As Voyager travels through a nebula all ship's power is turned off, giving Neelix an opportunity to tell the Borg children a ghost story. 146 26 "Unimatrix Zero, Part I" Unknown Allan Kroeker Teleplay: Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Story: Mike Sussman Various May 24, 2000 40840-246 3.3[6] Janeway, B'Elanna and Tuvok infiltrate a Borg Cube in an attempt to save Borg drones who are trying to develop individuality. Season 7 (2000–01)[edit] No. overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character(s) Original air date Production code U.S. viewers (millions) 147 1 "Unimatrix Zero, Part II" 54014.4 Mike Vejar Teleplay: Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Story: Mike Sussman, Brannon Braga, Joe Menosky Various October 4, 2000 40840-247 4.5[7] Janeway, B'Elanna and Tuvok are assimilated by the Borg while attempting to save the group of drones who have developed individuality. 148 2 "Imperfection" 54058.6 David Livingston Teleplay: Carleton Eastlake, Robert Doherty Story: André Bormanis Seven of Nine, Icheb October 11, 2000 40840-248 3.6[7] When her cortical implant malfunctions, Seven of Nine needs a life-saving transplant. 149 3 "Drive" 54090.4 Winrich Kolbe Michael Taylor Tom, B'Elanna October 18, 2000 40840-249 3.7[7] The crew of Voyager enter the Delta Flyer in a sub-warp race, crewed by Tom Paris and B'Elanna Torres, and events conspire to encourage Tom to propose to her. 150 4 "Repression" 54129.4 Winrich Kolbe Teleplay: Mark Haskell Smith Story: Kenneth Biller Tuvok October 25, 2000 40840-251 3.2[7] Ex-Maquis crew members are attacked after a data stream arrives from Starfleet. 151 5 "Critical Care" Unknown Terry Windell Teleplay: James Kahn Story: Kenneth Biller, Robert Doherty The Doctor November 1, 2000 40840-250 3.4[7] The Doctor's program is stolen and he is forced to work in an alien hospital, where he skillfully manipulates the system to provide ethical medical care. 152 6 "Inside Man" 54208.3 Allan Kroeker Robert Doherty Reg Barclay November 8, 2000 40840-252 3.0[7] A hologram of Reginald Barclay is sent to Voyager, supposedly to implement a dangerous plan to bring them home; but the hologram has been tampered with by some Ferengi, who are trying to steal valuable Borg nanoprobes from Seven of Nine. 153 7 "Body and Soul" 54238.3 Robert Duncan McNeill Teleplay: Eric Morris, Phyllis Strong, Mike Sussman Story: Michael Taylor The Doctor November 15, 2000 40840-255 3.6[7] During an emergency on a mission, The Doctor is forced to upload his program into Seven of Nine's Borg implants, allowing him to experience real sensations for the first time. 154 8 "Nightingale" 54274.7 LeVar Burton Teleplay: André Bormanis Story: Robert Lederman, Dave Long Harry Kim November 22, 2000 40840-256 2.8[7] Harry Kim takes command of an alien ship that has lost its officers in an attack.

155/156 9/10 "Flesh and Blood" 54337.5 Pt 1: Mike Vejar Pt 2:David Livingston Teleplay: Pt 1:Bryan Fuller Pt 2:Raf Green, Kenneth Biller Story: Pt 1:Jack Monaco, Bryan Fuller, Raf Green Pt 2:Bryan Fuller, Raf Green The Doctor November 29, 2000 40840-827 (253/254) 3.4[7] Voyager's hologram technology, which Janeway had previously donated to the Hirogen, has been modified to make the holographic "prey" more cunning, enabling the hologram characters to rebel against their new masters. 157 11 "Shattered" Unknown Terry Windell Teleplay: Michael Taylor Story: Michael Sussman, Michael Taylor Various January 17, 2001 40840-257 2.8[7] Voyager is fractured into several time periods by an accident, and only Chakotay is able to move between them, in the process meeting old friends and old foes from the previous six seasons. 