Critical reviews[edit] The show received a negative reception from most media publications. Film critic Roger Ebert said, "Despite the many worthy nominated films, the Oscarcast was painfully dull, slow, witless, and hosted by the ill-matched James Franco and Anne Hathaway. She might have made a delightful foil for another partner, but Franco had a deer-in-the-headlights manner and read his lines robotically." He went on to praise the winners of the night, but he ended his review with the words, "Dead. In. The. Water."[52] Television critic Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter commented, "In what could go down as one of the worst Oscar telecasts in history, a bad and risky idea — letting two actors host — played out in spectacularly unwatchable fashion on the biggest of all nights for the film world." He also added, "These Oscars were a bore-fest that seemed to drag on relentlessly but listlessly."[53] Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch wrote that the ceremony "felt a little like a bad night on Saturday Night Live — awkward, slow and not particularly entertaining." Regarding the hosts, she quipped that Hathaway "at least tried", but she remarked, "Franco seemed half asleep, or possibly stoned."[54] Some media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Entertainment Weekly television critic Ken Tucker stated that the show was "Funny, poised, relaxed, and smart, Anne Hathaway and James Franco made for marvelous Oscar hosts. Their combination of respect and informality struck the right tone for the night, a happily surprising production that had its share of fine moments both planned and ad-libbed." On the overall aspect of the ceremony, they concluded "all in all, it was a fun, briskly paced night."[55] Mary McNamara from the Los Angeles Times commented, "The two seemed to be following the directive to "first do no harm," as if they knew they couldn't score as big as Jimmy Fallon did with the Emmy Awards, but were determined to avoid becoming morning show fodder like Ricky Gervais was after this year's Golden Globes. The result was a show that moved along, with a few draggy bits and high notes, like precisely what it was: a very long and fancy awards show." Her review further said "Overall, the evening had an oddly business-like feel, a mind-numbing evenness that was exacerbated by the relentless predictability of the winners, and the fact that none of the acting winners were played off no matter how long their "thank-yous" went."[56]

Ratings and reception[edit] The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 37.9 million people over its length, which was a 9% decrease from the previous year's ceremony.[57][58] An estimated 71.3 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.[59] The show also drew lower Nielsen ratings compared to the two previous ceremonies, with 21.2% of households watching over a 33 share.[5] In addition, the program scored an 11.8 rating over a 30 share among the 18–49 demographic, which was a 12 percent decrease over last year's demographic numbers.[60][61] In Memoriam[edit] The In Memoriam tribute, which featured Celine Dion performing the Charlie Chaplin song "Smile", paid tribute to the following individuals.[30][62] John Barry Grant McCune Tony Curtis Edward Limato Tom Mankiewicz Gloria Stuart William A. Fraker Joseph Strick Lionel Jeffries Sally Menke Ronni Chasen Leslie Nielsen Robert B. Radnitz The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is a professional honorary organization dedicated to the advancement of the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches. The Academy is composed of almost 6,000 motion picture professionals. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world. The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The Oscars.[2] In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. The Academy plans to open The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017. The current president of the Academy is Cheryl Boone Isaacs.[3] She is the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy.[4] Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Galleries and theaters 3 Membership 4 Academy branches 5 Board of Governors 6 Original 36 founders of the Academy 7 Presidents of the Academy 8 Current administration of the Academy 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History[edit] Headquarters building The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes and improve the industry’s image. So, on a Sunday evening, Mayer and three other studio big-wigs - actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson - sat down and discussed these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was tossed around, but there was no mention of awards just yet. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.[5] After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927.[6] That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and it was open to those who had contributed to the motion picture industry. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy.[5] Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".[7][8] Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting was held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held less than a week later, on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed.[7] That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison.[8] Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.[9] The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor."[10] However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations.".[11] One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit", but it was not until a year later, in May 1928, that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928, they had presented to, and been approved by, the Board of Directors a list of 12 awards to be presented.[12] During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began.[13] This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Award. The initial location was the organization's temporary offices at 6912 Hollywood Boulevard.[10][11] In November 1927, the Academy moved to the mezzanine level of the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. The following spring, in May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.[10] With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers.[11] In 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school’s founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.[14] 1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff,[11] and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence."[15] They would remain at that location until 1935, when further growth would cause them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices would move to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library would move to 1455 North Gordon Street.[11] In 1934, the Academy began publication of the Screen Achievement Records Bulletin, which today is known as the Motion Picture Credits Database. This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library.[16] Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual Academy Players Directory in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006, when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation and cinematography.[11] In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. Galleries and theaters[edit] Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study building on La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in the Hollywood district The Academy’s numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy’s Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs. The Academy's main building in Beverly Hills houses two galleries that are open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offer changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. The Samuel Goldwyn Theater seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. Located in the headquarters building, the theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The Academy Little Theater is a 67-seat screening facility also located at the Academy's headquarters in Beverly Hills. The Linwood Dunn Theater is located at the Academy’s Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood and seats 286 people. The Academy also has a New York-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International.[17] The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open in 2017 and will contain over 290,000 square feet of state-of-the-art galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces. The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures will be the world's premier museum devoted to exploring and curating the history and future of the moving image.[18] Membership[edit] Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or two existing members may sponsor a candidate from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.[19] New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring as of 2015. The Academy does not publicly disclose its full membership, although press releases have announced the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.[20] Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards. According to a February 2012 study conducted by the Los Angeles Times (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy is 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and has a median age of 62. In addition, 33% of members are previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves.[21] Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater and other facilities within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release.[22] Academy branches[edit] The 17 branches of the Academy are: Actors Casting Directors (created July 31, 2013)[23] Cinematographers Costume Designers (created from former Art Directors Branch)[24] Designers (created from former Art Directors Branch)[24] Directors Documentary Executives Film Editors Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Music Producers Public Relations Short Films and Feature Animation Sound Visual Effects Writers Board of Governors[edit] As of April 2014, the Board of Governors consists of 51 members (governors), consisting of three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013.[24] The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.[23] The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy. Original 36 founders of the Academy[edit] From the original formal banquet hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:[25] Actors Richard Barthelmess Jack Holt Conrad Nagel Milton Sills Douglas Fairbanks Harold Lloyd Mary Pickford Directors Cecil B. DeMille Frank Lloyd Henry King Fred Niblo John M. Stahl Raoul Walsh Lawyers Edwin Loeb George W. Cohen Producers Fred Beetson Charles H. Christie Sid Grauman Milton E. Hoffman Jesse L. Lasky M. C. Levee Louis B. Mayer Joseph M. Schenck Irving Thalberg Harry Warner Jack L. Warner Harry Rapf Technicians J. Arthur Ball Cedric Gibbons Roy J. Pomeroy Writers Joseph Farnham Benjamin Glazer Jeanie MacPherson Bess Meredyth Carey Wilson Frank E. Woods Presidents of the Academy[edit] Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms. # Name Term 1 Douglas Fairbanks 1927–1929 2 William C. deMille 1929–1931 3 M. C. Levee 1931–1932 4 Conrad Nagel 1932–1933 5 J. Theodore Reed 1933–1934 6 Frank Lloyd 1934–1935 7 Frank Capra 1935–1939 8 Walter Wanger (1st time) 1939–1941 9 Bette Davis 1941 (resigned after two months) 10 Walter Wanger (2nd time) 1941–1945 11 Jean Hersholt 1945–1949 12 Charles Brackett 1949–1955 13 George Seaton 1955–1958 14 George Stevens 1958–1959 15 B. B. Kahane 1959–1960 (died) 16 Valentine Davies 1960–1961 (died) 17 Wendell Corey 1961–1963 18 Arthur Freed 1963–1967 19 Gregory Peck 1967–1970 20 Daniel Taradash 1970–1973 21 Walter Mirisch 1973–1977 22 Howard W. Koch 1977–1979 23 Fay Kanin 1979–1983 24 Gene Allen 1983–1985 25 Robert Wise 1985–1988 26 Richard Kahn 1988–1989 27 Karl Malden 1989–1992 28 Robert Rehme (1st time) 1992–1993 29 Arthur Hiller 1993–1997 30 Robert Rehme (2nd time) 1997–2001 31 Frank Pierson 2001–2005 32 Sid Ganis 2005–2009 33 Tom Sherak 2009–2012 A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume. Elizabeth II and Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference, Windsor Castle From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[73] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[74] Spanning 1953–54, the Queen and her husband embarked on a six-month around-the-world tour. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[75] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[76] Throughout her reign, the Queen has undertaken state visits to foreign countries and tours of Commonwealth ones and she is the most widely travelled head of state.[77] In 1956, French Prime Minister Guy Mollet and British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor of the European Union.[78] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[79] The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[80] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[81] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[82] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[83] Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


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pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre 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shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton 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34 Hawk Koch 2012–2013 35 Cheryl Boone Isaacs 2013–present Current administration of the Academy[edit] Ambox current red.svg This section is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2015) Academy Officers 2013–2014[3][4] President – Cheryl Boone Isaacs First Vice President – John Lasseter Vice President – Jeffrey Kurland Vice President – Leonard Engelman Treasurer – Dick Cook Secretary – Phil Alden Robinson Board of Governors 2013–2014[24][26] Governor Branch Michael Apted Documentary John Bailey Cinematographers Craig Barron Visual Effects Ed Begley, Jr. Actors Curt Behlmer Sound Annette Bening Actors Kathryn Bigelow Directors Jim Bissell Designers Kathryn Blondell Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Jon Bloom Short Films and Feature Animation Cheryl Boone Isaacs Public Relations Rick Carter Designers Lisa Cholodenko Directors Bill Condon Writers Dick Cook Executives Bill Corso Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Richard Crudo Cinematographers Richard Edlund Visual Effects Leonard Engelman Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Rob Epstein Documentary All About Eve is a 1950 American drama film written and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, and produced by Darryl F. Zanuck. It was based on the 1946 short story "The Wisdom of Eve" by Mary Orr, although screen credit was not given for it. The film stars Bette Davis as Margo Channing, a highly regarded but aging Broadway star. Anne Baxter plays Eve Harrington, an ambitious young fan who insinuates herself into Channing's life, ultimately threatening Channing's career and her personal relationships. George Sanders, Celeste Holm, Hugh Marlowe, Barbara Bates, Gary Merrill, and Thelma Ritter also appear, and the film provided one of Marilyn Monroe's earliest important roles. Praised by critics at the time of its release, All About Eve was nominated for 14 Academy Awards (a feat unmatched until the 1997 film Titanic) and won six, including Best Picture. As of 2015, All About Eve is still the only film in Oscar history to receive four female acting nominations (Davis and Baxter as Best Actress, Holm and Ritter as Best Supporting Actress). All About Eve was selected in 1990 for preservation in the United States National Film Registry and was among the first 50 films to be registered. All About Eve appeared at #16 on AFI's 1998 list of the 100 best American films.[5] Contents [hide] 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Response 4.1 Critical reaction 4.2 Thematic content 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Awards and nominations 5.2 Later recognition and rankings 5.3 Sarah Siddons Award 6 Adaptations 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot[edit] Bette Davis as Margo Channing At an awards dinner, Eve Harrington—the newest and brightest star on Broadway—is being presented the Sarah Siddons Award for her breakout performance as Cora in Footsteps on the Ceiling. Theatre critic Addison DeWitt observes the proceedings and, in a sardonic voiceover, recalls how Eve's star rose as quickly as it did. The film flashes back a year. Margo Channing is one of the biggest stars on Broadway, but despite her success she is bemoaning her age, having just turned forty and knowing what that will mean for her career. After a performance one night, Margo's close friend Karen Richards, wife of the play's author Lloyd Richards (Hugh Marlowe), meets besotted fan Eve Harrington in the cold alley outside the stage door. Recognizing her from having passed her many times in the alley (as Eve claims to have seen every performance of Margo's current play, Aged in Wood), Karen takes her backstage to meet Margo. Eve tells the group gathered in Margo's dressing room—Karen and Lloyd, Margo's boyfriend Bill Sampson, a director who is eight years her junior, and Margo's maid Birdie—that she followed Margo's last theatrical tour to New York after seeing her in a play in San Francisco. She tells a moving story of growing up poor and losing her young husband in the recent war. Moved, Margo quickly befriends Eve, takes her into her home, and hires her as her assistant, leaving Birdie, who instinctively dislikes Eve, feeling put out. Anne Baxter in wig and costume as Eve Harrington, Margo Channing's understudy Eve is gradually shown to be working to supplant Margo, scheming to become her understudy behind her back, driving wedges between her and Lloyd and Bill, and conspiring with an unsuspecting Karen to cause Margo to miss a performance. Eve, knowing in advance that she will be the one appearing that night, invites the city's theatre critics to attend that evening's performance, which is a triumph for her. Eve tries to seduce Bill, but he rejects her. Following a scathing newspaper column by Addison, Margo and Bill reconcile, dine with the Richardses, and decide to marry. That same night at the restaurant, Eve blackmails Karen into telling Lloyd to give her the part of Cora, by threatening to tell Margo of Karen's role in Margo's missed performance. Before Karen can talk with Lloyd, Margo announces to everyone's surprise that she does not wish to play Cora and would prefer to continue in Aged in Wood. Eve secures the role and attempts to climb higher by using Addison, who is beginning to doubt her. Just before the premiere of her play at the Shubert in New Haven, Eve presents Addison with her next plan: to marry Lloyd, who, she claims, has come to her professing his love and his eagerness to leave his wife for her. Now, Eve exults, Lloyd will write brilliant plays showcasing her. Unseen but mentioned in dialogue, Karen has begun to suspect Eve as a threat to her own marriage to Lloyd, and so she and Addison meet for lunch and help each other put the pieces about Eve together. Addison is infuriated that Eve has attempted to use him and reveals that he knows that her back story is all lies. Her real name is Gertrude Slojinski, she was never married, and she had been paid to leave her hometown over an affair with her boss, a brewer in Wisconsin. Addison blackmails Eve, informing her that she will not be marrying Lloyd or anyone else; in exchange for Addison's silence, she now "belongs" to him. The film returns to the opening scene in which Eve, now a shining Broadway star headed for Hollywood, is presented with her award. In her speech, she thanks Margo and Bill and Lloyd and Karen with characteristic effusion, while all four stare back at her coldly. After the awards ceremony, Eve hands her award to Addison, skips a party in her honor, and returns home alone, where she encounters a young fan—a high-school girl—who has slipped into her apartment and fallen asleep. The young girl professes her adoration and begins at once to insinuate herself into Eve's life, offering to pack Eve's trunk for Hollywood and being accepted. "Phoebe", as she calls herself, answers the door to find Addison returning with Eve's award. In a revealing moment, the young girl flirts daringly with the older man. Addison hands over the award to Phoebe and leaves without entering. Phoebe then lies to Eve, telling her it was only a cab driver who dropped off the award. While Eve rests in the other room, Phoebe dons Eve's elegant costume robe and poses in front of a multi-paned mirror, holding the award as if it were a crown. The mirrors transform Phoebe into multiple images of herself, and she bows regally, as if accepting the award to thunderous applause, while triumphant music plays. Cast[edit] A young and then-unknown Marilyn Monroe as Miss Casswell in a scene with Anne Baxter, Bette Davis, and George Sanders Bette Davis as Margo Channing Anne Baxter as Eve Harrington George Sanders as Addison DeWitt Celeste Holm as Karen Richards Gary Merrill as Bill Sampson Hugh Marlowe as Lloyd Richards Thelma Ritter as Birdie Gregory Ratoff as Max Fabian Marilyn Monroe as Miss Casswell Barbara Bates as Phoebe Production[edit] Development[edit] The story of All About Eve originated in an anecdote related to Mary Orr by actress Elisabeth Bergner. While performing in The Two Mrs. Carrolls during 1943 and 1944, Bergner allowed a young fan to become part of her household and employed her as an assistant, but later regretted her generosity when the woman attempted to undermine her. Referring to her only as "the terrible girl", Bergner related the events to Orr, who used it as the basis for her short story "The Wisdom of Eve" (1946). In the story, Orr gives the girl a more ruthless character and allows her to succeed in stealing the older actress' career. Bergner later confirmed the basis of the story in her autobiography Bewundert viel, und viel gescholten (Greatly Admired and Greatly Scolded). In 1949, Mankiewicz was considering a story about an aging actress and, upon reading "The Wisdom of Eve", felt the conniving girl would be a useful added element. He sent a memo to Darryl F. Zanuck saying it "fits in with an original idea [of mine] and can be combined. Superb starring role for Susan Hayward." Mankiewicz presented a film treatment of the combined stories under the title Best Performance. He changed the main character's name from Margola Cranston to Margo Channing and retained several of Orr's characters — Eve Harrington, Lloyd and Karen Richards, and Miss Casswell — while removing Margo Channing's husband completely and replacing him with a new character, Bill Sampson. The intention was to depict Channing in a new relationship and allow Eve Harrington to threaten both Channing's professional and personal lives. Mankiewicz also added the characters Addison DeWitt, Birdie Coonan, Max Fabian, and Phoebe. Zanuck was enthusiastic and provided numerous suggestions for improving the screenplay. In some sections, he felt Mankiewicz's writing lacked subtlety or provided excessive detail. He suggested diluting Birdie Coonan's jealousy of Eve so the audience would not recognize Eve as a villain until much later in the story. Zanuck reduced the screenplay by about 50 pages and chose the title All About Eve from the opening scenes in which Addison DeWitt says he will soon tell "more of Eve ... All about Eve, in fact."