Gershon Mendeloff), England, world champion welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Sammy Luftspring, Canada, Canadian champion welterweight, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame[47] Saoul Mamby, US, world champion junior welterweight[47] Al McCoy (Alexander Rudolph), US, world champion middleweight[8] Daniel Mendoza, England, world champion heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] Jacob Michaelsen, Denmark, Olympic bronze heavyweight[26] Samuel Mosberg, US, Olympic champion lightweight[8] Bob Olin, US, world champion light heavyweight[62] Victor Perez ("Young"), Tunisian, world champion flyweight[8] Harold Reitman ("The Boxing Doctor"), professional heavyweight that fought while working as surgeon, Golden Gloves champion.[63] Charlie Phil Rosenberg ("Charles Green"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Dana Rosenblatt ("Dangerous"), US, world champion middleweight[64] Maxie Rosenbloom ("Slapsie"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Barney Ross (Dov-Ber Rasofsky), US, world champion lightweight & junior welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Mike Rossman (Michael Albert DiPiano; "The Jewish Bomber"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore Star of David on trunks[64] Shamil Sabirov, Russia, Olympic champion light flyweight[26] Dmitry Salita ("Star of David"), US, North American Boxing Association champion light welterweight[65] Isadore "Corporal Izzy" Schwartz ("The Ghetto Midget"), US, world champion flyweight[8] Al Singer ("The Bronx Beauty"), US, world champion lightweight[47] "Lefty" Lew Tendler, US, bantamweight, lightweight, and welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Sid Terris ("Ghost of the Ghetto"), US, lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[54] Matt Wels, England, champion of Great Britain lightweight and world champion welterweight Canoeing[edit] Jessica Fox Shaun Rubenstein László Fábián, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic champion (K-2 10,000 meter), 4x world champion (3x K-2 10,000 meter and 1x K-4 10,000 meter) and one silver (K-4 10,000 meter)[26] Imre Farkas, Hungary, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000 and 10,000 meter)[66] Jessica Fox, French-born Australian, slalom canoer, Olympic silver (K-1 slalom), world championships bronze (C-1)[67] Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi, France, slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), 5 golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (2x K-1, 3x K-1 team)[41] Klára Fried-Bánfalvi, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (K-2 500 m), world champion (K-2 500 m)[26] Leonid Geishtor, USSR (Belarus), sprint canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian pairs 1,000-meter)[41] Joe Jacobi, US, slalom canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian slalom pairs)[41] Michael Kolganov, Soviet (Uzbek)-born Israeli, sprint canoer, world champion, Olympic bronze (K-1 500-meter)[41] Anna Pfeffer, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic 2x silver (K-2 500 m), bronze (K-1 500 m); world champion (K-2 500 m), silver (K-4 500 m), 2x bronze (K-2 500)[26] Naum Prokupets, Moldovan-born Soviet, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000-meter), gold (C-2 10,000-meter) at ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships[41] Leon Rotman, Romanian, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic champion (C-1 10,000 meter, C-1 1,000-meter) and bronze (C-1 1,000-meter), 14 national titles[41] Shaun Rubenstein, South Africa, canoer, World Marathon champion 2006[68] Cricket[edit] Michael Klinger Ben Ashkenazi, Australia (Victorian Bushrangers) Ali Bacher, South Africa, batsman and administrator (relative of Adam Bacher)[69] Mike Barnard, England, cricketer[69] Mark Bott, England, cricketer[70] Stevie Eskinazi, South African born, Australian raised, English wicketkeeper Mark Fuzes. Australian all rounder played for Hong Kong. Father Peter Fuzes kept goal for Australian Soccer team (see)[71] Dennis Gamsy, South Africa, Test wicket-keeper[72] Darren Gerard, England, cricketer[73] Norman Gordon, South Africa, fast bowler[69] Steven Herzberg, English-born Australian, cricketer[74] Sid Kiel, South Africa, opening batsman (Western Province)[75] Michael Klinger, Australia, batsman (Western Warriors)[69] Leonard "Jock" Livingston, Australia, cricketer[69] Bev Lyon, England, cricketer[69] Dar Lyon, England, cricketer (brother of Bev)[69] Greg, Jason, and Lara Molins, two brothers and a cousin from the same Irish family[74] Jon Moss, Australia, allrounder (Victorian Bushrangers)[69] John Raphael, England, batsman[69] Marshall Rosen, NSW Australia, cricketer and selector[76] Lawrence Seeff, South Africa, batsmen[77] Maurice Sievers, Australia, lower order batsman and fast-medium bowler[69] Bensiyon Songavkar, India, cricketer, MVP of 2009 Maccabiah Games cricket tournament[78] Fred Susskind, South Africa, Test batsman[69] Fred Trueman, England, English test fast bowler (a lifelong Christian)[69] Julien Wiener, Australia, Test cricketer[69] Mandy Yachad, South Africa, Test cricketer[69] Equestrian[edit] Margie Goldstein-Engle Robert Dover, US, 4x Olympic bronze, 1x world championship bronze (dressage)[79] Margie Goldstein-Engle, US, world championship silver, Pan American Games gold, silver, and bronze (jumping)[80] Edith Master, US, Olympic bronze (dressage)[26] Fencing[edit] Helene Mayer Soren Thompson Henri Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), Olympic champion[26] Paul Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), 2x Olympic champion[26] Norman Armitage (Norman Cohn), US (sabre), 17x US champion, Olympic bronze[26] Albert "Albie" Axelrod, US (foil); Olympic bronze, 4x US champion[8] Péter Bakonyi, Hungary (saber), Olympic 3x bronze[41] Cliff Bayer, US (foil); youngest US champion[37] Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy), Austria (saber), Olympic silver[41] Tamir Bloom, US (épée); 2x US champion[37] Daniel Bukantz, US (foil); 4x US champion[37] Sergey Sharikov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver, bronze[26] Yves Dreyfus, France (épée), Olympic bronze, French champion[26] Ilona Elek, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Boaz Ellis, Israel (foil), 5x Israeli champion[34] Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch, Austria (sabre), Olympic bronze[26] Dr. Dezsö Földes, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Dr. Jenö Fuchs, Hungary (saber), 4x Olympic champion[81] Támas Gábor, Hungary (épée), Olympic champion[8] János Garay, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion, silver, bronze, killed by the Nazis[8] Dr. Oskar Gerde, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dr. Sándor Gombos, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion[62] Vadim Gutzeit, Ukraine (saber), Olympic champion[82] Johan Harmenberg, Sweden (épée), Olympic champion[26] Delila Hatuel, Israel (foil), Olympian, ranked # 9 in world[83] Lydia Hatuel-Zuckerman, Israel (foil), 6x Israeli champion[84][85] Dr. Otto Herschmann, Austria (saber), Olympic silver[26] Emily Jacobson, US (saber), NCAA champion[86] Sada Jacobson, US (saber), ranked # 1 in the world, Olympic silver, 2x bronze[86] Allan Jay, British (épée & foil), Olympic 2x silver, world champion[26] Endre Kabos, Hungary (saber), 3x Olympic champion, bronze[26] Roman Kantor, Poland (épée), Nordic champion & Soviet champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dan Kellner, US (foil), US champion[86] Byron Krieger, US[87] Grigory Kriss, Soviet (épée), Olympic champion, 2x silver[26] Allan Kwartler, US (saber), 3x Pan American Games champion[10] Alexandre Lippmann, France (épée), 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver, bronze[8] Helene Mayer, Germany & US (foil), Olympic champion[26] Ljubco Georgievski ????? ??????????? Kiro Gligorov ???? ???????? Nikola Gruevski ?????? ???????? Gjorge Ivanov ????? ?????? Gordana Jankuloska ??????? ?????????? Zoran Jolevski ????? ???????? Srgjan Kerim ????? ????? Lazar Koliševski ????? ?????????? Hari Kostov ???? ?????? Trifun Kostovski ?????? ????????? Ilinka Mitreva ?????? ??????? Lazar Mojsov ????? ?????? Tito Petkovski ???? ????????? Lui Temelkovski ??? ??????????? Boris Trajkovski ????? ?????????? Vasil Tupurkovski ????? ??????????? Zoran Zaev ????? ???? Partisans World War II freedom fighters edit Mirce Acev ????? ???? Mihajlo Apostolski ????j?? ?????????? Cede Filipovski Dame ???? ?????????? ???? Blagoj Jankov Muceto ?????? ?????? ?????? Orce Nikolov ???? ??????? Strašo Pindžur ?????? ?????? Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ????????? ?????????? ?????? Revolutionaries edit Yordan Piperkata ?????? ???????? ????????? Goce Delcev ???? ????? Petar Pop Arsov ????? ??? ????? Dame Gruev ???? ????? Jane Sandanski ???? ????????? Dimitar Pop Georgiev Berovski ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player