158 12 "Lineage" 54452.6 Peter Lauritson James Kahn B'Elanna Torres January 24, 2001 40840-258 N/A Now married to Tom Paris, B'Elanna Torres discovers she is pregnant. The Doctor tells her to expect a daughter; but B'Elanna's unresolved fear of the childhood traumas, which she suffered as a part-Klingon girl growing up among humans, makes her determined to remove her child's Klingon DNA. 159 13 "Repentance" Unknown Mike Vejar Teleplay: Robert Doherty Story: Michael Sussman, Robert Doherty Various January 31, 2001 40840-259 N/A Prisoners are brought onto Voyager from a damaged alien vessel, and the crew must deliver them to their destination – for execution. 160 14 "Prophecy" 54518.2 Terry Windell Teleplay: Michael Sussman, Phyllis Strong Story: Larry Nemecek, J. Kelley Burke, Raf Green, Kenneth Biller B'Elanna, Tom February 7, 2001 40840-260 N/A Voyager encounters an ancient Klingon battlecruiser. The Klingons aboard it had set out long ago to find their savior, and they believe it to be Tom and B'Elanna's unborn child. 161 15 "The Void" 54553.4 Mike Vejar Teleplay: Raf Green, James Kahn Story: Raf Green, Kenneth Biller Various February 14, 2001 40840-261 N/A Voyager is pulled into a void, where the ships that have become trapped attack each other for food and resources. 162 16 "Workforce, Part I" 54584.3 Allan Kroeker Kenneth Biller, Bryan Fuller Various February 21, 2001 40840-262 N/A The Voyager crew are brainwashed into taking new jobs on an industrialized planet that has a severe labor shortage, leaving only Chakotay, Kim and Neelix (who were on an away mission) and the Doctor (who, in the absence of the crew, has become the Emergency Command Hologram) to save them. This article lists characters in the various canonical incarnations of Star Trek. This includes fictional main and major characters created for the franchise. Contents [hide] 1 Main characters 1.1 Main cast of Star Trek original pilot: "The Cage" 1.2 Main cast and major characters of Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS), Star Trek: The Animated Series (TAS), and Movies 1.3 Main cast and major characters of Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) and Movies 1.4 Main cast and major characters of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9). 1.5 Main cast and major characters of Star Trek: Voyager (VOY). 1.6 Main cast and major characters of Star Trek: Enterprise (ENT). 1.7 Main cast and major characters of Star Trek (2009) (ST9) and Star Trek Into Darkness (ITD). 2 Alphabetical list 3 See also Main characters[edit] Main cast of Star Trek original pilot: "The Cage"[edit] Character Actor Appearances Rank Posting Position Species Christopher Pike Jeffrey Hunter "The Cage" Captain USS Enterprise Commanding officer Human Number One Majel Barrett "The Cage" Lt. Commander USS Enterprise First Officer Human Spock Leonard Nimoy "The Cage" Lt. Commander USS Enterprise Science Officer Vulcan/Human J. M. Colt Laurel Goodwin "The Cage" Yeoman USS Enterprise Yeoman Human Phillip Boyce John Hoyt "The Cage" Lt. Commander USS Enterprise Chief Medical Officer Human José Tyler Peter Duryea "The Cage" Lieutenant USS Enterprise Helmsman Human Garrison Adam Roarke "The Cage" Chief Petty Officer USS Enterprise Communications Officer Human Main cast and major characters of Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS), Star Trek: The Animated Series (TAS), and Movies[edit] Character Actor Appearances Rank Posting Position Species James T. Kirk William Shatner Seasons 1-3 (TOS) Seasons 1-2 (TAS) Movies (ST:I-VI, GEN) Captain (TOS, TAS, ST:V-VI, GEN) Rear Admiral (ST:I-IV) USS Enterprise-A (ST:IV-VI) USS Enterprise (TOS, TAS, ST:V-III) Commanding Officer Human Spock Leonard Nimoy Seasons 1-3 (TOS) Seasons 1-2 (TAS) Movies (ST:I-VI,ST9,ITD) Season 5 (TNG) Ambassador (TNG,ST9,ITD) Captain (ST:II-VI) Commander (TOS, TAS, ST:I) New Vulcan Resident (ITD) USS Enterprise-A (ST:IV-VI) USS Enterprise (TOS, TAS, ST:V-III) Federation Ambassador (TNG,ST9,ITD) First Officer (TOS, TAS, Movies) Science Officer (TOS, TAS) Vulcan/Human Leonard McCoy DeForest Kelley Seasons 1-3 (TOS) Seasons 1-2 (TAS) Movies (ST:I-VI) Season 1 (TNG) Admiral (TNG) Commander (ST:I-VI) Lt. Commander (TOS, TAS) USS Enterprise-A (ST:IV-VI) USS