[6] Casting[edit] The principal cast of All About Eve. (Left to right) Gary Merrill, Bette Davis, George Sanders, Anne Baxter, Hugh Marlowe and Celeste Holm Among the actresses originally considered to play Margo Channing were Mankiewicz's original inspiration, Susan Hayward, who was rejected by Zanuck as "too young", Marlene Dietrich, dismissed as "too German", and Gertrude Lawrence, who was ruled out of contention when her lawyer insisted that Lawrence not have to drink or smoke in the film, and that the script would be rewritten to allow her to sing a torch song.[7] Zanuck favored Barbara Stanwyck, but she was not available. Tallulah Bankhead and Ingrid Bergman were also considered, as was Joan Crawford,[8] who was already working on the film The Damned Don't Cry. Eventually, the role went to Claudette Colbert, but when Colbert severely injured her back and was forced to withdraw shortly before filming began, Bette Davis was chosen to replace her.[7] Davis, who had recently ended an 18-year association with Warner Bros. after several poorly received films, immediately accepted the role after realizing it was one of the best she had ever read. Channing had originally been conceived as genteel and knowingly humorous, but with the casting of Davis, Mankiewicz revised the character to be more abrasive. Mankiewicz praised Davis for both her professionalism and the calibre of her performance, but in later years continued to discuss how Colbert would have played the role. Anne Baxter had spent a decade in supporting roles and had won the 1946 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Razor's Edge. She got the role of Eve Harrington after the first choice, Jeanne Crain, became pregnant. Crain was at the height of her popularity and had established a career playing likable heroines; Zanuck believed she lacked the "bitch virtuosity" required by the part, and audiences would not accept her as a deceitful character. The role of Bill Sampson was originally intended for John Garfield or Ronald Reagan. Reagan's future wife Nancy Davis was considered for Karen Richards and Jose Ferrer for Addison DeWitt. Zsa Zsa Gabor actively sought the role of Phoebe without realizing the producers were considering her, along with Angela Lansbury, for Miss Casswell.[citation needed] Mankiewicz greatly admired Thelma Ritter and wrote the character of Birdie Coonan for her after working with her on A Letter to Three Wives in 1949. As Coonan was the only one immediately suspicious of Eve Harrington, he was confident Ritter would contribute a shrewd characterisation casting doubt on Eve and providing a counterpoint to the more "theatrical" personalities of the other characters. Marilyn Monroe, relatively unknown at the time, was cast as Miss Casswell, referred to by DeWitt as a "graduate of the Copacabana School of Dramatic Art". Monroe got the part after a lobbying campaign by her agent,[9] despite Zanuck's initial antipathy and belief she was better suited to comedy.[citation needed] Angela Lansbury had been originally considered for the role.[9] The inexperienced Monroe was cowed by Bette Davis, and took 11 takes to complete the scene in the theatre lobby with the star; when Davis barked at her, Monroe left the set to vomit.[9] Smaller roles were filled by Gregory Ratoff as the producer Max Fabian, Barbara Bates as Phoebe, a young fan of Eve Harrington, and Walter Hampden as the master of ceremonies at an award presentation.[6] Response[edit] Critical reaction[edit] All About Eve received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics upon its release on October 13, 1950 at a New York City premiere. The film's competitor, Sunset Boulevard, released the same year, drew similar praise, and the two were often favorably compared. Film critic Bosley Crowther of The New York Times loved the film, stating it was "a fine Darryl Zanuck production, excellent music and on air ultra-class complete the superior satire".[10] Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times praised the film, saying Bette Davis' character "veteran actress Margo Channing in All About Eve was her greatest role".[11] A collection of reviews from the film's release are stored on the website Rottentomatoes.com, and All About Eve has garnered 100% positive reviews there, making it "Certified fresh". Boxoffice.com stated that it "is a classic of the American cinema – to this day the quintessential depiction of ruthless ambition in the entertainment industry, with legendary performances from Bette Davis, Anne Baxter and George Sanders anchoring one of the very best films from one of Hollywood's very best Golden Era filmmakers: Joseph L. Mankiewicz. It is a film that belongs on every collector's shelf – whether on video or DVD. It is a classic that deserves better than what Fox has given it."[12] Thematic content[edit] Critics and academics have delineated various themes in the film. Rebecca Flint Marx, in her Allmovie review, notes the antagonism that existed between Broadway and Hollywood at the time, stating that the "script summoned into existence a whole array of painfully recognizable theatre types, from the aging, egomaniacal grand dame to the outwardly docile, inwardly scheming ingenue to the powerful critic who reeks of malignant charm."[13] Roger Ebert, in his review in The Great Movies, says Eve Harrington is "a universal type", and focuses on the aging actress plot line, comparing the film to Sunset Boulevard.[14] Similarly, Marc Lee's 2006 review of the film for The Daily Telegraph describes a subtext "into the darker corners of show business, exposing its inherent ageism, especially when it comes to female stars."[15] Kathleen Woodward's 1999 book, Figuring Age: Women, Bodies, Generations (Theories of Contemporary Culture), also discusses themes that appeared in many of the "aging actress" films of the 1950s and 1960s, including All About Eve. She reasons that Margo has three options: "To continue to work, she can perform the role of a young woman, one she no longer seems that interested in. She can take up the position of the angry bitch, the drama queen who holds court (the deliberate camp that Sontag finds in this film). Or she can accept her culture's gendered discourse of aging which figures her as in her moment of fading. Margo ultimately chooses the latter option, accepting her position as one of loss."[16] Gary Merrill as Bill Sampson Professor Robert J. Corber, who has studied homophobia within the cultural context of the Cold War in the United States, posits that the foundational theme in All About Eve is that the defense of the norms of heterosexuality, specifically in terms of patriarchal marriage, must be upheld in the face of challenges from female agency and homosexuality.[17] The nurturing heterosexual relationships of Margo and Bill and of Karen and Lloyd serve to contrast with the loveless relationship predation and sterile careerism of the homosexual characters, Eve and Addison.[18] Eve uses her physical femininity as a weapon to try to break up the marriages of both couples, and Addison's extreme cynicism serves as a model of Eve's future. Even film reviewer Kenneth Geist, despite being critical of the emphasis that Sam Staggs' book All About All About Eve places on the film's homosexual elements, nonetheless acknowledged that Eve's lesbianism seemed apparent; specifically, Geist states that "manifestations of Eve’s lesbianism are only twice briefly discernible".[19] Geist asserted that Mankiewicz "was highly contemptuous of both male and female homosexuals",[19] although Mankiewicz himself suggested otherwise in an interview in which he argued that society should "drop its vendetta against them".[20] George Sanders as Addison DeWitt Homosexuality was often linked to Communism during the Cold War's Lavender Scare and critics have written about film's subtle, yet central, Cold War narrative. The fair amount of subtlety employed in All About Eve is seen as primarily being due to Production Code restrictions on the depiction of homosexuals in the media during this time.[17][21] However, notwithstanding those restrictions, Corber cites the film as but one example of a recurrent theme within American film of the homosexual as an emotionally bereft predator.[17] The documentary The Celluloid Closet also affirms this theme to which Corber refers, including citing numerous other film examples from the same Production Code time period in which All About Eve was made.[17][22] Another important theme of the film, in terms of war politics and sexuality, involves the post-World War II pressure placed upon women to acquiesce agency. This pressure to resume "traditional" female roles is especially illustrated in this film in the contrast between Margo's mockery of Karen Richards for being a "happy little housewife" and her lengthy and inspired monologue, as a reformed woman later, about the virtuousness of marriage, including how a woman is not truly a woman without having a man beside her. This submissive and effeminate Margo is contrasted with the theatricality, combativeness, and egotism of the earlier career woman Margo, and the film's two homosexual characters. Margo quips that Eve should place her award "where her heart should be", and Eve is shown bereft at the end of the film. At dinner, the two married couples see Eve and Addison in a similarly negative light, with Margo wondering aloud what schemes Eve was constructing in her "feverish little brain". Additionally, Eve's utility as a personal assistant to Margo early in the film, which is a subtle construct of a same-sex intimate relationship, is decried by Birdie, the same working-class character who immediately detected the theatricality in Eve's story about her "husband". Birdie sees such agency as being unnatural, and the film contrasts its predatory nature ("studying you like a blueprint") with the love and warmth of her later reliance upon Bill. The pressure to acquiesce agency and more highly value patriarchy, following the return of men from the war, after having been shown propaganda promoting agency such as Rosie the Riveter and after having occupied traditionally male roles such as bomb-building factory worker, was deemed "the problem that has no name" by well-known feminist Betty Friedan.[23] Despite what critics such as Corber have described as the homophobia pervasive in the movie,[17] All About Eve has long been a favored film among gay audiences, likely due to its campy overtones (in part due to the casting of Davis) and its general sophistication. Davis, who long had a strong gay fan base, expressed support for gay men in her 1972 interview with The Advocate.[24][25][26] Awards and honors[edit] Awards and nominations[edit] Date of ceremony Award Category Recipients and nominees Result February 22, 1951 British Academy Film Awards Best Film from any Source All About Eve Won February 28, 1951 Golden Globe Awards Best Screenplay - Motion Picture Joseph L. Mankiewicz Won Best Motion Picture All About Eve Nominated Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Bette Davis Nominated Best Director Joseph L. Mankiewicz Nominated Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture George Sanders Nominated Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Thelma Ritter Nominated March 29, 1951 Academy Awards[27] Best Picture All About Eve Won Best Supporting Actor George Sanders Won Best Costume Design - Black and white Edith Head, Charles LeMaire Won Best Director Joseph L. Mankiewicz Won Best Adapted Screenplay Joseph L. Mankiewicz Won Best Sound Mixing Thomas Moulton Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Anne Baxter Nominated Bette Davis Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Celeste Holm Nominated Thelma Ritter Nominated Best Art Direction – Black-and-white George W. Davis, Lyle R. Wheeler and Thomas Little, Walter M. Scott Nominated Best Cinematography – Black-and-white Milton R. Krasner Nominated Best Film Editing Barbara McLean Nominated Best Original Score Alfred Newman Nominated April 3–20, 1951 Cannes Film Festival Best Actress Bette Davis Won Special Jury Prize All About Eve Won Grand Prix du Festival International du Film All About Eve Nominated May 27, 1951 Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Achievement in Feature Film Joseph L. Mankiewicz Won January 20, 1952 New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film All About Eve Won Best Director Joseph L. Mankiewicz Won Best Actress Bette Davis Won Later recognition and rankings[edit] In 1990, All About Eve was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[28] The film received in 1997 a placement on the Producers Guild of America Hall of Fame. The film also earns a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film has been selected by the American Film Institute for many of their 100 Years lists. Year Category Nominee Rank Mary Caswell Orr (December 21, 1910 – September 22, 2006) was an American actress and author whose short story "The Wisdom of Eve", published in the May 1946 issue of Cosmopolitan, was the basis of the Academy Award-winning film All About Eve (1950).[1] In private life, Orr used her married name, Mary Orr Denham. Orr was born in Brooklyn, New York. She and her family relocated to Canton, Ohio when she was a girl. She studied at Syracuse University and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Manhattan.[1] "The Wisdom of Eve" was loosely based upon a woman who had been the secretary of Viennese actress Elisabeth Bergner.[1] Orr wrote a radio adaptation which aired on NBC in 1949 which led to the movie being made.[1] While she did not receive screen credit for All About Eve (she had sold the story to Twentieth Century Fox for $5000),[1] she did receive a Screen Writers Guild award for her original story.[2] An alternative hypothesis for the Martina Lawrence-Elizabeth Bergner origin[3] was the rivalry between Tallulah Bankhead and Lizabeth Scott (her understudy) during the production of Thorton Wilder's The Skin of Our Teeth. [4] Broadway legend had it that Bankhead was being victimized by Scott, who was supposedly the real-life Eve Harrington.[5] During the eight months[6] In 1964, Orr and her husband, director-playwright Reginald Denham, adapted the short story into a play of the same name, which was produced off-Broadway in 1979. In 1970, a hit Broadway musical, Applause, was based on All About Eve and gave a credit to Mary Orr for the original story. She wrote a sequel to "The Wisdom of Eve" titled "More About Eve", which was published in Cosmopolitan in July 1951.[1] In addition to Applause, Mary Orr and Reginald Denham had four plays that opened on Broadway. Their first and most successful, Wallflower, ran for 192 performances in 1944.[1][7] Round Trip was presented in 1945, while Dark Hammock started its performances in 1946. The fourth, Be Your Age, made its Broadway appearance in 1953.[7][8] She also acted in Broadway plays, including two of her own: Wallflower and Dark Hammock.[7] Wallflower was the basis for a 1948 film of the same name.[9] Alone or with her husband, Orr wrote five books and forty television scripts. Orr died of pneumonia in Manhattan in 2006.[1] She was predeceased by her husband, who died in 1983.[1] Books[edit] Diamonds in the Sky (1957) A Place to Meet (1961) The Tejera Secrets (1974) Rich Girl, Poor Girl (1975) Lucky Star 1998 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies All About Eve 16 2003 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains Eve Harrington (Villain) 23 2005 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes "Fasten your seatbelts. It's going to be a bumpy night" 9 2005 AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores All About Eve Nominated 2007 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) All About Eve 28 When AFI named Bette Davis # 2 on its list of the greatest female American screen legends, All About Eve was the film selected to highlight Davis' legendary career. Sarah Siddons Award[edit] The film opens with the image of a fictitious award trophy, described by DeWitt as the "highest honor our theater knows: the Sarah Siddons Award for Distinguished Achievement." The statuette is modelled after the famous painting of Siddons costumed as the tragic Muse by Joshua Reynolds, a copy of which hangs in the entrance of Margo's apartment and often visible during the party scene. In 1952, a small group of distinguished Chicago theater-goers began to give an award with that name, which was sculpted to look like the one used in the film. It has been given annually, with past honorees including Bette Davis and Celeste Holm. Adaptations[edit] The first radio adaptation was broadcast on the Lux Radio Theatre on NBC on October 1, 1951 starring Bette Davis, Gary Merrill and Anne Baxter.[29] A second radio version of All About Eve starring Tallulah Bankhead as Margo Channing was presented on NBC's The Big Show by the Theatre Guild of the Air on November 16, 1952. Bankhead and many contemporary critics felt that the characterization of Margo Channing was patterned on her, a long-rumored charge denied by both Mankiewicz and Davis,[30] but attested by costume designer Edith Head.[31] Additionally, Bankhead's rivalry with her understudy (Lizabeth Scott) during the production of The Skin of Our Teeth [32] is cited as an alternative hypothesis for the origin of Mary Orr's The Wisdom of Eve, the original short story that formed the basis for the film. [33][34] Ironically, Bette Davis played three roles on film that had been originated by Tallulah Bankhead — Dark Victory, Jezebel and The Little Foxes, much to Bankhead's chagrin. Bankhead and Davis were considered to be somewhat similar in style.[35] Ironically, several decades later Davis would call Channing "the essence of a Tallulah Bankhead kind of actress" in an interview with Barbara Walters.[36] The production is notable in that Mary Orr, of The Wisdom of Eve, played the role of Karen Richards. The cast also featured Alan Hewitt as Addison DeWitt (who narrated), Beatrice Pearson as Eve Harrington, Don Briggs as Lloyd Richards, Kevin McCarthy as Bill Samson, Florence Robinson as Birdie Coonan, and Stefan Schnabel as Max Fabian.