Enterprise (TOS, TAS, ST:V-III) Chief Medical Officer Human Montgomery Scott James Doohan Seasons 1-3 (TOS) Seasons 1-2 (TAS) Movies (ST:I-VI, GEN) Season 6 (TNG) Captain (ST:III-VI, GEN, TNG) Commander (ST:I-II) Lt. Commander (TOS, TAS) USS Enterprise-A (ST:IV-VI) USS Enterprise (TOS, TAS, ST:V-III) Chief Engineer Human Nyota Uhura Nichelle Nichols Seasons 1-3 (TOS) Seasons 1-2 (TAS) Movies (ST:I-VI) Commander (ST:II-VI) Lt. Commander (ST:I) Lieutenant (TOS, TAS) USS Enterprise-A (ST:IV-VI) USS Enterprise (TOS, TAS, ST:V-III) Communications Officer Human Hikaru Sulu George Takei Seasons 1-3 (TOS) Seasons 1-2 (TAS) Movies (ST:I-VI) Season 3 (VOY) Captain (ST:VI) Commander (ST:II-V) Lt. Commander(ST:I) Lieutenant (TOS, TAS) USS Excelsior (ST:VI) USS Enterprise-A (ST:IV-VI) USS Enterprise (TOS, TAS, ST:V-III) Commanding Officer (ST:VI) Helmsman (TOS, TAS, ST:I-V) Human Pavel Chekov Walter Koenig Seasons 2-3 (TOS) Movies (ST:I-VI, GEN) Commander (ST:II-VI, GEN) Lieutenant (ST:I) Ensign (TOS) USS Enterprise-A (ST: IV-VI) USS Reliant (ST:II) USS Enterprise (TOS, ST:I,III) Chief Security Officer (ST:III-VI) First Officer (ST:II) Weapons Officer (ST:I) Navigator (TOS) Human Christine Chapel Majel Barrett Seasons 1-3 (TOS) Seasons 1-2 (TAS) Movies (ST:I,IV) Commander (ST:I-IV) Crewman (TOS, TAS) Starfleet Command (ST:IV) USS Enterprise (TOS, TAS, ST:I) Starfleet Command Officer (ST:IV) Medical Officer (ST:I) Nurse (TOS, TAS) Human Janice Rand Grace Lee Whitney Season 1 (TOS) Movies (ST:I,IV,VI) Season 3 (VOY) Commander (ST:VI) Chief Petty Officer (ST:IV) Crewman (ST:I) Yeoman (TOS) USS Excelsior (ST:VI) Starfleet Command (ST:IV) USS Enterprise (TOS, ST:I) First Officer (ST:VI) Starfleet Command Officer (ST:IV) Transporter Chief (ST:I) Yeoman (TOS) Human Saavik Kirstie Alley Robin Curtis Movies (ST:II-IV) Lieutenant, JG USS Grissom (ST:III-IV) USS Enterprise (ST:II) Science Officer (ST:III-IV) Navigator (ST:II) Vulcan Sarek Mark Lenard Season 2 (TOS) Seasons 1 (TAS) Movies (ST:I,III,IV,VI) Seasons 3,5 (TNG) Ambassador Vulcan Resident Federation Ambassador Vulcan Amanda Grayson Jane Wyatt Season 2 (TOS) Seasons 1 (TAS) Movies (ST:IV) Civilian Vulcan Resident Human Main cast and major characters of Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) and Movies[edit] Character Actor Appearances Rank Posting Position Species Jean-Luc Picard Patrick Stewart Seasons 1-7 (TNG) Movies (GEN,FCT,INS,NEM) Season 1 (DS9) Captain USS Enterprise-E (FCT,INS,NEM) USS Enterprise-D (S1-7,GEN) Commanding officer Human William Riker Jonathan Frakes Seasons 1-7 (TNG) Movies (GEN,FCT,INS,NEM) Season 2 (VOY) Season 4 (ENT) Captain (NEM) Commander (S1-7,Movies) USS Titan (NEM) USS Enterprise-E (FCT,INS,NEM) USS Enterprise-D (S1-7,GEN) Commanding Officer (NEM) First Officer (S1-7,Movies) Human Deanna Troi Marina Sirtis Seasons 1-7 (TNG) Movies (GEN,FCT,INS,NEM) Seasons 6-7 (VOY) Season 4 (ENT) Commander (S7,VOY,Movies) Lt. Commander (S1-7) USS Titan (NEM) USS Enterprise-E (FCT,INS,NEM) USS Enterprise-D (S1-7,GEN) Diplomatic Officer (NEM) Counselor (S-7,Movies) Betazoid/Human Beverly Crusher Gates McFadden Seasons 1,3-7 (TNG) Movies (GEN,FCT,INS,NEM) Commander USS Enterprise-E (FCT,INS,NEM) USS Enterprise-D (S1-7,GEN) Starfleet Command (S2) Chief Medical Officer (S1,3-7,Movies) Head of Starfleet Medical (S2) Human Data Brent Spiner Seasons 1-7 (TNG) Movies (GEN,FCT,INS,NEM) Lt. Commander USS Enterprise-E (FCT,INS,NEM) USS Enterprise-D (S1-7,GEN) Chief Operations Officer Android Geordi La Forge LeVar Burton Seasons 1-7 (TNG) Movies (GEN,FCT,INS,NEM) Seasons 5 (VOY) Lt. Commander (S3-7,Movies) Lieutenant (S2) Lieutenant, JG (S1) USS Enterprise-E (FCT,INS,NEM) USS Enterprise-D (S1-7,GEN) Chief Engineer (S2-7,Movies) Helmsman (S1) Human Worf Michael Dorn Seasons 1-7 (TNG) Movies (GEN,FCT,INS,NEM) Seasons 4-7 (DS9) Lt. Commander (DS9,Movies) Ambassador (DS9 S7) Lieutenant (TNG S3-7) Lieutenant, JG (TNG S1-2) USS Enterprise-E (NEM) Qo'noS (DS9 S7) Deep Space 9 (DS9 S4-7) USS Enterprise-D (S1-7,GEN) Strategic Operations Officer (DS9 S4-7,Movies) Ambassador (DS9 S7) Chief Security Officer (TNG S2-7) Helmsman (TNG S1) Klingon Katherine Pulaski Diana Muldaur Season 2 Commander USS Enterprise-D Chief Medical Officer Human Tasha Yar Denise Crosby Seasons 1,3,7 Lieutenant USS Enterprise-D Chief Security Officer Human Wesley Crusher Wil Wheaton Seasons 1-5,7 (TNG) Movies (NEM) Lieutenant, JG (NEM) Cadet (S4-7) Ensign (S3-4) Ensign (acting) (S1-3) Civilian (S1) USS Titan (NEM) Starfleet Academy (S4-7) USS Enterprise-D (S1-4) Engineering Officer (NEM) Starfleet Cadet (S4-7) Helmsman (S1-4) Human Miles O'Brien Colm Meaney Seasons 1-7 (TNG) Seasons 1-7 (DS9) Chief Petty Officer Starfleet Academy (DS9 S7) Deep Space 9 (DS9 S1-7) USS Enterprise-D (TNG S1-6) Academy Professor (DS9 S7) Chief of Operations (DS9 S1-7) Transporter Chief (TNG S2-6) Helmsman (TNG S1) Human Reginald Barclay Dwight Schultz Seasons 3-4,6-7 (TNG) Movies (FCT) Seasons 2,6-7 (VOY) Lt. Commander (VOY) Lieutenant, JG (TNG,FCT) Starfleet Command (VOY) USS Enterprise-E (FCT) USS Enterprise-D (TNG) Pathfinder Project (VOY) Engineering Officer (TNG,Movies) Human Alyssa Ogawa Patti Yasutake Seasons 3–7 (TNG) Movies (GEN,FCT) Lieutenant, JG (S7,Movies) Ensign (S3-7) USS Enterprise-E (FCT) USS Enterprise-D (S3-7,GEN) Nurse Human Ro Laren Michelle Forbes Seasons 5–7 Lieutenant (S7) Ensign (S5-6) USS Enterprise-D Maquis (S7) Helmsman (S5-7) Bajoran Guinan Whoopi Goldberg Seasons 2-6 (TNG) Movies (GEN,NEM) Civilian USS Enterprise-D Bartender El-Aurian Keiko O'Brien Rosalind Chao Seasons 4-6 (TNG) Seasons 1-7 (DS9) Civilian Deep Space 9 (DS9) USS Enterprise-D (TNG) Teacher/Botanist (DS9) Botanist (TNG) Human Lwaxana Troi Majel Barrett Seasons 1-5,7 (TNG) Seasons 1,3-4 (DS9) Ambassador Betazed Resident Federation Ambassador Betazoid Mr. Homn Carel Struycken Seasons 1-5 Civilian Betazed Resident Servant Unknown Q John de Lancie Seasons 1-4,6-7 (TNG) Season 1 (DS9) Seasons 2-3,7 (VOY) None Q Continuum Resident Q Continuum Q Gowron Robert O'Reilly Seasons 4-6 (TNG) Seasons 3-7 (DS9) Chancellor Klingon High Council Chancellor of Klingon Empire Klingon Alexander Rozhenko Jon Paul Steuer Brian Bonsall Seasons 4-7 (TNG) Season 6 (DS9) Crewman, Klingon Empire (DS9) Civilian (TNG) IKS Rotarran (DS9) Weapons Officer (DS9) Klingon/Human Kurn Tony Todd Seasons 3-5 (TNG) Season 4 (DS9) Crewman, Bajoran Militia (DS9) Captain, Klingon Empire (TNG) Deep Space 9 (DS9) IKS Hegh'ta (TNG) Security Officer (DS9) Commanding Officer (TNG) Klingon Lursa Barbara March Seasons 4-5,7 (TNG) Movies (GEN) Season 1 (DS9) Commander, Klingon Empire Bird of Prey Commanding Officer Klingon B'Etor Gwynyth Walsh Seasons 4-5,7 (TNG) Movies (GEN) Season 1 (DS9) Commander, Klingon Empire Bird of Prey Commanding Officer Klingon Sela Denise Crosby Seasons 4-5 Commander, Romulan Empire Unknown Romulan Officer Romulan/Human Lore Brent Spiner Seasons 1,4,6-7 Civilian Android K'Ehleyr Suzie Plakson Seasons 2,4 Ambassador Earth Resident Federation Ambassador Klingon/Human The Traveler Eric Menyuk Seasons 1,4,7 Civilian Tau Alpha C Resident Unknown Vash Jennifer Hetrick Seasons 3-4 (TNG) Season 1 (DS9) Civilian Earth Resident Archeologist Human Tomalak Andreas Katsulas Seasons 3-4,7 Commander, Romulan Empire IRW Terix Commanding Officer Romulan Hugh of Borg Jonathan Del Arco Seasons 5-7 None Borg Drone Borg Spock Leonard Nimoy Seasons 1-3 (TOS) Seasons 1-2 (TAS) Movies (ST:I-VI,ST9,ITD) Season 5 (TNG) Ambassador (TNG,ST9,ITD) Captain (ST:II-VI) Commander (TOS, TAS, ST:I) New Vulcan Resident (ITD) USS Enterprise-A (ST:IV-VI) USS Enterprise (TOS, TAS, ST:V-III) Federation Ambassador (TNG,ST9,ITD) First Officer (TOS, TAS, Movies) Science Officer (TOS, TAS) Vulcan/Human Sarek Mark Lenard Season 2 (TOS) Seasons 1 (TAS) Movies (ST:I,III,IV,VI) Seasons 3,5 (TNG) Ambassador Vulcan Resident Federation Ambassador Vulcan Alynna Nechayev Natalia Nogulich Seasons 6-7 (TNG) Seasons 2-3 (DS9) Fleet Admiral Starfleet Command Admiral of Starfleet Human Robin Lefler Ashley Judd Season 5 Ensign USS Enterprise-D Engineering Officer Human Sonya Gomez Lycia Naff Season 2 Ensign USS Enterprise-D Engineering Officer Human Mot Ken Thorley Seasons 5-6 Civilian USS Enterprise-D Barber Bolian Main cast and major characters of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9).