[35] In 1970, All About Eve was the inspiration for the stage musical Applause, with book by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, lyrics by Lee Adams, and music by Charles Strouse. The original production starred Lauren Bacall as Margo Channing, and it won the Tony Award for Best Musical that season. It ran for four previews and 896 performances at the Palace Theatre on Broadway. After Bacall left the production, she was replaced by Anne Baxter in the role of Margo Channing. In popular culture[edit] The plot of the film has been used numerous times, frequently as an outright homage to the film, with one notable example being a 1974 episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, "A New Sue Ann". In the episode, the character of Sue Ann Nivens (Betty White), hostess of a popular local cooking show, hires a young, pretty and very eager fan as her apprentice and assistant, but the neophyte quickly begins to sabotage her mentor, in an attempt to replace her as host of the show. Sue Ann, however, unlike Margo Channing, prevails in the end, countering the young woman's attempts to steal her success and sending her on her way.[37] The English rock band of the same name took their name from the film.[38] A 2008 episode of The Simpsons, "All About Lisa", is influenced by this film. In the episode, Lisa Simpson becomes Krusty the Clown's assistant, eventually taking his place on television and receiving an entertainment award.[39] Pedro Almodóvar's 1999 Academy Award-winning Spanish language film, Todo sobre mi madre (All About My Mother), has elements similar to those found in All About Eve. The title of the film itself is an homage to the 1950 film. In the first scene, the character of Manuela and her son, Esteban, are watching a dubbed version of the film on television when the film is introduced as "Eve Unveiled". Esteban comments that the film should be called "Todo Sobre Eva" ("All About Eva"). Later in the scene, he begins writing about his mother in his notebook and calls the piece "Todo sobre Eva". Additionally, Manuela replaces Nina Cruz as Stella for a night in a production of A Streetcar Named Desire, leading a furious Nina to accuse her of learning the part "just like Eve Harrington!" In a season 3 episode of Gossip Girl, titled "Enough About Eve", Blair Waldorf has a dream where she is Margo Channing. In the fifth season of The L Word, a fan becomes Jenny Shecter's assistant while she is directing a movie; later the fan blackmails the movie studio into letting her direct and she proceeds to take over Jenny's life. In the second season of Glee, Kurt Hummel calls his fellow glee club member Santana Lopez "a Latina Eve Harrington", after learning she is blackmailing a closeted jock into becoming her "beard" and running mate for Prom Queen and King. In the first season of Will & Grace, Grace becomes dependent on a maid to give her a confidence boost during a design competition. This prompts her drunken assistant Karen to suspect a plot and she confronts the maid, exclaiming "I've seen 'All About Eve'. Poooor Eve!" In the pilot episode of Political Animals, when Susan suspects Georgia, a fellow reporter, has a crush on her boyfriend and is attempting to outshine her at the newspaper, she says, "If Eve Harrington were an actual person today, she would look like Georgia. She would bake cupcakes, and she would have a blog." In the third season of Gilligan's Island, the episode "All About Eva" concerns a character coming on the island and taking over Ginger's persona, with both roles played by actress Tina Louise. In the fifth season of Quantum Leap, the plot of the episode "Goodbye Norma Jean" mirrors that of All About Eve. In it, Sam Beckett leaps into Marilyn Monroe's chauffeur and finds himself pitted against an aspiring actress who is trying to steal Monroe's part for the film The Misfits. Sam succeeds in stopping Monroe's rival, and she rightfully takes her place as Clark Gable's leading lady.[40][41] Charles Fox Music Rob Friedman Public Relations Alex Gibney Documentary Mark Goldblatt Film Editors The Academy Film Archive is part of the Academy Foundation, established in 1944 with the purpose of organizing and overseeing the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences’ educational and cultural activities, including the preservation of motion picture history. Although the current incarnation of the Academy Film Archive began in 1991, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences acquired its first film in 1929. Located in Hollywood, California at the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, the Archive has a diverse range of moving image material. The Archive's collection comprises 85,000 titles and 180,000 separate items, including early American cinema, a vast collection of documentary films, filmed and taped interviews, amateur and private home movies of Hollywood legends, makeup and sound test reels, and a wide selection of experimental film, as well as Academy Award-winning films, Academy Award-nominated films, and a complete collection of every Academy Awards show since 1949.[1] The Archive is also concerned with the preservation and restoration of films, as well as new technologies and methods of preservation, restoring over 800 titles [1] of historical and artistic importance. Contents [hide] 1 Preservation 2 Access 3 References 4 External links Preservation[edit] The Academy Film Archive features an extensive preservation program, safeguarding films across all genres. Notable preservation projects include Joseph L. Mankiewicz’s All About Eve (1950); many Stan Brakhage films from the original elements; and with support from the Film Foundation, Curtis Harrington's Night Tide (1961), and 18 films by Satyajit Ray.[2] The Archive's restoration of Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon (1950), in conjunction with the National Film Center of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo and Kadokawa Pictures, Inc., won the 2009 National Society of Film Critics's Heritage Award [2]. Funding for "Rashomon" provided by Kadokawa Culture Promotion Foundation and The Film Foundation.[3] Access[edit] The Archive offers access to its collections to researchers and scholars. Based on availability, preservation status and condition of the materials, visitors may visit the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study to arrange appointments through the Access Center.[4] Additionally, the Academy Film Archive lends prints to non-profit institutions for screenings.[5] In some circumstances, the Archive may be able to make collection materials available for licensing Don Hall Sound Arthur Hamilton Music Tom Hanks Actors Gale Anne Hurd Producers Mark Johnson Producers Kathleen Kennedy Producers Lora Kennedy Casting Directors Lynzee Klingman Film Editors John Knoll Visual Effects Bill Kroyer Short Films and Feature Animation Jeffrey Kurland Costume Designers John Lasseter Short Films and Feature Animation Judianna Makovsky Costume Designers Michael Mann Directors Scott Millan Sound Deborah Nadoolman Costume Designers David Newman Music Amy Pascal Executives Jan Pascale Designers Robert Rehme Executives Phil Alden Robinson Writers David Rubin Casting Directors Dante Spinotti Cinematographers Robin Swicord Writers Bernard Telsey Casting Directors Michael Tronick Film Editors Nancy Utley Public Relations Claude Chabrol Pete Postlethwaite Bill Littlejohn Pierre Guffroy Patricia Neal George Hickenlooper Irving Ravetch Robert Culp Robert F. Boyle Mario Monicelli Lynn Redgrave Elliott Kastner Dede Allen Peter Yates Anne Francis Arthur Penn Theoni Aldredge Susannah York Ronald Neame David L. Wolper Jill Clayburgh Alan Hume Irvin Kershner Dennis Hopper Dino De Laurentiis Blake Edwards Kevin McCarthy Lena Horne The King's Speech has received widespread critical acclaim, with Firth's performance receiving strong acclaim.[68][69] Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 95% based on reviews from 261 critics; their average rating was calculated as 8.6/10. It summarised the critical consensus as: "Colin Firth gives a masterful performance in The King's Speech, a predictable but stylishly produced and rousing period drama."[70] Metacritic gave the film a weighted score of 88/100, based on 41 critiques, which it ranks as "universal acclaim".[71] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[72] Empire gave the film five stars out of five, commenting, "You'll be lost for words."[73] Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post gave the film full marks for its humane qualities and craftsmanship: "It is an intelligent, winning drama fit for a king – and the rest of us", she said.[74] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a full four stars, commenting that "what we have here is a superior historical drama and a powerful personal one."[35] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave four stars out of five, stating, "Tom Hooper's richly enjoyable and handsomely produced movie ... is a massively confident crowd-pleaser."[75] Manohla Dargis, whilst generally ambivalent towards the film, called the lead performances one of its principal attractions. "With their volume turned up, the appealing, impeccably professional Mr. Firth and Mr. Rush rise to the acting occasion by twinkling and growling as their characters warily circle each other before settling into the therapeutic swing of things and unknowingly preparing for the big speech that partly gives the film its title," she wrote.[34] The Daily Telegraph called Guy Pearce's performance as Edward VIII "formidable ... with glamour, charisma and utter self-absorption".[76] Empire said he played the role well as "a flash harry flinty enough to shed a nation for a wife."[73] The New York Times thought he was able to create "a thorny tangle of complications in only a few abbreviated scenes".[34] Hooper praised the actor in the DVD commentary, saying he "nailed" the 1930s royal accent.[13] Richard Corliss of Time magazine named Colin Firth's performance one of the Top 10 Movie Performances of 2010.[77] The British Stammering Association welcomed the release of The King's Speech, congratulating the film makers on their "realistic depiction of the frustration and the fear of speaking faced by people who stammer on a daily basis." It said that "Colin Firth's portrayal of the King's stammer in particular strikes us as very authentic and accurate."[78] The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists welcomed the film, and launched their "Giving Voice" campaign around the time of its commercial release.[79] Allociné, a French cinema website, gave the film an average of four out of five stars, based on a survey of 21 reviews.[80] Le Monde, which characterised the film as the "latest manifestation of British narcissism" and summarised it as "We are ugly and boring, but, By Jove!, we are right!", nevertheless admired the performances of Firth, Rush, and Bonham Carter. It said that, though the film swept British appeasement under the carpet, it was still enjoyable.[81] Queen Elizabeth II, the daughter and successor of King George VI, was sent two copies of the film before Christmas 2010. The Sun newspaper reported she had watched the film in a private screening at Sandringham House. A palace source described her reaction as being "touched by a moving portrayal of her father".[82] Seidler called the reports "the highest honour" the film could receive.[83] Awards and nominations[edit] Main article: List of accolades received by The King's Speech Two middle aged men stand side by side wearing suits and open-necked shirts. One is holding the plaque of a Hollywood star of fame Hooper and Firth in January 2011; each received multiple award nominations for their work At the 83rd Academy Awards, The King's Speech won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Director (Hooper), Best Actor (Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler). The film had received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year. Besides the four categories it won, the film received nominations for Best Cinematography (Danny Cohen) and two for the supporting actors (Bonham Carter and Rush), as well as two for its mise-en-scène: Art Direction and Costumes.[84] At the 64th British Academy Film Awards, it won seven awards, including Best Film, Outstanding British Film, Best Actor for Firth, Best Supporting Actor for Rush, Best Supporting Actress for Bonham Carter, Best Original Screenplay for Seidler, and Best Music for Alexandre Desplat. The film had been nominated for 14 BAFTAs, more than any other film.[85] At the 68th Golden Globe Awards, Firth won for Best Actor. The film won no other Golden Globes, despite earning seven nominations, more than any other film.[86] It is also the first Weinstein film to win the Oscar for Best Picture. At the 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Firth won the Best Actor award and the entire cast won Best Ensemble, meaning Firth went home with two acting awards in one evening.[87] Hooper won the Directors Guild of America Awards 2010 for Best Director.[88] The film won the Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture at the Producers Guild of America Awards 2010.[89] Canton is a city in and the county seat of Stark County, Ohio, United States.[6] Founded in 1805 alongside the Middle and West Branches of Nimishillen Creek, Canton became a heavy manufacturing center because of its numerous railroad lines. However, its status in that regard began to decline during the late 20th century, as shifts in the manufacturing industry led to the relocation or repositioning of many factories. After this decline, the city's industry diversified into the service economy, including retailing, education, finance and healthcare. Canton is located approximately 24 miles (39 km) south of Akron,[7] and 60 miles (97 km) south of Cleveland,[8] in the northeastern part of Ohio. Canton lies on the outskirts of the greater northeast Ohio metropolitan area anchored by Cleveland, and is also a short distance away from the periphery of the greater Pittsburgh area. The city lies on the edge of Ohio's extensive Amish country, particularly in Holmes and Wayne counties to the city's west and southwest. Canton is located along Interstate 77, U.S. Route 62, and the historic Lincoln Highway, the present-day U.S. Route 30, and is also the terminus of the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad. As of the 2010 Census, the city of Canton is the largest incorporated area in the Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which includes all of Stark and Carroll counties. The CMMSA reported a population of 404,422. Canton's city population declined 9.7%, down to 73,007 residents.[9] Despite this decline, the 2010 figure actually moved Canton from ninth to eighth place among Ohio cities. Nearby Youngstown in Mahoning County, once considerably more populous than Canton, suffered a larger decline.[9] Canton is chiefly notable for two reasons: the first is football, especially the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the formation in 1920 of what eventually became the National Football League. The second is William McKinley, who conducted from his home in Canton the famed front porch campaign which won him the presidency of the United States in the 1896 election. The McKinley National Memorial and the William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum commemorate his life and presidency. Canton was chosen as the site of the First Ladies National Historic Site largely in honor of his wife, Ida Saxton McKinley. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Address system 2.2 Topography 2.3 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2000 census 3.2 2010 census 4 Government 5 Economy 5.1 Principal employers 6 Arts and education 7 Media 7.1 Print 7.2 Television 7.3 Radio 7.3.1 AM 7.3.2 FM 8 Neighborhoods 9 Sports Franciszek Smuglewicz – painter Yehezkel Streichman Israeli painter Kazys Šimonis – painter Algimantas Švegžda – lt Algimantas Švegžda painter Otis Tamašauskas Lithographer Print Maker Graphic Artist Adolfas Valeška – painter and graphic artist Adomas Varnas – painter Kazys Varnelis – artist Vladas Vildžiunas lt Vladas Vildžiunas sculptor Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis lt Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis graphic artist Viktoras Vizgirda – painter William Zorach – Modern artist who died in Bath Maine Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Kazimieras Leonardas Žoromskis – painter Politics edit President Valdas Adamkus right chatting with Vice President Dick Cheney left See also List of Lithuanian rulers Mindaugas – the first and only King of Lithuania – Gediminas – the ruler of Lithuania – Algirdas – the ruler together with Kestutis of Lithuania – Kestutis – the ruler together with Algirdas of Lithuania – Vytautas – the ruler of Lithuania – together with Jogaila Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

10 Transportation 11 Popular culture 12 Notable people 13 Sister cities 14 References 15 External links History[edit] Burial site of President William McKinley William McKinley Presidential Library & Museum Canton was founded in 1805, incorporated as a village in 1822, and re-incorporated as a city in 1838.[10] Bezaleel Wells, the surveyor who divided the land of the town, named it after Canton (a traditional name for Guangzhou), China. The name was a memorial to a trader named John O'Donnell, whom Wells admired. O'Donnell had named his Maryland plantation after the Chinese city, as he had been the first person to transport goods from there to Baltimore. Canton was the adopted home of President William McKinley. Born in Niles, McKinley first practiced law in Canton around 1867, and was prosecuting attorney of Stark County from 1869 to 1871. The city was his home during his successful campaign for Ohio governor, the site of his front-porch presidential campaign of 1896 and the campaign of 1900. Canton is now the site of the William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum and the McKinley National Memorial, dedicated in 1907. Geography[edit] Address system[edit] Canton's street layout forms the basis for the system of addresses in Stark County. Canton proper is divided into address quadrants (NW, NE, SW, SE) by Tuscarawas Street (dividing N and S) and Market Avenue (dividing E and W). Due to shifts in the street layout, the E-W divider becomes Cleveland Avenue south of the city, merging onto Ridge Road farther out. The directionals are noted as suffixes to the street name (e.g. Tuscarawas St W, 55th Street NE). Typically within the city numbered streets run east and west and radiate from the Tuscarawas Street baseline, while named avenues run north and south. This system extends into Stark County but is not shared by the cities of Massillon, East Canton or North Canton, which have their own internal address grids. Topography[edit] Canton is located at an elevation of 1060 feet (323 m).[11] Nimishillen Creek and its East, Middle and West Branches flow through the city.[12] Canton is bordered by Plain Township and North Canton to the north, Meyers Lake and Perry Township to the west, Canton Township to the South, and Nimishillen Township, Osnaburg Township and East Canton to the east. Annexations were approved in December 2006 extending Canton's eastern boundary to East Canton's border.[13][14] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.48 square miles (65.99 km2), of which, 25.46 square miles (65.94 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2) is water.[2] Climate[edit] Canton has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa), typical of much of the Midwestern United States, with very warm, humid summers and cold winters. Winters tend to be cold, with average January high temperatures of 33 °F (1 °C), and average lows of 19 °F (-7 °C), with considerable variation in temperatures. During a typical January, high temperatures of over 50 °F (10 °C) are just as common as low temperatures of below 0 °F (-18 °C). Snowfall is lighter than the snow belt areas to the north. Akron-Canton Airport generally averages 47.1 inches (120 cm) of snow per season. Springs are short with rapid transition from hard winter to summer weather. Summers tend to be warm, sometimes hot, with average July high temperatures of 82 °F (28 °C), and average July low of 62 °F (17 °C). Summer weather is more stable, generally humid with thunderstorms fairly common. Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) about 9 times each summer, on average.[15] Fall usually is the driest season with many clear, warm days and cool nights. The all-time record high in the Akron-Canton area of 104 °F (40 °C) was established on August 6, 1918, and the all-time record low of -25 °F (-32 °C) was set on January 19, 1994.[16] [hide]Climate data for Canton, Ohio (Akron-Canton Airport), 1981–2010 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 73 (23) 72 (22) 83 (28) 89 (32) 94 (34) 100 (38) 102 (39) 104 (40) 99 (37) 89 (32) 80 (27) 76 (24) 104 (40) Average high °F (°C) 33.6 (0.9) 37.2 (2.9) 47.2 (8.4) 60.1 (15.6) 69.8 (21) 78.5 (25.8) 82.5 (28.1) 80.8 (27.1) 73.4 (23) 61.5 (16.4) 49.7 (9.8) 37.4 (3) 59.3 (15.2) Average low °F (°C) 19.3 (-7.1) 21.4 (-5.9) 28.6 (-1.9) 38.9 (3.8) 48.6 (9.2) 57.8 (14.3) 62.0 (16.7) 60.7 (15.9) 53.4 (11.9) 42.5 (5.8) 34.0 (1.1) 24.0 (-4.4) 40.9 (4.9) Record low °F (°C) -25 (-32) -20 (-29) -6 (-21) 10 (-12) 24 (-4) 32 (0) 41 (5) 39 (4) 29 (-2) 20 (-7) -1 (-18) -16 (-27) -25 (-32) Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.60 (66) 2.30 (58.4) 2.98 (75.7) 3.55 (90.2) 4.28 (108.7) 3.83 (97.3) 4.07 (103.4) 3.56 (90.4) 3.45 (87.6) 2.83 (71.9) 3.28 (83.3) 2.83 (71.9) 39.56 (1,004.8) Average snowfall inches (cm) 12.6 (32) 10.8 (27.4) 8.0 (20.3) 2.7 (6.9) 0.1 (0.