[edit] Character Actor Appearances Rank Posting Position Species Benjamin Sisko Avery Brooks Seasons 1-7 Captain (S3-7) Commander (S1-3) Deep Space 9 Commanding Officer Human Kira Nerys Nana Visitor Seasons 1-7 Colonel (S7) Commander (S7) Major (S1-6) Deep Space 9 Commanding Officer (S7) First Officer (S1-7) Bajoran Worf Michael Dorn Seasons 1-7 (TNG) Movies (GEN,FCT,INS,NEM) Seasons 4-7 (DS9) Lt. Commander (DS9,Movies) Ambassador (DS9 S7) Lieutenant (TNG S3-7) Lieutenant, JG (TNG S1-2) USS Enterprise-E (NEM) Qo'noS (DS9 S7) Deep Space 9 (DS9 S4-7) USS Enterprise-D (S1-7,GEN) Strategic Operations Officer (DS9 S4-7,Movies) Ambassador (DS9 S7) Chief Security Officer (TNG S2-7) Helmsman (TNG S1) Klingon Jadzia Dax Terry Farrell Seasons 1-6 Lt. Commander (S4-6) Lieutenant (S1-3) Deep Space 9 Chief Science Officer Trill Julian Bashir Alexander Siddig Seasons 1-7 (DS9) Season 6 (TNG) Lieutenant (S4-7) Lieutenant, JG (S1-3) Deep Space 9 Chief Medical Officer Human Ezri Dax Nicole de Boer Season 7 Lieutenant, JG (S7) Ensign (S7) Deep Space 9 Counselor Trill Miles O'Brien Colm Meaney Seasons 1-7 (TNG) Seasons 1-7 (DS9) Chief Petty Officer Starfleet Academy (DS9 S7) Deep Space 9 (DS9 S1-7) USS Enterprise-D (TNG S1-6) Academy Professor (DS9 S7) Chief of Operations (DS9 S1-7) Transporter Chief (TNG S2-6) Helmsman (TNG S1) Human Odo René Auberjonois Seasons 1-7 Constable (unofficial) Deep Space 9 Chief of Security Changeling Jake Sisko Cirroc Lofton Seasons 1-7 Civilian Deep Space 9 Resident Journalist (S5-7) Student (S1-5) Human Quark Armin Shimerman Season 7 (TNG) Seasons 1-7 (DS9) Season 1 (VOY) Civilian Deep Space 9 Resident Bar Owner Ferengi Keiko O'Brien Rosalind Chao Seasons 4-6 (TNG) Seasons 1-7 (DS9) Civilian Deep Space 9 (DS9) USS Enterprise-D (TNG) Teacher/Botanist (DS9) Botanist (TNG) Human Rom Max Grodénchik Seasons 1-7 Grand Nagus (S7) Crewman (S4-7) Civilian (S1-4) Deep Space 9 Grand Nagus (S7) Maintenance Engineer (S4-7) Bar Employee (1-4) Ferengi Nog Aron Eisenberg Seasons 1-7 Lieutenant, JG (S7) Ensign (S6-7) Cadet (S4-5) Civilian (S1-4) Deep Space 9 Starfleet Academy (S4-5) Operations Officer (S6-7) Starfleet Cadet (S4-5) Bar Employee (S1-4) Student (S1-4) Ferengi Leeta Chase Masterson Seasons 3-7 Civilian Deep Space 9 Resident Dabo Girl Bajoran Morn Mark Allen Shepherd Seasons 1-7 (DS9) Season 1 (VOY) Civilian Deep Space 9 Resident Courier Lurian Elim Garak Andrew Robinson Seasons 1-7 Civilian Deep Space 9 Resident Tailor Cardassian Kasidy Yates Penny Johnson Jerald Seasons 3-7 Captain SS Xhosa Deep Space 9 Resident Freighter Captain Human Martok J. G. Hertzler Seasons 4-7 Chancellor (S7) General, Klingon Empire (S4-7) Deep Space 9 IKS Rotarran Chancellor of Klingon Empire (S7) Commander of Klingon Forces (S4-7) Klingon Tora Ziyal Melanie Smith Cyia Batten Seasons 4-6 Civilian Deep Space 9 Resident Artist Bajoran/Cardassian William Ross Barry Jenner Seasons 6-7 Vice Admiral Deep Space 9 Military Commander Human Dukat Marc Alaimo Seasons 1-7 Gul Cardassia Prime Religious Leader (S6-7) Leader of Cardassia (S5) Vigilante (S4-5) Freighter Commander (S4) Cardassian Officer (S1-4) Cardassian Winn Adami Louise Fletcher Seasons 1-3,5-7 Kai (S3-7) Vedek (S1-2) Bajor Resident Bajoran Religious Leader Bajoran Weyoun Jeffrey Combs Seasons 4-7 None Cardassia Prime Dominion Leader Vorta Female Changeling Salome Jens Seasons 3-4,6-7 None Cardassia Prime Leader of Dominion Changeling Damar Casey Biggs Seasons 4-7 Legate (S7) Gul (S6-7) Glinn (S4-6) Cardassia Prime CMS Groumall (S4) Leader of Cardassian Union (S7) Dominion Leader (S6-7) Vigilante (S5) Cardassian Officer (S4) Cardassian Gowron Robert O'Reilly Seasons 4-6 (TNG) Seasons 3-7 (DS9) Chancellor Klingon High Council Chancellor of Klingon Empire Klingon Michael Eddington Kenneth Marshall Seasons 3-5 Civilian (S4-5) Lt. Commander (S3-4) Deep Space 9 (S3-4) Maquis (S7) Security Officer (S5-7) Human Vic Fontaine James Darren Seasons 6-7 None Deep Space 9 Program Holographic Entertainer Hologram Zek Wallace Shawn Seasons 1-3,5-7 Grand Nagus Ferenginar Resident Leader of Ferengi Economics Ferengi Bareil Antos Philip Anglim Seasons 1-3,6 Vedek Bajor Resident Bajoran Religious Leader (S1-3) Bajoran Ishka Cecily Adams Andrea Martin Seasons 3,5-7 Civilian Ferenginar Resident Philanthropist Ferengi Luther Sloan William Sadler Seasons 6-7 None Section 31 Intelligence Operative Human Enabran Tain Paul Dooley Seasons 2-3,5 None Cardassia Resident Leader of Obsidian Order Cardassian Opaka Sulan Camille Saviola Seasons 1-2,4 Kai Bajor Resident Bajoran Religious Leader (S1) Bajoran Brunt Jeffrey Combs Seasons 3-7 Civilian Ferenginar Resident Ferengi Commerce Liquidator Ferengi Joseph Sisko Brock Peters Seasons 4,6-7 Civilian Earth Resident Restaurant Owner Human Shakaar Edon Duncan Regehr Seasons 3-5 First Minister Bajor Resident First Minister of Bajor Bajoran Mora Pol James Sloyan Seasons 2,5 Civilian Bajor Resident Scientist Bajoran Lwaxana Troi Majel Barrett Seasons 1-5, 7 (TNG) Seasons 1,3-4 (DS9) Ambassador Betazed Resident Federation Ambassador Betazoid Alexander Rozhenko Marc Worden Seasons 4-7 (TNG) Season 6 (DS9) Crewman, Klingon Empire (DS9) Civilian (TNG) IKS Rotarran (DS9) Weapons Officer (DS9) Klingon/Human Kor John Colicos Season 1 (TOS) Season 1 (TAS) Seasons 2,4,7 (DS9) Dahar Master (DS9) Commander, Klingon Empire (TOS,TAS) Klingon Defense Force (DS9) IKS Klothos (TOS,TAS) Defence Officer (DS9) Commanding Officer (TOS,TAS) Klingon Evek Richard Poe Season 7 (TNG) Season 2 (DS9) Season 1 (VOY) Gul CMS Vetar Commanding Officer Cardassian Kimara Cretak Adrienne Barbeau Megan Cole Season 7 Senator Deep Space 9 Romulan Representative Romulan Alynna Nechayev Natalia Nogulich Seasons 6-7 (TNG) Seasons 2-3 (DS9) Fleet Admiral Starfleet Command Admiral of Starfleet Human Mila Julianna McCarthy Seasons 3,7 Civilian Cardassia resident Housekeeper Cardassian Jennifer Sisko Felecia M. Bell Seasons 1,3-4 Lieutenant (S1) USS Saratoga (S1) Starfleet Officer (S1) Human Li Nalas Richard Beymer Season 2 Navarch Deep Space 9 Liaison Officer Bajoran Molly O'Brien Hana Hatae Seasons 1-7 Civilian Deep Space 9 resident Student Human Sarah Sisko Deborah Lacey Season 7 Civilian Earth Resident Holophotographer Human Maihar'du Tiny Ron Taylor Seasons 1-3,5-7 Civilian Ferenginar resident Attendant to Grand Nagus Hupyrian Main cast and major characters of Star Trek: Voyager (VOY).[edit] Character Actor Appearances Rank Posting Position Species Kathryn Janeway Kate Mulgrew Seasons 1-7 (VOY) Movies (NEM) Vice Admiral (NEM) Captain (VOY) Starfleet Command (NEM) USS Voyager (VOY) Starfleet Admiral (NEM) Commanding Officer (VOY) Human Chakotay Robert Beltran Seasons 1-7 Commander (provisional) USS Voyager First Officer (S1-7) Maquis (S1) Human Tuvok Tim Russ Seasons 1-7 Lt. Commander (S4-7) Lieutenant (S1-4) USS Voyager Chief of Security Vulcan B'Elanna Torres Roxann Dawson Seasons 1-7 Lieutenant, JG (provisional) USS Voyager Chief Engineer (S1-7) Maquis (S1) Klingon/Human Tom Paris Robert Duncan McNeill Seasons 1-7 Lieutenant, JG (S1-7) Ensign (S5-6) USS Voyager Helmsman Human Harry Kim Garrett Wang Seasons 1-7 Ensign USS Voyager Chief Operations Officer Human The Doctor Robert Picardo Seasons 1-7 None USS Voyager Chief Medical Officer Hologram Neelix Ethan Phillips Seasons 1-7 Ambassador (S7) Civilian (S1-7) Talaxian Asteroid Colony (S7) USS Voyager (S1-7) Federation Ambassador (S7) Chef (S1-7) Talaxian Kes Jennifer Lien Seasons 1-4,6 Civilian USS Voyager Medic Aeroponics Ocampa Seven of Nine