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.4 (1) 3.0 (7.6) 10.2 (25.9) 47.7 (121.2) Average precipitation days (= 0.01 in) 17.1 14.1 14.0 14.3 14.0 12.1 11.3 9.6 10.2 10.9 13.8 16.2 157.6 Average snowy days (= 0.1 in) 13.1 9.4 6.6 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 3.4 10.3 45.8 Source: NOAA (extremes 1887–present)[16] Demographics[edit] Historical population Census Pop. %± 1830 1,257 — 1850 2,603 — 1860 4,041 55.2% 1870 8,660 114.3% 1880 12,258 41.5% 1890 26,189 113.6% 1900 30,667 17.1% 1910 50,217 63.7% 1920 87,091 73.4% 1930 104,906 20.5% 1940 108,401 3.3% 1950 116,912 7.9% 1960 113,631 -2.8% 1970 110,053 -3.1% 1980 94,730 -13.9% 1990 84,161 -11.2% 2000 80,806 -4.0% 2010 73,007 -9.7% Est. 2014 72,297 [17] -1.0% Sources:[18][19][20][21][22][23] Location of the Canton-Massillon Metropolitan Statistical Area in Ohio Market Street, Showing Northwest Corner Public Square, Canton, Ohio Canton is the largest principal city of the Canton-Massillon Metropolitan Statistical Area, a metropolitan area that covers Carroll and Stark counties[24] and had a combined population of 404,422 at the 2010 census.[22] 2000 census[edit] As of the census[22] of 2000, there were 80,806 people, 32,489 households, and 19,785 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,932.1 people per square mile (1,518.2/km2). There were 35,502 housing units at an average density of 1,728.0 per square mile (667.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 74.45% White, 21.04% African American, 0.49% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.61% from other races, and 3.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.24% of the population. There were 32,489 households out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.1% were married couples living together, 19.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city the population was spread out with 26.6% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $28,730, and the median income for a family was $35,680. Males had a median income of $30.628 versus $21,581 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,544. About 15.4% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.4% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census[edit] As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 73,007 people, 29,705 households, and 17,127 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,867.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,107.1/km2). There were 34,571 housing units at an average density of 1,357.9 per square mile (524.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 69.1% White, 24.2% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 4.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population. There were 29,705 households of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.8% were married couples living together, 21.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.3% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the city was 35.6 years. 25.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 12.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.4% male and 52.6% female. Government[edit] [icon] This section requires expansion with: Canton's representation (if any) on Stark County governing bodies, plus its representation in the state legislature and U.S. Congress. (November 2013) Canton City Hall Canton has a mayor–council government and is the largest city in Ohio to operate without a charter. The city council is divided among nine wards with three at-large seats and the council president. The current mayor is William J. Healy II, a Democrat who is currently in his second term.[25] The 2014-2015 City Council of Canton is composed of Council President: Allen Schulman.[26] Members-At-Large: James Babcock, Richard Hart, Bill Smuckler. Ward Councilpersons: Ward One, Greg Hawk. Ward Two, Thomas E. West. Ward Three, James E. Griffin. Ward Four, Chris Smith. Ward Five, Kevin Fisher. Ward Six, David R. Dougherty. Ward Seven, John Mariol II. Ward Eight, Edmond Mack.[27] Ward Nine, Frank Morris.[28] Economy[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2007) Production of Half-track armored cars in a converted automobile plant. Diebold Safe and Lock Company, Canton, Ohio. The Canton area's economy is primarily industrial, with significant health care and agricultural segments. The city is home to the Timken Company, a major manufacturer of tapered roller bearings and specialty steel. Several other large companies operate in the greater-Canton area, including the Belden Brick Company, a brick and masonry producer; Diebold, a maker of ATMs, electronic voting devices, and bank vaults, and Medline Industries, a manufacturer and distributor of health care supplies. The area is also home to several regional food producers, including Nickles Bakery (baked goods), Case Farms (poultry), and Shearer's Foods (snack foods). Poultry production and dairy farming are also important segments of the Canton area's economy. In recent years, Canton has experienced a very low unemployment rate.[29] The healthcare sector is particularly strong, with Aultman Hospital and Mercy Medical Center among its largest employers. Nevertheless, as in many industrial areas of the United States, employment in the manufacturing sector is in a state of decline. LTV Steel (formerly Republic Steel) suffered bankruptcy in 2000. Republic Steel emerged and continues to maintain operations in the Canton. On June 30, 2014 the Timken Company and TimkenSteel split, forming two separate companies at the urging of shareholders.[30] The Timken Company relocated to neighboring Jackson Township, while TimkenSteel remains headquartered in the Canton. In response to this changing manufacturing landscape, the city is undergoing a transition to a retail and service-based economy. Beginning in the 1970s, Canton, like many mid-size American cities, lost most of its downtown retail business to the suburbs. The majority of the Canton area's "box store" retail is located in the general vicinity of the Belden Village Mall in Jackson Township. However, in recent years, the downtown area has seen significant rejuvenation, with cafes, restaurants, and the establishment of an arts district. A few retail centers remain in Canton at or near the city limits. Tuscarawas Street (Lincoln Way), a leg of the Lincoln Highway connecting Canton with neighboring Massillon, is home to the Canton Centre Mall and several retail outlets of varying size. A vein of commerce runs along Whipple Avenue, connecting the Canton Centre area with the Belden Village area. A similar vein runs north from the downtown area, along Cleveland and Market avenues. Connecting Cleveland and Market avenues is a small shopping district on 30th Street NW, and retail lines the Route 62 corridor leading from Canton to Louisville and Alliance. In recent years, Canton has come to experience a renaissance. At the heart of this transformation is the Pro Football Hall of Fame, with its multimillion-dollar "Hall of Fame Village" expansion project.[31] This project has been complemented with significant investments by city leaders in urban redevelopment, which began with the successful Onesto Hotel Project.[32] Other urban renewal plans are underway, which include the redevelopment of the downtown Market Square area.[33] Private investment has furthered Canton's transformation, which is illustrated by the multimillion-dollar creation of the Gervasi Vineyard, which draws patrons throughout the region.[34] Principal employers[edit] According to Canton's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[35] the top employers in the city are: # Employer # of Employees 1 Aultman Hospital 3,827 2 Canton City School District 2,642 3 Mercy Medical Center 2,618 4 Timken 2,506 5 Stark County 1,953 6 Fresh Mark 1,176 7 City of Canton 1,141 8 Republic Steel 1,042 9 Nationwide 745 10 Republic Storage Systems 514 Arts and education[edit] The Canton Museum of Art, founded in 1935, is a broad-based community arts organization designed to encourage and promote the fine arts in Canton. The museum focuses on 19th and 20th Century American artists, specifically works on paper, and on American ceramics, beginning in the 1950s. The museum sponsors annual shows of work of high school students in Canton and Stark County, and financial scholarships are awarded. Educational Outreach programs take the museum off-site to libraries, parochial schools, area public schools, five inner city schools and a school for students with behavioral disorders. The city's Arts District, located downtown, is the site of monthly First Friday arts celebrations. Canton's K-12 students are primarily served by the Canton City School District, although students north of 17th Street NW have an overlap with Plain Local School District. Canton Local School District serves the better part of Canton South. Malone University, a private, four-year liberal arts college affiliated with the Evangelical Friends Church, is located on 25th Street NW Catholic-run Walsh University is located nearby in North Canton. Stark State College and a branch of Kent State University are also nearby, in Jackson Township. Also, in downtown Canton, there is a small annex for Stark State College to be used by the Early College High School students who are located on the Timken Campus. The city is also served by two Catholic high schools: St. Thomas Aquinas High School and Central Catholic High School (located in Perry Township). Perry Township is also home to Perry High School which serves students from both the Massillon and Canton area. Catholic grade schools within the city limits of Canton are St. Peter, St. Joseph, and Our Lady of Peace. Additional Catholic schools in the Canton area include Canton St. Michael School, ranked first in the Power of the Pen state tournament in 2010, and Canton St. Joan of Arc School. There is also Heritage Christian School (K-12), a Christian grade school and high school. Canton Country Day School is another private elementary school in the city of Canton. Also within the city limits is the private Canton Montessori School, which teaches according to the Montessori Plan for education proposed by Maria Montessori in the early 20th century. Media[edit] Print[edit] Canton is served in print by The Repository, the city's only newspaper. Television[edit] Canton is part of the greater Cleveland radio and television media market. However, due to its proximity to Youngstown, it is common for residents to receive stations from that area. There are also three television stations that are licensed to Canton, though none of them are major network affiliates. Channel 17: WDLI – (TBN) – serving Canton/Akron/Cleveland – Christian Channel 39: WIVM-LD – (RTV) – Canton – Local, independent Channel 47: WRLM – (TCT) – Canton – Christian Canton also has a cable Public-access television channel, Canton City Schools TV 11. The content varies based on the viewer's location. Citizens located in North Canton will see North Canton's programming instead of Canton City's. Those within the borders of Plain Local Schools will see Eagle Television's programming. Radio[edit] AM[edit] 1060: WILB, (Living Bread Radio Inc., Catholic) – Canton 1480: WHBC, (NextMedia Group, News/Talk) – Canton 1520: WINW, (Gospel) – Canton FM[edit] 92.5: WDJQ, (Top 40/CHR) "Q92" – Alliance 94.1: WHBC-FM, (NextMedia Group, Hot AC) "Mix 94.1" – Canton 94.9: WDJQ, (Country)"WDJQ" - Canton 95.9: WNPQ, (Tuscarawas Broadcasting Co., Contemporary Christian) "95.9 The Light" – New Philadelphia 101.7 WHOF (Clear Channel Communications) My 101.7 – North Canton 106.9 WRQK (Clear Channel Communications) Rock 106.9 – Canton Neighborhoods[edit] Crystal Park Dueber Harter Heights Highland Park Market Heights Ridgewood Summit Vassar Park West Park West Branch Park Sports[edit] [hide]This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2007) This section requires expansion with: the McKinley-Massillon high school football rivalry, which has received sporadic national attention spanning many decades. (November 2013) Front entrance to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Canton is home to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The American Professional Football Association, the forerunner of the NFL, was founded in a Canton car dealership on September 17, 1920. Every summer, Canton is the home of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Enshrinement Festival, which includes a hot air balloon festival, ribs burn-off, fashion show, community parade, Sunday morning race, enshrinee dinner, and the Pro Football Hall of Fame Grand Parade. The festival culminates in the enshrinement of the new inductees and the NFL/Hall of Fame Game, a pre-season exhibition between teams representing the AFC and NFC at Tom Benson Stadium.[36] Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, used during the regular season by Canton McKinley High School (as well as some other area schools and colleges) has been recognized by The Sporting News. The Canton Bulldogs were an NFL football team that played from 1920–1923 skipped 1924 season then played 1925 to '26 before folding. Three of the Ohio High School Athletic Association state final football games are hosted in Canton at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium. The other three take place in nearby Massillon, Ohio, at Paul Brown Tiger Stadium. The Canton Legends played in the American Indoor Football Association at the Canton Civic Center. Operations were suspended in 2009. The Continental Indoor Football League also has offices in Canton. The first official female bodybuilding competition was held in Canton in November 1977 and was called the Ohio Regional Women's Physique Championship.[37] Canton is also home to an NBA D-League team, the Canton Charge, which started play with the 2011–2012 season. The Cleveland Cavaliers have full control over the team. The Charge play their home games at the Canton Memorial Civic Center. The Canton Invaders of the National Professional Soccer League II and American Indoor Soccer Association played home games at the Canton Memorial Civic Center from 1984 until 1996, winning five league championships. In 2009, the Ohio Vortex became an expansion team in the Professional Arena Soccer League. Operations have since been suspended. Canton has been home to professional baseball on several occasions. A number of minor league teams called Canton home in the early 1900s, including the Canton Terriers in the 1920s and '30s. The Canton-Akron Indians were the AA affiliate of the major league Cleveland Indians for nine years, playing at Thurman Munson Memorial Stadium until the team relocated north to Akron following the 1996 season. Two independent minor league teams, the Canton Crocodiles and the Canton Coyotes, both members of the Frontier League, called Munson Stadium home for several years afterward. The Crocodiles, who won the league championship in their inaugural season in 1997, moved to Washington, Pennsylvania, in 2002, and the Coyotes moved to Columbia, Missouri, in 2003, after just one season in Canton. Transportation[edit] This list organizes and collects the names of notable people who are known for their birth, residency or other association with Canton, Ohio. Contents [hide] 1 Arts and entertainment 2 Politics 3 Sports 4 Others 5 References Arts and entertainment[edit] Jake Abel, actor Matt Bors, Pulitzer Prize-nominated political cartoonist and creator of Idiot Box web comic Brannon Braga, television producer, director and screenwriter Rowland Brown, director and screenwriter Frank De Vol, composer, arranger, actor Abastenia St. Leger Eberle, sculptor Peggy Ann Garner, actress Macy Gray, R&B singer Inhale Exhale, Christian metal band Joshua Jay, magician James Karales, major civil rights era photographer[1] Karl King, composer and bandleader Enoch Light, bandleader and violinist Lovedrug, indie band John Mahon, percussionist with the Elton John Band Marilyn Manson (born Brian Hugh Warner), rock singer of the band of the same name The O'Jays, soul group; a street in northeast Canton is named The O'Jays Parkway Jack Paar, host of The Tonight Show; namesake of a street named in northeast Canton Jean Peters, actress; was married to Howard Hughes Relient K, Christian rock band Boz Scaggs, musician Ashley Spencer, actress Jeff Timmons, singer, 98 Degrees Nate Torrence, actor Joe Vitale, musician, has played with Joe Walsh, the Eagles, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Michael Stanley Band Kelly Wearstler, interior designer; Playboy Playmate Lee Wilkof, Broadway actor Nicole Wood, Playboy Playmate Erin Wyatt, model and actress Politics[edit] Andrew W. Cordier, U.N. official Shelley Hughes, current member of the Alaska House of Representatives Frank Lavin, international trade official Benjamin F. Leiter, mayor of Canton, member of the U.S. House of Representatives William A. Lynch, lawyer and politician Ida Saxton McKinley, 29th First Lady of the United States, wife of William McKinley William McKinley, 25th U.S. President; interred in Canton at the McKinley National Memorial Alan Page, member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and College Football Hall of Fame; current Associate Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court Sports[edit] Todd Blackledge, football player, Kansas City Chiefs, Pittsburgh Steelers; college football commentator Dick Cunningham, NBA player for the Milwaukee Bucks and Houston Rockets Dan Dierdorf, football player, television announcer Mike Doss, football player Wayne Fontes, football player and coach, Detroit Lions Dustin Fox, football player, Buffalo Bills; nephew of Tim Fox Tim Fox, football player, New England Patriots, San Diego Chargers, Los Angeles Rams; uncle of Dustin Fox Gary Grant, basketball player, L.A. Clippers, NY Knicks, Miami Heat, Portland Trail Blazers John Grimsley,football player, University of Kentucky, Houston Oilers, Miami Dolphins Ronnie Harris, boxer, gold medalist, lightweight, 1968 Summer Olympics Brian Hartline, wide receiver for the Miami Dolphins team; brother of Mike Hartline Mike Hartline, former quarterback for the Kentucky Wildcats football team, member of New England Patriots; brother of Brian Hartline Michael Hawkins, basketball player Dirk Hayhurst, baseball player Dick Himes, football player, Green Bay Packers Phil Hubbard, basketball player and coach Tim Huffman, football player, Green Bay Packers Chuck Hutchison, football player Kosta Koufos, basketball player, Utah Jazz, Denver Nuggets and Greece national team; former Ohio State Buckeyes player Kirk Lowdermilk, football player Josh McDaniels, offensive coordinator for New England Patriots Keith McLeod, basketball player Raymar Morgan, professional basketball player for Barak Netanya in Israel Marion Motley, football player Star Trek: Voyager is a science fiction television series, set in the Star Trek universe. The show takes place during the 2370s, and begins on the far side of the Milky Way galaxy, 70,000 light-years from Earth. It follows the adventures of the Starfleet vessel USS Voyager, which becomes stranded in the Delta Quadrant while searching for a renegade Maquis ship.[1] Voyager was to make the estimated 75-year journey home. The show was created by Rick Berman, Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor, and is the fifth incarnation of Star Trek, which began with the 1960s series Star Trek that was created by Gene Roddenberry. It was produced for seven seasons, from 1995 to 2001, and is the first Star Trek TV series with a female captain, Kathryn Janeway played by Kate Mulgrew, as a main character. Berman served as head executive producer in charge of the overall production for the series during its entire run. He was assisted by a second in command executive producer who generally functioned as the day to day showrunner. There were four throughout the series' run: Michael Piller (EP/showrunner – first and second season), Jeri Taylor (EP – first through fourth season, showrunner – third and fourth season), Brannon Braga (EP/showrunner – fifth and sixth season), and Kenneth Biller (EP/showrunner – seventh season). Star Trek: Voyager aired on UPN and was the network's second longest running series, as well as the final show from its debut lineup to end.[citation needed] Contents [hide] 1 Production 2 Plot overview 3 Cast 4 Notable guest appearances 4.1 Non-actors 4.2 Actors 5 Connections with other Star Trek incarnations 5.1 Characters and races 5.2 Actors from other Star Trek series or films appearing on Voyager 5.3 Actors from Voyager appearing on other Star Trek series or films 5.4 Behind-the-scenes connections 6 List of Episodes 7 Broadcast history 8 Music 9 Awards and nominations 10 Novels and revival attempts 10.1 Book relaunch 11 References 12 External links Production[edit] As Star Trek: The Next Generation ended, Paramount Pictures wanted to continue to have a second Star Trek TV series to accompany Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. The studio also planned to start a new television network, and wanted the new show to help it succeed.