Jeri Ryan Seasons 4-7 Civilian USS Voyager Astrometrics Human Samantha Wildman Nancy Hower Seasons 2–6 Ensign USS Voyager Science Officer Human Joseph Carey Josh Clark Seasons 1,5-7 Lieutenant USS Voyager Engineering Officer Human Vorik Alexander Enberg Seasons 3-5,7 Ensign USS Voyager Engineering Officer Vulcan Hogan Simon Billig Seasons 2-3 Ensign (provisional) USS Voyager Engineering Officer Maquis (previous) Human Lon Suder Brad Dourif Seasons 2-3 Crewman (provisional) USS Voyager Engineering Officer Maquis (previous) Betazoid Michael Jonas Raphael Sbarge Season 2 Crewman (provisional) USS Voyager Engineering Officer Maquis (previous) Human Tal Celes Zoe McLellan Season 6 Crewman USS Voyager Operations Officer Bajoran Ayala Tarik Ergin Seasons 1-7 Lieutenant, JG (provisional) USS Voyager Helmsman (S7) Security Officer (S1-7) Maquis (previous) Human Chell Derek McGrath Seasons 1,7 Crewman (provisional) USS Voyager Engineering Officer Maquis (previous) Bolian Icheb Manu Intiraymi Seasons 6-7 Civilian USS Voyager Resident Astrometrics Brunali Naomi Wildman Scarlett Pomers Seasons 2-7 Civilian USS Voyager Resident Captain's Assistant (unofficial) Ktarian/Human Seska Martha Hackett Seasons 1-3,7 None (S1-3) Ensign (provisional) (S1) Kazon-Nistrim (S1-3) USS Voyager (S1) Kazon Affiliate (S1-3) Engineering Officer (S1) Science Officer (S1) Maquis Infiltrator (previous) Cardassian Jal Culluh Anthony De Longis Seasons 1-3 First Maje Kazon-Nistrim Leader of Kazon-Nistrim Kazon Reginald Barclay Dwight Schultz Seasons 3-4,6-7 (TNG) Movies (FCT) Seasons 2,6-7 (VOY) Lt. Commander (VOY) Lieutenant, JG (TNG,FCT) Starfleet Command (VOY) USS Enterprise-E (FCT) USS Enterprise-D (TNG) Pathfinder Project (VOY) Engineering Officer (TNG,Movies) Human Deanna Troi Marina Sirtis Seasons 1-7 (TNG) Movies (GEN,FCT,INS,NEM) Seasons 6-7 (VOY) Season 4 (ENT) Commander (S7,VOY,Movies) Lt. Commander (S1-7) USS Titan (NEM) USS Enterprise-E (FCT,INS,NEM) USS Enterprise-D (S1-7,GEN) Diplomatic Officer (NEM) Counselor (S-7,Movies) Betazoid/Human Owen Paris Warren Munson Richard Herd Seasons 2, 5-7 Admiral Starfleet Command Pathfinder Project Human Q John de Lancie Seasons 1-4, 6-7 (TNG) Season 1 (DS9) Seasons 2-3,7 (VOY) None Q Continuum Resident Q Continuum Q The Borg Queen Susanna Thompson Alice Krige Seasons 5-7 (VOY) Movies (FCT) None Borg Collective Leader of Borg Collective Borg Leonardo da Vinci John Rhys-Davies Seasons 3-4 None USS Voyager Program Holographic Character Hologram Mezoti Marley S. McClean Seasons 6-7 Civilian USS Voyager Passenger Norcadian Rebi Cody Wetherill Seasons 6-7 Civilian USS Voyager Passenger Wysanti Azan Kurt Wetherill Seasons 6-7 Civilian USS Voyager Passenger Wysanti Susan Nicoletti Christine Delgado Seasons 1-4,7 Lieutenant, JG USS Voyager Engineering Officer Human Kashimuro Nozawa John Tampoya Seasons 1-4,7 Ensign USS Voyager Operations Officer Human Main cast and major characters of Star Trek: Enterprise (ENT).[edit] Character Actor Appearances Rank Posting Position Species Jonathan Archer Scott Bakula Seasons 1-4 Captain Enterprise NX-01 Commanding Officer Human T'Pol Jolene Blalock Seasons 1-4 Commander (S4) SubCommander (S1-4) Enterprise NX-01 First Officer Science Officer Vulcan Charles Tucker Connor Trinneer Seasons 1-4 Commander Enterprise NX-01 Chief Engineer Human Malcolm Reed Dominic Keating Seasons 1-4 Lieutenant Enterprise NX-01 Tactical Officer Human Hoshi Sato Linda Park Seasons 1-4 Ensign Enterprise NX-01 Communications Officer Human Travis Mayweather Anthony Montgomery Seasons 1-4 Ensign Enterprise NX-01 Helmsman Human Phlox John Billingsley Seasons 1-4 Civilian Enterprise NX-01 Chief Medical Officer Denobulan Maxwell Forrest Vaughn Armstrong Seasons 1-4 Vice Admiral Starfleet Command NX Project Human Soval Gary Graham Seasons 1-4 Ambassador Earth Vulcan Ambassador to Earth Vulcan Daniels Matt Winston Seasons 1-4 Crewman Unknown Temporal Agent Human Thy'lek Shran Jeffrey Combs Seasons 1-4 