[2] The Star Trek show the studio planned to launch a network showcasing Star Trek: Phase II in 1977. Initial work on Star Trek: Voyager started in 1993, and seeds for the show's backstory, including the development of the Maquis, were placed in several The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine episodes. Voyager was shot on the stages The Next Generation had used and the pilot, "Caretaker", was shot in September 1994. Around that time, Paramount was sold to Viacom, making Voyager the first Star Trek TV series to premiere after the sale concluded. Star Trek: Voyager was also the first Star Trek TV show to eliminate the use of models for exterior space shots and exclusively use computer-generated imagery (CGI) instead.[citation needed] seaQuest DSV and Babylon 5 had previously used CGI exclusively to avoid the huge expense of models, but the Star Trek television department continued using models because they felt models provided better realism. Amblin Imaging won an Emmy for the opening CGI title visuals, but the weekly episode exteriors were captured using hand-built miniatures of the Voyager, shuttlecraft, and other ships. That changed when Star Trek: Voyager went fully CGI for certain types of shots midway through Season 3 (late 1996).[3] Foundation Imaging was the studio responsible for special effects during Babylon 5's first three seasons. Season 3's "The Swarm" was the first episode to use Foundation's effects exclusively. Star Trek: Deep Space Nine started using Foundation Imaging in conjunction with Digital Muse one year later (season 6). In its later seasons, Star Trek: Voyager featured visual effects from Foundation Imaging and Digital Muse. Plot overview[edit] See also: List of Star Trek: Voyager episodes In the pilot episode, "Caretaker", USS Voyager departs station Deep Space Nine on a mission into the treacherous Badlands to find a missing ship piloted by a team of Maquis rebels, which the Vulcan Lt. Tuvok,Voyager's security officer, has secretly infiltrated. While in the Badlands, the Voyager is chased down and eventually enveloped by a powerful energy wave, which ends up damaging Voyager, killing several of its crew, and stranding the ship on the far side of the galaxy, known as the Delta Quadrant, more than 70,000 light-years from Earth. Voyager eventually finds the Maquis ship, and the two crews reluctantly agree they must join forces to survive their long journey home. Chakotay, leader of the Maquis group, becomes first officer. B'Elanna Torres, a half-human/half-Klingon Maquis, becomes chief engineer. Tom Paris, whom Janeway released from a Federation prison to help her find the Maquis ship, is made Voyager's helm officer. Due to the deaths of the ship's entire medical staff, The Doctor, an Emergency Medical Hologram designed for short-term use only, is employed as the ship's doctor and Chief Medical Officer. Neelix, a Talaxian scavenger, and Kes, a young Ocampan, natives of the Delta Quadrant, are welcomed aboard as the ship's chef/morale officer, and The Doctor's medical assistant respectively. Due to the great distance from Federation space, the Delta Quadrant is unexplored and Voyager truly is going where no human has gone before. As the ship sets out on its projected 75-year journey home, the crew passes through regions belonging to various species indigenous to the Delta Quadrant, such as the barbaric and belligerent Kazon; the organ-harvesting, disease-ravaged Vidiians; the nomadic hunter-race the Hirogen; the fearsome Species 8472 from fluidic space ; and most notably the Borg, whose home is in the delta quadrant, and as such, Voyager has to move through large areas of Borg-controlled space in later seasons. They also encounter perilous natural phenomena such as a nebulous area called the Nekrit Expanse ("Fair Trade", third season), a large area of empty space called the Void ("Night", fifth season), wormholes, dangerous nebulae, and other anomalies. However, Voyager does not always deal with the unknown. It is the second Star Trek series to feature Q, an omnipotent alien, on a recurring basis (Q made only one appearance on Deep Space Nine). Also, Starfleet Command learns of Voyager's survival when the ship discovers an ancient interstellar communications network, belonging to the Hirogen, that the crew can tap into. Although this relay network is later disabled, becoming unusable, Starfleet (thanks to the efforts of Reginald Barclay, who was featured more prominently on The Next Generation) eventually establishes regular contact with Voyager by using a communications array and micro-wormhole technology. This ability to communicate and to transmit data would figure prominently in the series' later years. In the show's fourth season, Kes is replaced on the ship by Seven of Nine (known colloquially as Seven), a Borg drone who was assimilated as a six-year-old human girl but liberated from the collective by the Voyager crew. Seven begins to regain her humanity as the series progresses, thanks to ongoing efforts by Captain Janeway to show her that the perfection the Borg seek is not compatible with the imperfection of humanity; however, emotions such as love and caring are more important to happiness. The Doctor also becomes more human-like, thanks in part to a mobile holo-emitter the crew obtains in the third season which allows The Doctor to leave the confines of sickbay and roam the ship freely. He starts to discover his love for music and art, which he demonstrates in the episode "Virtuoso". In the sixth season, the crew discovers a group of adolescent aliens assimilated by the Borg but prematurely released from their maturation chambers due to a malfunction on their Borg cube. As he did with Seven of Nine, The Doctor re-humanized the children; Azan, Rebi and Mezoti, three of them eventually find a new adoptive home while the fourth, Icheb, chooses to stay aboard Voyager. Life for the Voyager crew continues to change over their seven-year journey. Traitors Seska and Michael Jonas are uncovered in the early months ("State of Flux"); loyal crew members are lost late in the journey; and other wayward Starfleet officers are integrated into the crew. During the second season, the first child is born aboard the ship to Ensign Samantha Wildman; as she grows up, Naomi Wildman becomes great friends with her godfather, Neelix. Early in the seventh season, Tom Paris and B'Elanna Torres marry after a long courtship, and Torres gives birth to their child, Miral Paris, in the series finale. Late in the seventh season, the ship finds a colony of Talaxians on a makeshift settlement in an asteroid field; Neelix chooses to bid Voyager farewell and live once again among his people. Over the course of the series, the crew of Voyager find a number of ways to shorten their journey by many decades, thanks to shortcuts in the episodes "Night" and "Q2", technology boosts in episodes "The Voyager Conspiracy", "Dark Frontier", "Timeless", and "Hope and Fear", subspace corridors in "Dragon's Teeth", and a mind-powered push from a powerful former shipmate in "The Gift". There are also other transportation and time travel opportunities that the crew are not able to use which appear in the episodes "Prime Factors", "Future's End", "Eye of the Needle", and "Inside Man". All these efforts shorten their journey from 75 years to 23 years. However, one final effort involving time travel reduces the total duration to seven years, as shown in the series finale "Endgame". Cast[edit] Main cast Actor Character Position Affiliation Appearances Character's species Rank Kate Mulgrew Kathryn Janeway Captain Starfleet Seasons 1–7 Human Captain Admiral (Finale Episode) Captain Janeway took command of the Intrepid-class USS Voyager in 2371. Her first mission is to locate and capture a Maquis vessel last seen in the area of space known as the Badlands. While there, the Maquis ship and Voyager are transported against their will into the Delta Quadrant, 70,000 light-years away, by a massive displacement wave. The Maquis ship is destroyed while fighting the Kazon-Ogla, and although Voyager survives, there are numerous casualties. To protect an intelligent species (the Ocampa), Janeway destroys a device, the Caretaker Array, which had the potential to return her crew to Federation space, stranding her ship and crew seventy-five years travel from home. Robert Beltran Chakotay First Officer Maquis/Starfleet Seasons 1–7 Human Lieutenant Commander (Starfleet/Provisional) While Starfleet is trying to capture him in the Badlands, he and his Maquis crew are pulled into the Delta Quadrant by the Caretaker's array and are forced to merge with the crew of Voyager during its 70-year journey home. Before serving as Voyager?'s first officer, he had resigned from Starfleet after years of service to join the Maquis to defend his home colony against the Cardassians. Tim Russ Tuvok Second/Security/Tactical Officer Maquis (cover)/Starfleet Seasons 1–7 Vulcan Lieutenant Lieutenant Commander Tuvok is a Vulcan Starfleet officer who serves aboard USS Voyager while it is stranded in the Delta Quadrant. In 2371, Tuvok was assigned to infiltrate the Maquis organization aboard Chakotay's Maquis vessel and when he is pulled into the Delta Quadrant. He serves as tactical officer and second officer under Captain Kathryn Janeway during Voyager?'s seven-year journey through this unknown part of the galaxy. He is the only Voyager crew member to be promoted in the Delta Quadrant (Lieutenant to Lieutenant Commander). Robert Duncan McNeill Tom Paris Helmsman/Medic Maquis (former)/Starfleet Seasons 1–7 Human Lieutenant Ensign Lieutenant junior grade Thomas Eugene Paris is a Human Starfleet officer who serves for seven years as flight controller of the Federation starship USS Voyager. The son of a prominent Starfleet admiral, he was dishonorably discharged from Starfleet and later joined the Maquis before being captured and serving time at the Federation Penal Settlement in New Zealand. After joining Voyager to retrieve Chakotay's Maquis ship from the Badlands, he is transferred with the crew of Voyager 70,000 light years across the galaxy, deep into the Delta Quadrant. Roxann Dawson B'Elanna Torres Chief Engineer Starfleet cadet/Maquis Seasons 1–7 Human/Klingon Hybrid Lieutenant junior grade (Provisional) B'Elanna Torres is the sometimes-combative Klingon-Human hybrid who serves as Chief Engineer on the Federation starship USS Voyager. B'Elanna is pulled into the Delta Quadrant on Chakotay's ship and is forced to merge with the crew of the Voyager during its 70-year journey home. Garrett Wang Harry Kim Operations Officer Starfleet Seasons 1–7 Human Ensign Ensign Harry Kim is a human Starfleet officer. He serves as the USS Voyager?'s operations officer. When Voyager is pulled into the Delta Quadrant, Harry is fresh out of the Academy and nervous about his assignment. Robert Picardo The Doctor Chief Medical Officer Starfleet Seasons 1–7 Human Hologram Chief Medical Officer Acting Captain (Emergency Command Hologram) "The Doctor" is USS Voyager?'s Emergency Medical Holographic program and Chief Medical Officer during the ship's seven-year journey through the Delta Quadrant. The EMH Mark I is a computer program with a holographic interface in the form of Lewis Zimmerman; the creator of the Doctor's program. Although his program is specifically designed to only function in emergency situations only, Voyager?'s sudden relocation to the Delta Quadrant and the lack of a live physician necessitated that The Doctor run his program on a full-time basis, becoming the ship's Chief Medical Officer. He evolves full self-awareness and even has hobbies. Ethan Phillips Neelix Cook Morale Officer Ambassador None Seasons 1–7 Talaxian Morale Officer, Ambassador (Highly Appreciated Diplomat) Neelix is a Talaxian who becomes a merchant, shortly after the Haakonians launch an attack on his homeworld, using a technology called a metreon cascade, resulting in the death of his entire family. He joins the USS Voyager, serving as a valuable source of information about the Delta Quadrant, as well as chef, morale officer, ambassador, navigator, and holder of many other odd-jobs. Jennifer Lien Kes Nurse Botanist None Seasons 1–3 (4+6 recurring) Ocampan Nurse Kes is a female Ocampa with psionic powers who joins the USS Voyager after it is catapulted into the Delta Quadrant by the Caretaker's array. Kes is Neelix's partner, who had promised to save her from the Kazon who had captured her. Kes leaves the show in the episode "The Gift" and returns temporarily for the episode "Fury," then leaves and never returns. Jeri Ryan Seven of Nine (Annika Hansen) Astrometrics Lab Crewman Borg (formerly) Seasons 4–7 Human (De-assimilated Borg) Astrometrics Officer Seven of Nine (full Borg designation: Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01) is a Human female who is a former Borg drone. She was born Annika Hansen on stardate 25479 (2350), the daughter of eccentric exobiologists Magnus and Erin Hansen. She was assimilated by the Borg in 2356 at age six, along with her parents, but is liberated by the crew of the USS Voyager at the start of Season 4. Secondary cast (Recurring) Josh Clark Joe Carey Asst. Chief Engineer Starfleet Seasons 1–7 Human Lieutenant An engineer aboard the USS Voyager, Carey serves under B'Elanna Torres. In 2371, Carey is briefly named acting chief engineer when the original officer in that position is killed during the ship's violent passage to the Delta Quadrant. He is disappointed when Captain Janeway later names Torres for the position of chief engineer, but he soon recognizes her superior abilities. Nancy Hower Samantha Wildman Science Officer Starfleet Seasons 1–7 Human Ensign Science Officer married to a Ktarian named Greskrendtregk. Wildman joins the USS Voyager crew unaware that she is pregnant with a daughter. She gives birth to Naomi in 2372 and selects Neelix as her godfather. Wildman continues her scientific duties while raising her child. Alexander Enberg Vorik Engineering Starfleet Seasons 1–7 Vulcan Ensign A Starfleet engineer aboard the Voyager, Vorik is one of two Vulcans to survive its cataclysmic arrival in the Delta Quadrant. Within the merged crews of Voyager, Vorik likely trails only Chief Engineer B'Elanna Torres and Lt. Joe Carey in engineering expertise. Manu Intiraymi Icheb Asst. Astrometrics Lab Crewman Borg (formerly) Starfleet Seasons 6–7 Brunali (De-assimilated Borg) Cadet A Brunali who was assimilated by the Borg and then "adopted" by the Voyager after being abandoned by the Collective and again after being sent to be re-assimilated with a borg virus by his parents. Scarlett Pomers Naomi Wildman Captain's assistant None Seasons 2–7 Human/Ktarian hybrid Civilian Half-human, half-Ktarian daughter of Samantha Wildman, the first child born on the U.S.S. Voyager after it was swept into the Delta Quadrant. She is granted the unofficial role of Captain's assistant by Captain Janeway. Martha Hackett Seska Science Officer Engineering Maquis (cover) Obsidian Order Seasons 1–3, 7 Bajoran (disguise) Cardassian Ensign (Provisional) Born Cardassian, this female Obsidian Order agent was surgically altered to appear Bajoran and infiltrate a Maquis cell commanded by former Starfleet officer Chakotay. A good friend of the Starfleet dropout B'Elanna Torres, she joined the cell after Chakotay's approval and soon became his lover. Brad Dourif Lon Suder Engineering Maquis Seasons 2–3 Betazoid Ensign (Provisional) Maquis fighter, engineer and homicidal Betazoid, Suder joined the USS Voyager in 2371. Raphael Sbarge Michael Jonas Engineering Maquis Seasons 1–3 Human Ensign (Provisional) Member of the Maquis contingent that joined the Voyager crew in 2371. Notable guest appearances[edit] Non-actors[edit] Prince Abdullah of Jordan (now King) played an unnamed ensign (science officer) in the episode "Investigations".[4] Musician Tom Morello played Crewman Mitchell, seen when Captain Janeway asks him for directions on Deck 15, in "Good Shepherd".[5] Actors[edit] Source material: [6] Jason Alexander played Kurros, the spokesperson for a group of alien scholars, in "Think Tank". Ed Begley, Jr. portrayed Henry Starling, an unscrupulous 20th Century industrialist, in "Future's End" parts 1 and 2. Geneviève Bujold was cast as Capt. Janeway but quit a day and a half into shooting the pilot "Caretaker" and was replaced by Kate Mulgrew.[7] Andy Dick played the Emergency Medical Hologram Mark 2 on the USS Prometheus in "Message in a Bottle". David Graf appeared as Fred Noonan, Amelia Earhart's navigator in the episode "The 37's". Gary Graham, who portrayed Ambassador Soval on Star Trek: Enterprise, played Ocampan community leader Tanis in the season 2 episode "Cold Fire". Joel Grey played Caylem, a delusional widower who believes Capt. Janeway is his daughter, in "Resistance". Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson portrayed the Pendari Champion when Seven of Nine and Tuvok were captured and forced to play in the game, in the episode "Tsunkatse". Michael McKean plays a maniacal "Clown" character in a simulation in which the crew's minds are held hostage in the episode "The Thaw". Sharon Lawrence played the famous aviator Amelia Earhart in the episode The 37's. Virginia Madsen played Kellin, a Ramuran tracer, in "Unforgettable". John Savage played Captain Rudy Ransom of USS Equinox, another Federation Starship that Voyager encountered in the Delta Quadrant, in "Equinox" parts 1 and 2. John Rhys-Davies plays Leonardo da Vinci in Captain Janeway’s holodeck program. He appeared in Scorpion: Part I and Concerning Flight. Sarah Silverman appeared as Rain Robinson, a young astronomer who finds Voyager in orbit of 20th Century Earth, in "Future's End" parts 1 and 2. Kurtwood Smith played Annorax, a Krenim scientist who was determined to restore his original timeline, in "Year of Hell" parts 1 and 2. Ray Walston, who appeared as Starfleet Academy groundskeeper Boothby in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The First Duty", reprised the role in the episodes "In the Flesh" and "The Fight". Songwriter Paul Williams played Prelate Koru in "Virtuoso". Titus Welliver played Lieutenant Maxwell Burke in "Equinox" parts 1 and 2. Ray Wise played Arturis in Hope and Fear. He also had an appearance in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation called "Who Watches the Watchers". Comedian Scott Thompson played the alien Tomin in "Someone to Watch Over Me". Alice Krige played the Borg Queen in the movie Star Trek: First Contact, trying to assimilate Earth shortly before the first warp flight, before being herself (and her collective) destroyed. She reprised her role as the Borg Queen in the series' finale "Endgame" where she ends up being destroyed as well, due to a virus. Connections with other Star Trek incarnations[edit] Main article: Star Trek Crossovers Characters and races[edit] As with all other Star Trek series, the original Star Trek's Vulcans, Klingons and Romulans appear in Star Trek: Voyager.[8] Voyager saw appearances by several other races who initially appear in The Next Generation: the Q, the Borg, Cardassians, Bajorans, Betazoids, and Ferengi, along with Deep Space Nine's Jem'Hadar (via hologram), as well as the Maquis resistance movement, previously established in episodes of The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine.[8] This is an episode list for the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager, which aired on UPN from January 1995 through May 2001. This is the fourth television program in the Star Trek franchise, and comprises a total of 172 episodes over the show's seven seasons. Five episodes of Voyager ("Caretaker", "The Killing Game", "Dark Frontier", "Flesh and Blood", "Endgame") each originally aired as two-hour presentations. The episodes are listed in chronological order by original air date, which match the episode order in each season's DVD set. This list also includes the stardate on which the events of each episode took place within the fictional Star Trek universe. Contents [hide] 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 (1995) 2.2 Season 2 (1995–96) 2.3 Season 3 (1996–97) 2.4 Season 4 (1997–98) 2.5 Season 5 (1998–99) 2.6 Season 6 (1999–2000) 2.7 Season 7 (2000–01) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Series overview[edit] Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 1 16 January 16, 1995 May 22, 1995 2 26 August 28, 1995 May 20, 1996 3 26 September 4, 1996 May 21, 1997 4 26 September 3, 1997 May 20, 1998 5 26 October 14, 1998 May 26, 1999 6 26 September 22, 1999 May 24, 2000 7 26 October 4, 2000 May 23, 2001 Episodes[edit] Season 1 (1995)[edit] No. overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character(s) Original air date Production code U.S. viewers (millions) 1/2 1/2 "Caretaker" 48315.6 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Michael Piller, Jeri Taylor Story: Rick Berman, Michael Piller, Jeri Taylor Various January 16, 1995 40840-721 (101/102) 21.3[1] While searching for a missing Maquis ship with a Starfleet prisoner aboard, USS Voyager is swept away to the Delta Quadrant, more than 70,000 light-years from home, by an incredibly powerful being known as the "Caretaker." 3 3 "Parallax" 48439.7 Kim Friedman Teleplay: Brannon Braga Story: Jim Trombetta Janeway, Torres January 23, 1995 40840-103 14.6[1] Voyager is trapped in a quantum singularity's event horizon, and Captain Janeway must decide between Lt. Carey and former Maquis B'Elanna Torres to be the new chief engineer. 4 4 "Time and Again" Unknown Les Landau Teleplay: David Kemper, Michael Piller Story: David Kemper Janeway, Paris January 30, 1995 40840-104 13.9[1] Investigating a planet just devastated by a polaric explosion, Janeway and Paris are engulfed by a subspace fracture and transported in time to before the accident. 5 5 "Phage" 48532.4 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Skye Dent, Brannon Braga Story: Timothy DeHaas Neelix February 6, 1995 40840-105 13.5[1] An organ-harvesting species known as the Vidiians steal Neelix's lungs, leaving him to die. 6 6 "The Cloud" 48546.2 David Livingston Teleplay: Tom Szollosi, Michael Piller Story: Brannon Braga Various February 13, 1995 40840-106 11.2[1] The crew enter a nebula to collect samples before realizing it is a living organism, and not before doing it an injury. 7 7 "Eye of the Needle" 48579.4 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Bill Dial, Jeri Taylor Story: Hilary J. Bader Various February 20, 1995 40840-107 11.7[1] A micro-wormhole is discovered that leads to the Alpha Quadrant, and the crew make contact with a Romulan ship on the other side. 8 8 "Ex Post Facto" Unknown LeVar Burton Teleplay: Evan Carlos Somers, Michael Piller Story: Evan Carlos Somers Paris, Tuvok February 27, 1995 40840-108 11.8[1] Tom Paris is convicted of murder on an alien world, and his punishment is to witness the murder from the victim's perspective every 14 hours. 9 9 "Emanations" 48623.5 David Livingston Brannon Braga Kim March 13, 1995 40840-109 10.3[1] Harry Kim is transported to an alien world at the same time as a dead woman's body arrives on Voyager. 10 10 "Prime Factors" 48642.5 Les Landau Teleplay: Michael Perricone, Greg Elliot Story: David R. George III, Eric A. Stillwell Janeway, Torres, Kim, Seska March 20, 1995 40840-110 10.7[1] A race that could shorten Voyager's journey with a transportation device will not share its technology. 11 11 "State of Flux" 48658.2 Robert Scheerer Teleplay: Chris Abbott Story: Paul Robert Coyle Janeway, Chakotay, Seska April 10, 1995 40840-111 10.0[1] Janeway and the other senior officers attempt to flush out a spy who is sending information to the Kazon. 12 12 "Heroes and Demons" 48693.2 Les Landau Naren Shankar The Doctor April 24, 1995 40840-112 6.4[1] The holographic doctor must rescue crew members who were turned to light energy in a Holodeck simulation of Beowulf. 13 13 "Cathexis" 48734.2 Kim Friedman Teleplay: Brannon Braga Story: Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various May 1, 1995 40840-113 10.0[1] A shuttlecraft with Chakotay and Tuvok aboard is attacked; Chakotay is left brain-dead, while Tuvok begins acting strangely. An unknown force begins controlling crewmembers. 14 14 "Faces" 48784.2 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Kenneth Biller Story: Jonathan Glassner, Kenneth Biller Torres, Paris May 8, 1995 40840-114 8.7[1] B'Elanna Torres is split into her human and Klingon halves by the Vidiians. 15 15 "Jetrel" 48832.1, 48840.5 Kim Friedman Teleplay: Jack Klein, Karen Klein, Kenneth Biller Story: James Thornton, Scott Nimerfro Neelix May 15, 1995 40840-115 8.2[1] A member of the Haakonians, a race warring with the Talaxians, arrives on Voyager, much to the dismay of Neelix, whose family were killed by a weapon of mass destruction this particular individual devised. 16 16 "Learning Curve" 48846.5 David Livingston Ronald Wilkerson, Jean Louise Matthias Tuvok May 22, 1995 40840-116 8.3[1] Tuvok trains several Maquis members who have not fully integrated into the Voyager crew. Season 2 (1995–96)[edit] No. overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character(s) Original air date Production code U.S. viewers (millions) 17 1 "The 37's" 48975.1 James L. Conway Jeri Taylor, Brannon Braga Various August 28, 1995 40840-120 7.5[2] A group of humans from the 1930s are found in stasis on a seemingly abandoned planet, including the lost Amelia Earhart. 18 2 "Initiations" 49005.3 Winrich Kolbe Kenneth Biller Chakotay September 4, 1995 40840-121 5.9[2] Chakotay encounters a Kazon youth who is on an initiation rite; to earn his name by killing an enemy or to be killed in the attempt. 19 3 "Projections" 48892.1 Jonathan Frakes Brannon Braga The Doctor September 11, 1995 40840-117 6.1[2] The Doctor becomes delusional after an accident, causing him to believe that he is a flesh-and-blood person and his time on USS Voyager is a holodeck program. 20 4 "Elogium" 48921.3 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Kenneth Biller, Jeri Taylor Story: Jimmy Diggs, Steve J. Kay Kes September 18, 1995 40840-118 5.7[2] Space-dwelling life-forms cause Kes to enter the Ocampan fertile phase called Elogium, putting pressure on her relationship with Neelix when she wants to have his child. 21 5 "Non Sequitur" 49011 David Livingston Brannon Braga Harry Kim September 25, 1995 40840-122 6.0[2] Harry Kim wakes up in 24th century San Francisco with no record of him on Voyager. 22 6 "Twisted" 48945.8 Kim Friedman Teleplay: Kenneth Biller Story: Arnold Rudnick, Rich Hosek Various October 2, 1995 40840-119 5.6[2] A region of space distorts the interior of Voyager. 23 7 "Parturition" 49068.5 Jonathan Frakes Tom Szollosi Neelix, Paris October 9, 1995 40840-123 5.9[2] Neelix and Tom Paris fight over Kes, but are sent on an away mission together. 24 8 "Persistence of Vision" 49037.2 James L. Conway Jeri Taylor Various October 30, 1995 40840-124 6.1[2] The crew experience hallucinations brought on by an alien that put them into a trance-like state. 25 9 "Tattoo" 49211.5 Alexander Singer Teleplay: Michael Piller Story: Larry Brody Chakotay November 6, 1995 40840-125 5.8[2] Chakotay encounters non-humans that have the same tattoo on their foreheads that he has. 26 10 "Cold Fire" 49164.8 Cliff Bole Teleplay: Brannon Braga Story: Anthony Williams Kes November 13, 1995 40840-126 6.0[2] An Ocampan helps Kes with her mental abilities as the crew encounter a being who appears to be the Caretaker's female counterpart. 27 11 "Maneuvers" 49208.5 David Livingston Kenneth Biller Various November 20, 1995 40840-127 5.4[2] Kazon Nistrim board Voyager and steal a transporter module in an attempt to unite the Kazon sects. 28 12 "Resistance" Unknown Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Lisa Klink Story: Michael Jan Friedman, Kevin J. Ryan Various November 27, 1995 40840-128 5.9[2] A mission to acquire Telerium goes wrong causing Tuvok and B'Elanna to be captured and believed to be with the resistance. 29 13 "Prototype" Unknown Jonathan Frakes Nicholas Corea B'Elanna Torres January 15, 1996 40840-129 4.9[2] The crew find and reactivate a robot's body which was adrift in space only to find themselves in the middle of a war when B'Elanna is abducted. 30 14 "Alliances" 49337.4 Les Landau Jeri Taylor Various January 22, 1996 40840-131 5.4[2] Janeway attempts to form an alliance with the Kazon to improve Voyager's standing in the Delta Quadrant. 31 15 "Threshold" 49373.4 Alexander Singer Teleplay: Brannon Braga Story: Michael De Luca Tom Paris January 29, 1996 40840-132 6.2[2] Tom Paris breaks the transwarp threshold in the Shuttlecraft Cochrane, designed to reach warp 10, but there are some peculiar side effects. 32 16 "Meld" Unknown Cliff Bole Teleplay: Michael Piller Story: Michael Sussman Tuvok, Lon Suder February 5, 1996 40840-133 5.1[2] Crewman Lon Suder murders an Engineering crewman for no apparent reason. Tuvok mind melds with him to ascertain his motive. 33 17 "Dreadnought" 49447 LeVar Burton Gary Holland B'Elanna Torres February 12, 1996 40840-134 6.0[2] A highly advanced Cardassian AI missile that had been reprogrammed by B'Elanna Torres is found in the Delta Quadrant. 34 18 "Death Wish" 49301.2 James L. Conway Teleplay: Michael Piller Story: Shawn Piller Various February 19, 1996 40840-130 6.8[2] The crew encounter a member of the Q Continuum seeking to end his immortal life. 35 19 "Lifesigns" 49504.3 Cliff Bole Kenneth Biller The Doctor February 26, 1996 40840-136 5.6[2] The Doctor helps a Phage-ridden Vidiian woman. 36 20 "Investigations" 49485.2 Les Landau Teleplay: Jeri Taylor Story: Jeff Schnaufer, Ed Bond Various March 13, 1996 40840-135 4.9[2] Neelix tries to flush out the traitor on board who has been colluding with the Kazon Nistrim. 37 21 "Deadlock" 49548.7 David Livingston Brannon Braga Various March 18, 1996 40840-137 5.8[2] Attempting to evade the Vidiians, a duplicate Voyager is created after it passes through a spatial scission. 38 22 "Innocence" 49578.2 James L. Conway Teleplay: Lisa Klink Story: Anthony Williams Tuvok April 8, 1996 40840-138 5.1[2] Tuvok crash-lands on a moon and finds children who have been abandoned. 39 23 "The Thaw" Unknown Marvin V. Rush Teleplay: Joe Menosky Story: Richard Gadas Various April 29, 1996 40840-139 5.1[2] The crew find aliens mentally connected to a computer that has created a being that feeds on their fear. 40 24 "Tuvix" 49655.2 Cliff Bole Teleplay: Kenneth Biller Story: Andrew Shepard Price, Mark Gaberman Tuvok, Neelix May 6, 1996 40840-140 5.0[2] A transporter accident merges Tuvok and Neelix into a new person. 41 25 "Resolutions" 49690.1 Alexander Singer Jeri Taylor Janeway, Chakotay May 13, 1996 40840-141 4.5[2] Janeway and Chakotay must adapt to life quarantined on a planet after they contract an incurable disease. 42 26 "Basics, Part I" Unknown Winrich Kolbe Michael Piller Various May 20, 1996 40840-142 4.9[2] Seska and the Kazon-Nistrim take control of Voyager and maroon its crew on a primitive planet. Season 3 (1996–97)[edit] No. overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character(s) Original air date Production code U.S. viewers (millions) 43 1 "Basics, Part II" 50023.4 Winrich Kolbe Michael Piller Various September 4, 1996 40840-146 5.9[3] The crew must learn to survive on the inhospitable planet as the Doctor, Crewman Suder and Paris attempt to regain control of the ship. 44 2 "Flashback" 50126.4 David Livingston Brannon Braga Tuvok, Janeway September 11, 1996 40840-145 5.2[3] Tuvok experiences brain-damaging flashbacks to his service on the Excelsior. He and the captain attempt to find the reason for the flashbacks, believed to be a suppressed memory, through a joint mindmeld. 45 3 "The Chute" 50156.2 Les Landau Teleplay: Kenneth Biller Story: Clayvon C. Harris Paris, Kim September 18, 1996 40840-147 4.3[3] Tom Paris and Harry Kim are trapped in a prison. Tom gets stabbed trying to protect Kim, leaving him to try and find an escape plan alone. Simultaneously, Voyager is trying to find a way to prove their innocence. 46 4 "The Swarm" 50252.3 Alexander Singer Michael Sussman Doctor September 25, 1996 40840-149 5.1[3] Voyager encounters a swarm of ships while trying to take a shortcut through a space belonging to a hostile species, while the Doctor begins to experience memory loss. 47 5 "False Profits" 50074.3 Cliff Bole Teleplay: Joe Menosky Story: George Brozak Various October 2, 1996 40840-144 4.3[3] The crew encounter the Delta Quadrant terminus of the Barzan wormhole...and the two Ferengi from "The Price" now posing as gods on a nearby planet. 48 6 "Remember" 50203.1 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Lisa Klink Story: Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky B'Elanna Torres October 9, 1996 40840-148 4.7[3] B'Elanna experiences vivid dreams. 49 7 "Sacred Ground" 50063.2 Robert Duncan McNeill Teleplay: Lisa Klink Story: Geo Cameron Kathryn Janeway October 30, 1996 40840-143 4.6[3] Kes is left comatose after contacting an energy field around a rock. 50 8 "Future's End, Part I" Unknown David Livingston Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various November 6, 1996 40840-150 5.6[3] A 29th century timeship causes a time paradox when it accidentally sends itself and Voyager to two different periods in 20th century Earth. 51 9 "Future's End, Part II" 50312.6 Cliff Bole Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various November 13, 1996 40840-151 5.8[3] Janeway must prevent the destruction of the solar system by a 20th century entrepreneur who has acquired the timeship. 52 10 "Warlord" 50348.1 David Livingston Teleplay: Lisa Klink Story: Andrew Shepard Price, Mark Gaberman Kes November 20, 1996 40840-152 4.7[3] Kes is controlled by an alien warlord named Tieran. 53 11 "The Q and the Grey" 50384.2 Cliff Bole Teleplay: Kenneth Biller Story: Shawn Piller Various November 27, 1996 40840-153 4.7[3] Q visits Voyager with a proposal for Janeway as civil war breaks out in the Q Continuum. 54 12 "Macrocosm" 50425.1 Alexander Singer Brannon Braga Kathryn Janeway December 11, 1996 40840-154 4.9[3] Voyager answers help from a mining colony about a viral outbreak that manages to sneak onto Voyager through the transporter, leaving only Janeway and the doctor to stop it. 55 13 "Fair Trade" Unknown Jesús Salvador Treviño Teleplay: André Bormanis Story: Ronald Wilkerson, Jean Louise Matthias Neelix January 8, 1997 40840-156 4.2[3] Voyager approaches the edge of Neelix's knowledge and a trading station. 56 14 "Alter Ego" 50460.3 Robert Picardo Joe Menosky Tuvok January 15, 1997 40840-155 4.8[3] The crew enjoys a luau on the holodeck and Tuvok discovers an unusual hologram. 57 15 "Coda" 50518.6 Nancy Malone Jeri Taylor Kathryn Janeway January 29, 1997 40840-158 4.6[3] Janeway appears to be trapped in a time-loop with different events, but all ending in her death. 58 16 "Blood Fever" 50537.2 Andrew Robinson Lisa Klink Torres Paris February 5, 1997 40840-157 4.6[3] Vorik passes on the Pon farr to B'Elanna. 59 17 "Unity" 50614.2 Robert Duncan McNeill Kenneth Biller Chakotay February 12, 1997 40840-159 5.4[3] Chakotay answers a call for help on a planet and finds himself in the middle of a shoot-out between two groups of people while the Voyager crew discover an abandoned Borg ship. 60 18 "Darkling" 50693.2 Alex Singer Teleplay: Joe Menosky Story: Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Kes, The Doctor February 19, 1997 40840-161 4.3[3] The Doctor tries to graft other personalities into his program, but the resulting 'upgrade' causes him to develop an evil alternate personality. 61 19 "Rise" Unknown Robert Scheerer Teleplay: Brannon Braga Story: Jimmy Diggs Tuvok, Neelix February 26, 1997 40840-160 4.6[3] Voyager helps a planet with asteroid problems. Tuvok and Neelix crash-land on the planet and attempt to fix a maglev space elevator. 62 20 "Favorite Son" 50732.4 Marvin V. Rush Lisa Klink Harry Kim March 19, 1997 40840-162 4.4[3] Harry Kim is contacted by a planet full of women. 63 21 "Before and After" Unknown Allan Kroeker Kenneth Biller Kes April 9, 1997 40840-163 4.5[3] Shortly before her death in the future, Kes begins to travel backwards in time, with a portion of events occurring in the Year of Hell. 64 22 "Real Life" 50836.2 Anson Williams Teleplay: Jeri Taylor Story: Harry 'Doc' Kloor The Doctor April 23, 1997 40840-164 4.4[3] The Doctor creates a family on the holodeck. 65 23 "Distant Origin" Unknown David Livingston Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various April 30, 1997 40840-165 4.4[3] A reptilian scientist trying to prove his heretical theories kidnaps Chakotay and draws the entire crew in conflict between his race's doctrine and the startling truth about its origin. 66 24 "Displaced" 50912.4 Allan Kroeker Lisa Klink Various May 7, 1997 40840-166 4.0[3] Crew members are replaced one-by-one with aliens from an unknown race. 67 25 "Worst Case Scenario" 50953.4 Alexander Singer Kenneth Biller Paris May 14, 1997 40840-167 4.7[3] B'Elanna Torres discovers a holodeck program where Chakotay and the Maquis rebel against Janeway. 68 26 "Scorpion, Part I" 50984.3 David Livingston Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various May 21, 1997 40840-168 5.6[3] Voyager must pass through Borg space, only to discover a new alien race that are even deadlier than the Borg. Season 4 (1997–98)[edit] Main article: Star Trek: Voyager (season 4) No. overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character(s) Original air date Production code U.S. viewers (millions) 69 1 "Scorpion, Part II" 51003.7 Winrich Kolbe Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various September 3, 1997 40840-169 6.5[4] Janeway and Tuvok work with the Borg and meet Seven of Nine as they collaborate on developing a weapon against Species 8472 in exchange for safe passage through Borg space. 70 2 "The Gift" 51008 Anson Williams Joe Menosky Kes September 10, 1997 40840-170 5.6[4] Kes' mental abilities develop to a point where they endanger Voyager. 71 3 "Day of Honor" Unknown Jesús Salvador Treviño Jeri Taylor B'Elanna Torres September 17, 1997 40840-172 4.5[4] B'Elanna tries to observe the Klingon Day of Honor after the warp core is lost. 72 4 "Nemesis" 51082.4 Alexander Singer Kenneth Biller Chakotay September 24, 1997 40840-171 4.5[4] Chakotay helps fight in an alien war. 73 5 "Revulsion" 51186.2 Kenneth Biller Lisa Klink Doctor, Torres October 1, 1997 40840-173 5.0[4] A hologram contacts Voyager and the Doctor is excited to meet another hologram. 74 6 "The Raven" Unknown LeVar Burton Teleplay: Bryan Fuller, Harry 'Doc' Kloor Story: Bryan Fuller Seven of Nine October 8, 1997 40840-174 4.8[4] Seven of Nine experiences Borg flashbacks as she attempts to become more human. 75 7 "Scientific Method" 51244.3 David Livingston Teleplay: Lisa Klink Story: Sherry Klein, Harry 'Doc' Kloor Various October 29, 1997 40840-175 4.6[4] The crew have unexplained illnesses as they are closely observed by unseen intruders. 76 8 "Year of Hell, Part I" 51268.4 Allan Kroeker Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various November 5, 1997 40840-176 4.7[4] Voyager creates a new Astrometrics lab, which maps a new course that brings them into contact with a Krenim temporal ship that can erase things from history. 77 9 "Year of Hell, Part II" 51425.4 Mike Vejar Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various November 12, 1997 40840-177 5.2[4] A badly damaged Voyager hides in a nebula as a skeleton crew attempts repairs; meanwhile the Krenim commander proposes a compromise to Chakotay and Tom Paris. 78 10 "Random Thoughts" 51367.2 Alexander Singer Kenneth Biller Torres, Tuvok November 19, 1997 40840-178 4.4[4] Torres is arrested while visiting a world of telepaths where violent thoughts are a crime. 79 11 "Concerning Flight" 51386.4 Jesús Salvador Treviño Teleplay: Joe Menosky Story: Jimmy Diggs, Joe Menosky Various November 26, 1997 40840-179 4.1[4] Aliens steal several key components of Voyager, which are retrieved with assistance from a holographic Leonardo da Vinci. 80 12 "Mortal Coil" 51449.2 Allan Kroeker Bryan Fuller Neelix December 17, 1997 40840-180 3.9[4] Neelix dies in an attempt to sample proto-matter from a nebula. Seven of Nine helps resuscitate him using Borg nanoprobes, but Neelix, having no memory of an afterlife of any kind, experiences a spiritual crisis. 81 13 "Waking Moments" 51471.3 Alexander Singer André Bormanis Various January 14, 1998 40840-182 3.7[4] The crew become trapped in a shared nightmare generated by alien technology. Only Chakotay, through his Native American spiritual capabilities, can save them. 82 14 "Message in a Bottle" 51462 Nancy Malone Teleplay: Lisa Klink Story: Rick Williams The Doctor January 21, 1998 40840-181 4.2[4] The Doctor's program is sent to an advanced Starfleet vessel via a vast ancient communications network, but he soon discovers that only he and the ship's own EMH remain to fight against Romulans who have taken over the ship and are attempting to return to Romulan space with it. 83 15 "Hunters" 51501.4 David Livingston Jeri Taylor Various February 11, 1998 40840-183 3.8[4] A transmission from Starfleet Command gets held at a Hirogen relay station and Janeway sets course to retrieve it. 84 16 "Prey" 51652.3 Allan Eastman Brannon Braga Various February 18, 1998 40840-184 3.8[4] Voyager rescues a Hirogen survivor who tells them a new kind of prey is on the loose. 85 17 "Retrospect" 51658.2 Jesús Salvador Treviño Teleplay: Bryan Fuller, Lisa Klink Story: Andrew Shepard Price, Mark Gaberman Seven of Nine February 25, 1998 40840-185 4.2[4] After experiencing unsettling hallucinations, Seven of Nine is hypnotized by the Doctor whose analysis reveals a trader may have extracted Borg technology from Seven without her consent. 86/87 18/19 "The Killing Game" 51715.2 David Livingston/Victor Lobl Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various March 4, 1998 40840-186/187 4.3/4.3[4] The Hirogen implant devices into the crew making them believe they are characters within the holodecks being used for hunts, all set in World War II Europe. 88 20 "Vis à Vis" 51762.4 Jesús Salvador Treviño Robert J. Doherty Tom Paris April 8, 1998 40840-188 3.1[4] An alien shuttle with a prototype propulsion system suddenly appears and requires assistance. Paris is restless and volunteers to help the pilot, Steth, repair the shuttle. 89 21 "The Omega Directive" 51781.2 Victor Lobl Teleplay: Lisa Klink Story: Jimmy Diggs, Steve J. Kay Various April 15, 1998 40840-189 3.7[4] Janeway undertakes the Omega Directive, an order to destroy Omega molecules, even if it means violating the Prime Directive. 90 22 "Unforgettable" 51813.4 Andrew Robinson Greg Elliot, Michael Perricone Chakotay April 22, 1998 40840-190 3.4[4] An alien female from a cloaked ship asks for Chakotay by name and requests asylum on Voyager from her people. 91 23 "Living Witness" Unknown Tim Russ Teleplay: Bryan Fuller, Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Story: Brannon Braga The Doctor April 29, 1998 40840-191 3.9[4] A Kyrian museum curator 700 years in the future hopes a Voyager relic containing a copy of the Doctor can confirm their version of history. 92 24 "Demon" Unknown Anson Williams Teleplay: Kenneth Biller Story: André Bormanis Various May 6, 1998 40840-192 3.8[4] Tom Paris and Harry Kim take a shuttle down to an extremely inhospitable planet to obtain fuel. 93 25 "One" 51929.3 Kenneth Biller Jeri Taylor Seven of Nine May 13, 1998 40840-193 3.9[4] Seven of Nine is left alone on Voyager when a nebula's deadly radiation forces the rest of the crew to stay in stasis and the Doctor's hologram projectors are disrupted. 94 26 "Hope and Fear" 51978.2 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Story: Rick Berman, Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various May 20, 1998 40840-194 4.1[4] Paris and Neelix return from a mission with a passenger named Arturis who knows more than 4,000 languages. He manages to decode a message from Starfleet that could lead to a way home. Season 5 (1998–99)[edit] No. overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character(s) Original air date Production code U.S. viewers (millions) 95 1 "Night" 52081.2 David Livingston Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various October 14, 1998 40840-195 3.7[5] Voyager loses power traversing a dark region of space containing theta radiation. 96 2 "Drone" Unknown Les Landau Teleplay: Bryan Fuller, Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Story: Bryan Fuller, Harry 'Doc' Kloor Seven of Nine October 21, 1998 40840-196 3.7[5] The Doctor's mobile emitter is damaged while beaming back from an away mission, merging with Seven of Nine's Borg nanoprobes and the DNA of a male Ensign to create a 29th century Borg. 97 3 "Extreme Risk" Unknown Cliff Bole Kenneth Biller B'Elanna Torres October 28, 1998 40840-197 3.6[5] B'Elanna purposely puts herself into increasingly more dangerous situations. Meanwhile the crew decides to build a new shuttlecraft, the Delta Flyer. 98 4 "In the Flesh" 52136.4 David Livingston Nick Sagan Various November 4, 1998 40840-198 4.2[5] The ship encounters a training facility for an alien invasion of Earth. 99 5 "Once Upon a Time" Unknown John Kretchmer Michael Taylor Naomi Wildman November 11, 1998 40840-199 3.8[5] Neelix looks after Naomi Wildman when her mother is injured on an away mission. 100 6 "Timeless" 52143.6 LeVar Burton Teleplay: Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Story: Rick Berman, Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Chakotay, Kim November 18, 1998 40840-201 4.3[5] Fifteen years in the future, Chakotay and Harry Kim attempt to prevent the Voyager from crash-landing on an ice planet. 101 7 "Infinite Regress" 52356.2 David Livingston Teleplay: Robert J. Doherty Story: Robert J. Doherty, Jimmy Diggs Seven of Nine November 25, 1998 40840-203 3.3[5] When Voyager brings aboard an advanced piece of Borg technology from a salvaged Borg cube, Seven of Nine begins to take on the personalities of the people assimilated by the cube. 102 8 "Nothing Human" Unknown David Livingston Jeri Taylor The Doctor December 2, 1998 40840-200 4.1[5] A wounded alien is brought on board from a stranded vessel and attaches itself to B'Elanna Torres. 103 9 "Thirty Days" 52179.4 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Kenneth Biller Story: Scott Miller Tom Paris December 9, 1998 40840-202 4.2[5] Tom Paris disregards orders by helping an aquatic world and is demoted to Ensign. 104 10 "Counterpoint" Unknown Les Landau Michael Taylor Kathryn Janeway December 16, 1998 40840-204 3.4[5] While passing through Devore space, Voyager is routinely searched for telepaths. 105 11 "Latent Image" Unknown Mike Vejar Teleplay: Joe Menosky Story: Eileen Connors, Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky The Doctor January 20, 1999 40840-206 3.8[5] The Doctor finds out that some of his memories have been blocked. 106 12 "Bride of Chaotica!" Unknown Allan Kroeker Teleplay: Bryan Fuller, Michael Taylor Story: Bryan Fuller Various January 27, 1999 40840-207 4.0[5] Paris' latest holodeck adventure The Adventures of Captain Proton takes an unexpected turn. 107 13 "Gravity" 52438.9 Terry Windell Teleplay: Nick Sagan, Bryan Fuller Story: Jimmy Diggs, Bryan Fuller, Nick Sagan Tuvok, Paris February 3, 1999 40840-205 4.0[5] Tuvok and Paris crash on a planet stuck in a pocket of subspace, where they meet a female named Noss. 108 14 "Bliss" 52542.3 Cliff Bole Teleplay: Robert J. Doherty Story: Bill Prady Various February 10, 1999 40840-209 3.9[5] A large organism telepathically deceives the Voyager crew into flying into its digestive chamber. 109/110 15/16 "Dark Frontier" 52619.2 Pt 1:Cliff Bole Pt 2:Terry Windell Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Seven of Nine February 17, 1999 40840-824 (211/212) 4.7[5] Janeway plans to steal a transwarp coil from a disabled Borg ship to shorten their journey home. Seven of Nine experiences memories of her past just before she and her parents are assimilated and plans to re-join the Borg collective. 111 17 "The Disease" Unknown David Livingston Teleplay: Michael Taylor Story: Kenneth Biller Harry Kim February 24, 1999 40840-210 3.4[5] Kim finds love when the crew encounter a Varro generational ship that needs assistance repairing its warp drive. 112 18 "Course: Oblivion" 52586.3 Anson Williams Teleplay: Bryan Fuller, Nick Sagan Story: Bryan Fuller Various March 3, 1999 40840-213 3.7[5] After Torres and Paris get married, subspace radiation causes the crew and their ship to disintegrate. 113 19 "The Fight" Unknown Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Joe Menosky Story: Michael Taylor Chakotay March 24, 1999 40840-208 2.9[5] Chakotay lies in sickbay as he attempts to communicate with aliens through hallucinations. 114 20 "Think Tank" Unknown Terrence O'Hara Teleplay: Michael Taylor Story: Rick Berman, Brannon Braga Seven of Nine March 31, 1999 40840-214 3.7[5] Voyager is being chased by the Hazari when a think tank offers assistance. 115 21 "Juggernaut" Unknown Allan Kroeker Teleplay: Bryan Fuller, Nick Sagan, Kenneth Biller Story: Bryan Fuller B'Elanna Torres April 26, 1999 40840-215 1.7[5] The crew respond to a distress call from Malon escape pods contaminated with radiation. 116 22 "Someone to Watch Over Me" 52647 Robert Duncan McNeill Teleplay: Michael Taylor Story: Brannon Braga Seven, The Doctor April 28, 1999 40840-216 3.4[5] Seven of Nine explores dating with some help from the Doctor. 117 23 "11:59" Unknown David Livingston Teleplay: Joe Menosky Story: Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Janeway May 5, 1999 40840-217 3.2[5] Janeway reminisces about one of her ancestors, Shannon O'Donnell from Indiana. 118 24 "Relativity" 52861.274 Allan Eastman Teleplay: Bryan Fuller, Nick Sagan, Michael Taylor Story: Nick Sagan Seven of Nine May 12, 1999 40840-218 3.3[5] Captain Braxton recruits Seven of Nine to stop Voyager being sabotaged. 119 25 "Warhead" Unknown John Kretchmer Teleplay: Michael Taylor, Kenneth Biller Story: Brannon Braga Various May 19, 1999 40840-219 3.3[5] The crew rescue a device with artificial intelligence embedded in rock, but it then proceeds to take control of The Doctor and reveals itself to be a weapon of mass destruction. 120 26 "Equinox, Part I" Unknown David Livingston Teleplay: Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Story: Rick Berman, Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various May 26, 1999 40840-220 3.2[5] Voyager finds another Federation ship, the USS Equinox, under attack from flying nucleogenic lifeforms. Season 6 (1999–2000)[edit] No. overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character(s) Original air date Production code U.S. viewers (millions) 121 1 "Equinox, Part II" Unknown David Livingston Teleplay: Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Story: Rick Berman, Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various September 22, 1999 40840-221 3.8[6] The crew of the USS Equinox attempt to elude the USS Voyager in order to exploit the nucleogenic lifeforms in a bid to return home. 122 2 "Survival Instinct" 53049.2 Terry Windell Ronald D. Moore Seven of Nine September 29, 1999 40840-222 3.9[6] Three Borg from Seven's past appear, and ask to be completely separated from the Collective. 123 3 "Barge of the Dead" Unknown Mike Vejar Teleplay: Bryan Fuller Story: Ronald D. Moore, Bryan Fuller B'Elanna Torres October 6, 1999 40840-223 3.8[6] B'Elanna's shuttle is hit by an ion storm and she awakens to find herself among Klingons in the Barge of the Dead, on the way to Klingon Hell. 124 4 "Tinker, Tenor, Doctor, Spy" Unknown John Bruno Teleplay: Joe Menosky Story: Bill Vallely The Doctor October 13, 1999 40840-224 3.5[6] The Doctor adds daydreaming to his program, imagining himself as the Emergency Command Hologram (ECH) aboard Voyager; but aliens, tapping into his perceptions to observe the crew, prepare an attack when they believe that what they are seeing in the daydreams is real. 125 5 "Alice" Unknown David Livingston Teleplay: Bryan Fuller, Michael Taylor Story: Juliann deLayne Tom Paris October 20, 1999 40840-226 3.5[6] Tom Paris becomes obsessed with a salvaged alien shuttlecraft, which appears to have a mind of its own. 126 6 "Riddles" 53263.2 Roxann Dawson Teleplay: Robert Doherty Story: André Bormanis Tuvok November 3, 1999 40840-227 3.4[6] Returning from a diplomatic mission Tuvok is attacked by a cloaked intruder and suffers neurological damage. 127 7 "Dragon's Teeth" 53167.9 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Michael Taylor, Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Story: Michael Taylor Various November 10, 1999 40840-225 3.6[6] Voyager discovers a network of subspace passageways, but is forced to land on a planet after being attacked. 128 8 "One Small Step" 53292.7 Robert Picardo Teleplay: Mike Wollaeger, Jessica Scott, Bryan Fuller, Michael Taylor Story: Mike Wollaeger, Jessica Scott Various November 17, 1999 40840-228 3.7[6] Voyager is nearly hit by a mysterious subspace mass and the crew theorize that the debris of an ancient Earth–Mars ship is inside. 129 9 "The Voyager Conspiracy" Unknown Terry Windell Joe Menosky Seven of Nine November 24, 1999 40840-229 3.6[6] After assimilating Voyager?'s data for the past six years, through an enhancement to her Borg implants, Seven of Nine suspects the ship did not arrive in the Delta Quadrant by accident. 130 10 "Pathfinder" Unknown Mike Vejar Teleplay: David Zabel, Kenneth Biller Story: David Zabel Reg Barclay December 1, 1999 40840-230 4.0[6] Barclay gets over-involved with holographic recreations of the Voyager crew in his attempts to contact them. This episode also features Deanna Troi. 131 11 "Fair Haven" Unknown Allan Kroeker Robin Burger Various January 12, 2000 40840-231 3.4[6] The crew enjoy a respite inside a holodeck creation designed by Tom Paris, while Voyager faces the threat of an oncoming storm in space. 132 12 "Blink of an Eye" Unknown Gabrielle Beaumont Teleplay: Joe Menosky Story: Michael Taylor Various January 19, 2000 40840-233 3.7[6] Voyager is trapped in orbit about a planet with a space-time differential such that, while its inhabitants live through years, Voyager experiences mere minutes. 133 13 "Virtuoso" 53556.4 Les Landau Raf Green, Kenneth Biller The Doctor January 26, 2000 40840-234 3.7[6] Visiting aliens who have never before encountered music become fascinated with the Doctor's Opera singing, and ask him to leave Voyager and join their society. 134 14 "Memorial" Unknown Allan Kroeker Teleplay: Robin Burger Story: Brannon Braga Various February 2, 2000 40840-236 3.8[6] Chakotay, Tom Paris, Harry Kim, and Neelix begin to experience horrific flashbacks after an away mission. 135 15 "Tsunkatse" 53447.2 Mike Vejar Teleplay: Robert J. Doherty Story: Gannon Kenney Seven, Tuvok February 9, 2000 40840-232 4.1[6] Seven of Nine and Tuvok are kidnapped while on shore leave, and Seven is forced to fight in a gladiatorial contest to the death. (Guest stars Dwayne Johnson.) 136 16 "Collective" Unknown Allison Liddi Teleplay: Michael Taylor Story: Andrew Shepard Price, Mark Gaberman Various February 16, 2000 40840-235 3.5[6] Chakotay, Kim, Paris, and Neelix are taken hostage when the Delta Flyer is captured by Borg children in a derelict Cube. 137 17 "Spirit Folk" Unknown David Livingston Bryan Fuller Various February 23, 2000 40840-237 3.2[6] Problems arise from running the holographic Irish village of Fair Haven non-stop, when a malfunction leads the holographic characters to become self-aware. 138 18 "Ashes to Ashes" 53679.4 Terry Windell Teleplay: Robert Doherty Story: Ronald Wilkerson Kim, Guest March 1, 2000 40840-238 3.4[6] A deceased crew member resurfaces, claiming to have been resurrected by an alien race who have since adopted her. 139 19 "Child's Play" Unknown Mike Vejar Teleplay: Raf Green Story: Paul Brown Icheb March 8, 2000 40840-239 3.4[6] The family of Icheb, one of the Borg children, is found, but he is reluctant to rejoin them. Seven, too, is reluctant for him to leave the ship; and his parents are concealing the real reason for desiring his return. 140 20 "Good Shepherd" 53753.2 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Dianna Gitto, Joe Menosky Story: Dianna Gitto Janeway, Guests March 15, 2000 40840-240 3.8[6] Three crew members who are under-performing are taken on a mission by Janeway. 141 21 "Live Fast and Prosper" 53849.2 LeVar Burton Robin Burger Various April 19, 2000 40840-242 3.1[6] Con artists impersonate Janeway and Tuvok. 142 22 "Muse" 53896 Mike Vejar Joe Menosky B'Elanna, Guests April 26, 2000 40840-244 3.3[6] Torres is stranded on a bronze-age planet after a crash in the Delta Flyer, where she helps a playwright adapt the story of Voyager to the stage. Also, Kim is missing in an escape pod. 143 23 "Fury" Unknown John Bruno Teleplay: Bryan Fuller, Michael Taylor Story: Rick Berman, Brannon Braga Kes May 3, 2000 40840-241 3.4[6] A much older and more powerful Kes returns to Voyager, and attempts to travel back in time to change her history. 144 24 "Life Line" Unknown Terry Windell Teleplay: Robert Doherty, Raf Green, Brannon Braga Story: John Bruno, Robert Picardo The Doctor May 10, 2000 40840-243 3.7[6] The Doctor's creator, Lewis Zimmerman, is dying in the Alpha Quadrant from a disease similar to the Vidiian phage. The Doctor's compressed matrix is transferred to Zimmerman's lab on the Jupiter station, to assist Mr. Barclay and Counselor Troi in attempting to treat the illness. 145 25 "The Haunting of Deck Twelve" Unknown David Livingston Teleplay: Mike Sussman, Kenneth Biller, Bryan Fuller Story: Mike Sussman Kathryn Janeway May 17, 2000 40840-245 3.0[6] Stacey Snider (Co-Chairman) Products Motion pictures, television films Owner Independent (1935–1985) News Corporation (1985–2013) 21st Century Fox (2013–present) Parent Fox Entertainment Group Divisions 20th Television 20th Century Fox Animation Fox Searchlight Pictures Fox Digital Studio Fox 2000 Pictures Fox Animation Studios Fox Atomic Fox Digital Entertainment Subsidiaries Blue Sky Studios Fox Star Studios (India) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Fox Television Studios 20th Century Fox Television 20th Century Fox Japan Fox Studios Australia TSG Entertainment Website www.foxmovies.com Entrance to 20th Century Fox studio lot. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation (formerly known as Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation with hyphen used from its inception until 1985), also known as 20th Century Fox, 20th Century Fox Pictures, 20CFFC, TCF, Fox 2000 Pictures or simply Fox is an American film studio, distributor and one of the six major American film studios. Located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, just west of Beverly Hills, the studio used to be owned by News Corporation, but is now owned by 21st Century Fox. 20th Century Fox has distributed famous film series, including the first two Star Wars trilogies, Ice Age, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Maze Runner, X-Men, Die Hard, Home Alone, Planet of the Apes, Independence Day, Night at the Museum, Power Rangers, Percy Jackson, Taken, Fantastic Four, The Omen, Alien, Predator, Rio, and Alvin and the Chipmunks. The studio is also credited for distributing Avatar and Titanic, the highest and second highest grossing films respectively at the box-office not adjusted for inflation. Television series produced by Fox include The Simpsons, Family Guy, M*A*S*H, The X-Files, Bob's Burgers, Bones, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Futurama, American Dad!, How I Met Your Mother, Archer, Glee, Modern Family, Empire, Malcolm in the Middle, New Girl, King of the Hill, and 24. Among the most famous actresses to come out of this studio were Shirley Temple, who was 20th Century Fox's first film star, Alice Faye, Betty Grable, Gene Tierney, Marilyn Monroe and Jayne Mansfield. The studio also contracted the first African-American cinema star, Dorothy Dandridge. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).[2] In 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated their 80th anniversary as a studio. Contents 1 History 1.1 Creation 1.2 Production and financial problems 1.3 Marvin Davis and Rupert Murdoch 2 Television 3 Music 4 Radio 5 Motion Picture Film Processing 6 Logo and fanfare 7 Highest-grossing films 8 Production deals 9 Films 10 See also 11 References 12 Additional sources 13 External links History[edit] Creation[edit] See also: Fox Film and Twentieth Century Pictures This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) Carmen Miranda in The Gang's All Here. In 1946, she was the highest-paid actress in the United States.[3] Alice Faye, Don Ameche, and Carmen Miranda in That Night in Rio, produced by Fox in 1941. From the 1952 film Viva Zapata! Twentieth Century Pictures' Joseph Schenck and Darryl F. Zanuck left United Artists over a stock dispute, and began merger talks with the management of financially struggling Fox Film, under president Sidney Kent. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, helped make it happen (and later became president of the new company). Aside from the theater chain and a first-rate studio lot, Zanuck and Schenck felt there was not much else to Fox, which had been reeling since founder William Fox lost control of the company in 1930. The studio's biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn and Spencer Tracy had been dropped because of heavy drinking. At first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called "Fox-20th Century", even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck; it was more profitable than Fox and had considerably more talent. The new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31, 1935; the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President. Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Fox's longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have been founded in 1915, the year Fox Film was founded. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary. However, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915.[4] The company's films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their opening credits as well as its opening fanfare, but with the name changed to 20th Century-Fox. After the merger was completed, Zanuck quickly signed young actors who would carry Twentieth Century-Fox for years:[citation needed] Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Carmen Miranda, Don Ameche, Henry Fonda, Gene Tierney, Sonja Henie, and Betty 1.12 Football (Association; Soccer) 1.13 Football (Australian Rules) 1.14 Golf 1.15 Gymnastics 1.16 Ice hockey 1.17 Judo 1.18 Kickboxing 1.19 Mixed martial arts 1.20 Motorsport 1.21 Rowing 1.22 Rugby league 1.23 Rugby union 1.24 Sailing 1.25 Shooting 1.26 Skiing 1.27 Speed skating 1.28 Swimming 1.29 Table tennis 1.30 Tennis 1.31 Track and field 1.32 Triathlon 1.33 Volleyball 1.34 Water polo 1.35 Weightlifting 1.36 Wrestling 1.37 Professional wrestling 2 Commissioners, managers/coaches and owners 3 Officials and referees 4 Jewish sports halls of fame 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 6.2.1 General works 6.2.2 Baseball 6.2.3 Boxing 6.2.4 Chess 6.2.5 Olympics Athletes[edit] Baseball[edit] Ryan Braun, outfielder (Milwaukee Brewers) Ike Davis, first baseman (Oakland Athletics) Ian Kinsler, second baseman (Detroit Tigers) Ryan Lavarnway, catcher (Atlanta Braves) Jason Marquis, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds) Joc Pederson, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers) Kevin Youkilis, first and third baseman Cal Abrams, US, outfielder[2] Rubén Amaro, Jr., US, outfielder, general manager (Philadelphia Phillies)[2] Morrie Arnovich, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Brad Ausmus, US, catcher, All-Star, 3x Gold Glove, manager of the Detroit Tigers[2] José Bautista, Dominican-born, pitcher[2] Robert "Bo" Belinsky, U.S., pitcher. Pitched no-hit game as rookie with Los Angeles Angels in 1962.[3] Moe Berg, US, catcher & shortstop, and spy for US in World War II[2] Ron Blomberg, US, DH/first baseman/outfielder, Major League Baseball's first designated hitter[4] Lou Boudreau, US, shortstop, 8x All-Star, batting title, MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame, manager[2] Ralph Branca, US, pitcher, 3x All-Star[5] Ryan Braun, US, outfielder, 2007 Rookie of the Year, home run champion, 5x All-Star, 5x Silver Slugger, 2011 National League MVP (Milwaukee Brewers)[6] Craig Breslow, US, relief pitcher (Boston Red Sox)[2] Mark Clear, US, relief pitcher, 2x All-Star[7] Andy Cohen, US, second baseman, coach Harry Danning, US, catcher, 4x All-Star[2][8] Ike Davis, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[9] Moe Drabowsky, US, pitcher[10] Harry Eisenstat, US, pitcher[11] Mike Epstein, US, first baseman[2] Harry Feldman, US, pitcher[2] Scott Feldman, US, pitcher (Houston Astros)[2] Gavin Fingleson, South African-born Australian, Olympic silver medalist[12] Nate Freiman, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[13][14] Sam Fuld, US, outfielder (Oakland Athletics)[15] Sid Gordon, US, outfielder & third baseman, 2x All-Star[2] John Grabow, US, relief pitcher[2] Shawn Green, US, right fielder, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove, Silver Slugger[2] Hank Greenberg, US, first baseman & outfielder, 5x All-Star, 4x home run champion, 4x RBI leader, 2x MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Ken Holtzman, US, starting pitcher, 2x All-Star[2] Joe Horlen, US, pitcher, All-Star, ERA leader[2] Gabe Kapler, US, outfielder[2] Ian Kinsler, US, second baseman, 3x All-Star (Detroit Tigers)[16] Sandy Koufax, US, starting pitcher, 6x All-Star, 5x ERA leader, 4x strikeouts leader, 3x Wins leader, 2x W-L% leader, 1 perfect game, MVP, 3x Cy Young Award, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Barry Latman, US, pitcher[11] Ryan Lavarnway, US, catcher (Atlanta Braves)[17] Al Levine, US, relief pitcher[2] Mike Lieberthal, US, catcher, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove[2] Elliott Maddox, US, outfielder & third baseman[2] Jason Marquis, US, starting pitcher, Silver Slugger, All Star (Cincinnati Reds)[2] Erskine Mayer, US, pitcher[2] Bob Melvin, US, catcher & manager of the Oakland Athletics[18] Jon Moscot, US, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds)[19] Jeff Newman, US, catcher & first baseman, All-Star, manager[2] Joc Pederson, US, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers)[20] Barney Pelty, US, pitcher[2] Lipman Pike, US, outfielder, second baseman, & manager, 4x home run champion, RBI leader[2] Kevin Pillar, US, outfielder (Toronto Blue Jays) Aaron Poreda, US, pitcher (Yomiuri Giants)[2] Scott Radinsky, US, relief pitcher[2] Dave Roberts, US, pitcher[2] Saul Rogovin, US, pitcher[2] Al "Flip" Rosen, US, third baseman & first baseman, 4x All-Star, 2x home run champion, 2x RBI leader, MVP[2] Goody Rosen, Canada, outfielder, All-Star[2] Josh Satin, US, second baseman (Cincinnati Reds)[21] Richie Scheinblum, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Scott Schoeneweis, US, pitcher[2] Michael Schwimer, US, relief pitcher (Toronto Blue Jays)[22] Art Shamsky, US, outfielder & first baseman[2] Larry Sherry, US, relief pitcher[2] Norm Sherry, US, catcher & manager[2] Moe "the Rabbi of Swat" Solomon, US, outfielder[2] George Stone, US, outfielder, 1x batting title[23] Steve Stone, US, starting pitcher, All-Star, Cy Young Award[2] Danny Valencia, US, third baseman (Oakland Athletics)[24] Phil "Mickey" Weintraub, US, first baseman & outfielder Josh Whitesell, US, first baseman (Saraperos de Saltillo)[25] Steve Yeager, US, catcher[2] Kevin Youkilis, US, first baseman, third baseman, & left fielder, 3x All-Star, Gold Glove, Hank Aaron Award[2] Josh Zeid, US, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers Basketball[edit] Omri Casspi Jordan Farmar Gal Mekel Jon Scheyer Sam Balter, US, 5' 10" guard, Olympic champion[8][26] Sue Bird, US & Israel, WNBA 5' 9" point guard, 2x Olympic champion, 4x All-Star (Seattle Storm)[27] David Blatt, US & Israel, Israeli Premier League 6' 3.5" point guard, coached Russia National Basketball Team, Israel's Maccabi Tel Aviv to Euroleague Championship, Euroleague Coach of the Year, 4x Israeli Coach of the Year, Head Coach of Cleveland Cavaliers[28][29] David Blu (formerly "Bluthenthal"), US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 7" forward (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[30] Harry Boykoff, US, NBA 6' 10" center[31] Tal Brody, US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 2" shooting guard[8] Larry Brown, US, ABA 5' 9" point guard, 3x All-Star, 3x assists leader, NCAA National Championship coach (1988), NBA coach, Olympic champion, Hall of Fame[8][26] Omri Casspi, Israel, 6' 9" small forward, drafted in 1st round of 2009 NBA Draft (Sacramento Kings)[32] Shay Doron, Israel & US, WNBA 5' 9" guard (New York Liberty)[33] Lior Eliyahu, Israel, 6' 9" power forward, NBA draft 2006 (Orlando Magic; traded to Houston Rockets), playing in the Euroleague (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Jordan Farmar, US, NBA 6' 2" point guard (Los Angeles Clippers)[35] Marty Friedman, US, 5' 7" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Ernie Grunfeld, Romania-born US, NBA 6' 6" guard/forward & GM, Olympic champion[36] Yotam Halperin, Israel, 6' 5" guard, drafted in 2006 NBA draft by Seattle SuperSonics (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Sonny Hertzberg, US, NBA 5' 9" point guard, original NY Knickerbocker[37] Art Heyman, US, NBA 6' 5" forward/guard[37] Nat Holman, US, ABL 5' 11" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Red Holzman, US, BAA & NBA 5' 10" guard, 2x All-Star, & NBA coach, NBA Coach of the Year, Hall of Fame[8] Eban Hyams, India-Israel-Australia, 6' 5" guard formerly of the Australian National Basketball League, Israeli Super League, first ever Indian national to play in ULEB competitions[38] Barry Kramer, first team All-American at NYU in 1963 Joel Kramer, US Phoenix Suns 6'7" forward Sylven Landesberg, US, 6' 6" former UVA shooting guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[39] Rudy LaRusso, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 5x All-Star[40] Nancy Lieberman, US, WNBA player, general manager, & coach, Olympic silver, Hall of Fame[26][41] Gal Mekel, Israel, NBA 6' 3" point guard (Dallas Mavericks)[42] Bernard Opper, US, NBL and ABL 5' 10" guard, All-American at University of Kentucky Donna Orender (née Geils), US, Women's Pro Basketball League 5' 7" point guard, All-Star, current WNBA president[37] Lennie Rosenbluth, US, NBA 6' 4" forward[36] Danny Schayes, US, NBA 6' 11" center/forward (son of Dolph Schayes)[37] Dolph Schayes, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 3x FT% leader, 1x rebound leader, 12x All-Star, Hall of Fame, & coach (father of Danny Schayes)[8] Ossie Schectman, US, NBA 6' 0" guard, scorer of first NBA basket[36] Doron Sheffer, US (college), Maccabi Tel Aviv,Hapoel Jerusalem Jon Scheyer, US, All-American Duke University 6' 5" shooting guard & point guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[43] Barney Sedran, US, Hudson River League & New York State League 5' 4" guard, Hall of Fame[8] Sidney Tannenbaum, US, BAA 6' 0" guard, 2x All-American, left as NYU all-time scorer[8] Alex Tyus, US & Israel, 6' 8" power forward/center (Maccabi Tel Aviv) Neal Walk, US, NBA 6' 10" center[37] Max Zaslofsky, US, NBA 6' 2" guard/forward, 1x FT% leader, 1x points leader, All-Star, ABA coach[8] Bowling[edit] Barry Asher, 10 PBA titles, PBA Hall of Fame[7] Marshall Holman, 22 PBA titles (11th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[44] Mark Roth, 34 PBA titles (5th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[45] Boxing[edit] Yuri Foreman Zab Judah Dmitry Salita Barney Aaron (Young), English-born US lightweight, Hall of Fame[46] Abe Attell ("The Little Hebrew"), US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Monte Attell ("The Knob Hill Terror"), US, bantamweight[47] Max Baer ("Madcap Maxie"), US, world champion heavyweight. Wore a Star of David on his trunks; inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Hall of Fame/[48] Benny Bass ("Little Fish"), US, world champion featherweight & world champion junior lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Fabrice Benichou, France, world champion super bantamweight[34] Jack Kid Berg (Judah Bergman), England, world champion junior welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Maxie Berger, Canada, wore a Star of David on his trunks[49] Samuel Berger, US, Olympic champion heavyweight[8] Jack Bernstein (also "John Dodick", "Kid Murphy", and "Young Murphy"), US, world champion junior lightweight[8] Nathan "Nat" Bor, US, Olympic bronze lightweight[26] Mushy Callahan (Vincente Sheer), US, world champion light welterweight[47] Joe Choynski ("Chrysanthemum Joe"), US, heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Robert Cohen, French & Algerian, world champion bantamweight[8] Al "Bummy" Davis (Abraham Davidoff), US, welterweight & lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[47] Louis "Red" Deutsch, US, heavyweight, later famous as the proprietor of the Tube Bar in Jersey City, NJ and inspiration for Moe Szyslak on "The Simpsons" Carolina Duer ("The Turk"), Argentine, WBO world champion super flyweight and bantamweight[51] John "Jackie" Fields (Jacob Finkelstein), US, world champion welterweight & Olympic champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Hagar Finer, Israel, WIBF champion bantamweight[52] Yuri Foreman, Belarusian-born Israeli US middleweight and World Boxing Association champion super welterweight[53] György Gedó, Hungary, Olympic champion light flyweight[41] Abe Goldstein, US, world champion bantamweight[54] Ruby Goldstein ("Ruby the Jewel of the Ghetto"), US, welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[8] Roman Greenberg ("The Lion from Zion"), Israel, International Boxing Organization's Intercontinental champion heavyweight[53] Stéphane Haccoun, France, featherweight, super featherweight, and junior lightweight[55][56] Alphonse Halimi ("La Petite Terreur"), France, world champion bantamweight[8] Harry Harris ("The Human Hairpin"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Gary Jacobs, Scottish, British, Commonwealth, and European (EBU) champion welterweight[57] Ben Jeby (Morris Jebaltowsky), US, world champion middleweight[47] Yoel Judah, US, 3x world champion kickboxer and boxer & trainer[58] Zab Judah ("Super"), US, world champion junior welterweight & world champion welterweight (Converted to Christianity)[58][59][60][61] Louis Kaplan ("Kid Kaplan"), Russian-born US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Solly Krieger ("Danny Auerbach"), US, world champion middleweight[8] Julie Kogon US, 1947 New England Lightweight Champion. Inducted into the Connecticut Boxing Hall of Fame. Benny Leonard (Benjamin Leiner; "The Ghetto Wizard"), US, world champion lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Battling Levinsky (Barney Lebrowitz), US, world champion light heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] King Levinsky (Harry Kraków), US, heavweight, also known as Kingfish Levinsky[8] Harry Lewis (Harry Besterman), US, world champion welterweight[47] Ted "Kid" Lewis (Gershon Mendeloff), England, world champion welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Sammy Luftspring, Canada, Canadian champion welterweight, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame[47] Saoul Mamby, US, world champion junior welterweight[47] Al McCoy (Alexander Rudolph), US, world champion middleweight[8] Daniel Mendoza, England, world champion heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] Jacob Michaelsen, Denmark, Olympic bronze heavyweight[26] Samuel Mosberg, US, Olympic champion lightweight[8] Bob Olin, US, world champion light heavyweight[62] Victor Perez ("Young"), Tunisian, world champion flyweight[8] Harold Reitman ("The Boxing Doctor"), professional heavyweight that fought while working as surgeon, Golden Gloves champion.[63] Charlie Phil Rosenberg ("Charles Green"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Dana Rosenblatt ("Dangerous"), US, world champion middleweight[64] Maxie Rosenbloom ("Slapsie"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Barney Ross (Dov-Ber Rasofsky), US, world champion lightweight & junior welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Mike Rossman (Michael Albert DiPiano; "The Jewish Bomber"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore Star of David on trunks[64] Shamil Sabirov, Russia, Olympic champion light flyweight[26] Dmitry Salita ("Star of David"), US, North American Boxing Association champion light welterweight[65] Isadore "Corporal Izzy" Schwartz ("The Ghetto Midget"), US, world champion flyweight[8] Al Singer ("The Bronx Beauty"), US, world champion lightweight[47] "Lefty" Lew Tendler, US, bantamweight, lightweight, and welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Sid Terris ("Ghost of the Ghetto"), US, lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[54] Matt Wels, England, champion of Great Britain lightweight and world champion welterweight Canoeing[edit] Jessica Fox Shaun Rubenstein László Fábián, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic champion (K-2 10,000 meter), 4x world champion (3x K-2 10,000 meter and 1x K-4 10,000 meter) and one silver (K-4 10,000 meter)[26] Imre Farkas, Hungary, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000 and 10,000 meter)[66] Jessica Fox, French-born Australian, slalom canoer, Olympic silver (K-1 slalom), world championships bronze (C-1)[67] Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi, France, slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), 5 golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (2x K-1, 3x K-1 team)[41] Klára Fried-Bánfalvi, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (K-2 500 m), world champion (K-2 500 m)[26] Leonid Geishtor, USSR (Belarus), sprint canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian pairs 1,000-meter)[41] Joe Jacobi, US, slalom canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian slalom pairs)[41] Michael Kolganov, Soviet (Uzbek)-born Israeli, sprint canoer, world champion, Olympic bronze (K-1 500-meter)[41] Anna Pfeffer, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic 2x silver (K-2 500 m), bronze (K-1 500 m); world champion (K-2 500 m), silver (K-4 500 m), 2x bronze (K-2 500)[26] Naum Prokupets, Moldovan-born Soviet, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000-meter), gold (C-2 10,000-meter) at ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships[41] Leon Rotman, Romanian, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic champion (C-1 10,000 meter, C-1 1,000-meter) and bronze (C-1 1,000-meter), 14 national titles[41] Shaun Rubenstein, South Africa, canoer, World Marathon champion 2006[68] Cricket[edit] Michael Klinger Ben Ashkenazi, Australia (Victorian Bushrangers) Ali Bacher, South Africa, batsman and administrator (relative of Adam Bacher)[69] Mike Barnard, England, cricketer[69] Mark Bott, England, cricketer[70] Stevie Eskinazi, South African born, Australian raised, English wicketkeeper Mark Fuzes. Australian all rounder played for Hong Kong. Father Peter Fuzes kept goal for Australian Soccer team (see)[71] Dennis Gamsy, South Africa, Test wicket-keeper[72] Darren Gerard, England, cricketer[73] Norman Gordon, South Africa, fast bowler[69] Steven Herzberg, English-born Australian, cricketer[74] Sid Kiel, South Africa, opening batsman (Western Province)[75] Michael Klinger, Australia, batsman (Western Warriors)[69] Leonard "Jock" Livingston, Australia, cricketer[69] Bev Lyon, England, cricketer[69] Dar Lyon, England, cricketer (brother of Bev)[69] Greg, Jason, and Lara Molins, two brothers and a cousin from the same Irish family[74] Jon Moss, Australia, allrounder (Victorian Bushrangers)[69] John Raphael, England, batsman[69] Marshall Rosen, NSW Australia, cricketer and selector[76] Lawrence Seeff, South Africa, batsmen[77] Maurice Sievers, Australia, lower order batsman and fast-medium bowler[69] Bensiyon Songavkar, India, cricketer, MVP of 2009 Maccabiah Games cricket tournament[78] Fred Susskind, South Africa, Test batsman[69] Fred Trueman, England, English test fast bowler (a lifelong Christian)[69] Julien Wiener, Australia, Test cricketer[69] Mandy Yachad, South Africa, Test cricketer[69] Equestrian[edit] Margie Goldstein-Engle Robert Dover, US, 4x Olympic bronze, 1x world championship bronze (dressage)[79] Margie Goldstein-Engle, US, world championship silver, Pan American Games gold, silver, and bronze (jumping)[80] Edith Master, US, Olympic bronze (dressage)[26] Fencing[edit] Helene Mayer Soren Thompson Henri Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), Olympic champion[26] Paul Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), 2x Olympic champion[26] Norman Armitage (Norman Cohn), US (sabre), 17x US champion, Olympic bronze[26] Albert "Albie" Axelrod, US (foil); Olympic bronze, 4x US champion[8] Péter Bakonyi, Hungary (saber), Olympic 3x bronze[41] Cliff Bayer, US (foil); youngest US champion[37] Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy), Austria (saber), Olympic silver[41] Tamir Bloom, US (épée); 2x US champion[37] Daniel Bukantz, US (foil); 4x US champion[37] Sergey Sharikov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver, bronze[26] Yves Dreyfus, France (épée), Olympic bronze, French champion[26] Ilona Elek, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Boaz Ellis, Israel (foil), 5x Israeli champion[34] Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch, Austria (sabre), Olympic bronze[26] Dr. Dezsö Földes, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Dr. Jenö Fuchs, Hungary (saber), 4x Olympic champion[81] Támas Gábor, Hungary (épée), Olympic champion[8] János Garay, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion, silver, bronze, killed by the Nazis[8] Dr. Oskar Gerde, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dr. Sándor Gombos, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion[62] Vadim Gutzeit, Ukraine (saber), Olympic champion[82] Johan Harmenberg, Sweden (épée), Olympic champion[26] Delila Hatuel, Israel (foil), Olympian, ranked # 9 in world[83] Lydia Hatuel-Zuckerman, Israel (foil), 6x Israeli champion[84][85] Dr. Otto Herschmann, Austria (saber), Olympic silver[26] Emily Jacobson, US (saber), NCAA champion[86] Sada Jacobson, US (saber), ranked # 1 in the world, Olympic silver, 2x bronze[86] Allan Jay, British (épée & foil), Olympic 2x silver, world champion[26] Endre Kabos, Hungary (saber), 3x Olympic champion, bronze[26] Roman Kantor, Poland (épée), Nordic champion & Soviet champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dan Kellner, US (foil), US champion[86] Byron Krieger, US[87] Grigory Kriss, Soviet (épée), Olympic champion, 2x silver[26] Allan Kwartler, US (saber), 3x Pan American Games champion[10] Alexandre Lippmann, France (épée), 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver, bronze[8] Helene Mayer, Germany & US (foil), Olympic champion[26] Ljubco Georgievski ????? ??????????? Kiro Gligorov ???? ???????? Nikola Gruevski ?????? ???????? Gjorge Ivanov ????? ?????? Gordana Jankuloska ??????? ?????????? Zoran Jolevski ????? ???????? Srgjan Kerim ????? ????? Lazar Koliševski ????? ?????????? Hari Kostov ???? ?????? Trifun Kostovski ?????? ????????? Ilinka Mitreva ?????? ??????? Lazar Mojsov ????? ?????? Tito Petkovski ???? ????????? Lui Temelkovski ??? ??????????? Boris Trajkovski ????? ?????????? Vasil Tupurkovski ????? ??????????? Zoran Zaev ????? ???? Partisans World War II freedom fighters edit Mirce Acev ????? ???? Mihajlo Apostolski ????j?? ?????????? Cede Filipovski Dame ???? ?????????? ???? Blagoj Jankov Muceto ?????? ?????? ?????? Orce Nikolov ???? ??????? Strašo Pindžur ?????? ?????? Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ????????? ?????????? ?????? Revolutionaries edit Yordan Piperkata ?????? ???????? ????????? Goce Delcev ???? ????? Petar Pop Arsov ????? ??? ????? Dame Gruev ???? ????? Jane Sandanski ???? ????????? Dimitar Pop Georgiev Berovski ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player