General Kumari Andorian Imperial Guard Andorian Erika Hernandez Ada Maris Season 4 Captain Columbia NX-02 Commanding Officer Human J. Hayes Steven Culp Season 3 Major Enterprise NX-01 MACO Officer Human Silik John Fleck Seasons 1-4 Senior Official Suliban Cabal Terrorist Suliban Degra Randy Oglesby Season 3 Civilian Xindi Council Scientist Xindi-Primate Dolim Scott MacDonald Season 3 Commander Xindi Council Council Member Xindi-Reptilian Jannar Rick Worthy Season 3 Civilian Xindi Council Scientist Xindi-Arboreal Mallora Tucker Smallwood Season 3 Civilian Xindi Council Chairman Xindi-Primate Michael Rostov Joseph Will Seasons 1-2 Crewman Enterprise NX-01 Engineering Officer Human Elizabeth Cutler Kellie Waymire Season 1 Crewman Enterprise NX-01 Entomologist Human Main cast and major characters of Star Trek (2009) (ST9) and Star Trek Into Darkness (ITD).[edit] Character Actor Appearances Rank Posting Position Species James T. Kirk Chris Pine Movies (ST9,ITD) Captain (ITD) Cadet (ST9) USS Enterprise Commanding Officer (ITD) First Officer (ST9) Human The Star Trek franchise is composed mostly of hundreds of hours of television programming: Contents [hide] 1 Television episodes 1.1 Production timeline 2 List of feature-length and multi-part episodes 2.1 Star Trek: The Original Series 2.2 Star Trek: The Next Generation 2.3 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine 2.4 Star Trek: Voyager 2.5 Star Trek: Enterprise Television episodes[edit] List of Star Trek: The Original Series episodes List of Star Trek: The Animated Series episodes List of Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes List of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes List of Star Trek: Voyager episodes List of Star Trek: Enterprise episodes Production timeline[edit] List of feature-length and multi-part episodes[edit] Star Trek: The Original Series[edit] "The Menagerie" (Parts I and II) Star Trek: The Next Generation[edit] "Encounter at Farpoint" "The Best of Both Worlds" (Parts I and II) "Redemption" (Parts I and II) "Unification" (Parts I and II) "Time's Arrow" (Parts I and II) "Chain of Command" (Parts I and II) "Birthright" (Parts I and II) "Descent" (Parts I and II) "Gambit" (Parts I and II) "All Good Things..." Star Trek: Deep Space Nine[edit] "Emissary" "The Homecoming"/"The Circle"/"The Siege" "The Maquis" (Parts I and II) "The Search" (Parts I and II) "Past Tense" (Parts I and II) "Improbable Cause"/"The Die Is Cast" "The Way of the Warrior" "Homefront"/"Paradise Lost" "In Purgatory's Shadow"/"By Inferno's Light" "Favor the Bold"/"Sacrifice of Angels" "Tears of the Prophets"/"Image in the Sand"/"Shadows and Symbols" "What You Leave Behind" Note that the series' serialized structure means that many plot threads and conflicts span multiple episodes, in particular the first six episodes of the sixth season and the series' last nine episodes (referred to collectively as the "Final Chapter"). Star Trek: Voyager[edit] Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas."[1] It usually eschews the supernatural, and unlike the related genre of fantasy, historically science fiction stories were intended to have at least a faint grounding in science-based fact or theory at the time the story was created, but this connection has become tenuous or non-existent in much of science fiction.[2][3][4] Contents [hide] 1 Definition 2 History 2.1 The term "sci-fi" 2.2 Innovation 3 Categories 3.1 Hard SF 3.2 Soft SF 4 Subgenres 4.1 Cyberpunk 4.2 Time travel 4.3 Alternate history 4.4 Military SF 4.5 Superhuman 4.6 Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic 4.7 Space opera 4.8 Space Western 4.9 Social science fiction 4.10 Other subgenres 5 Related genres 5.1 Other speculative fiction, fantasy, and horror 5.2 Fantasy 5.3 Science fantasy 5.4 Climate fiction 5.5 Horror fiction 5.6 Supernatural fiction 5.7 Mystery fiction 5.8 Superhero fiction 6 Fandom and community 6.1 Authors 6.2 Awards 6.3 Conventions, clubs, and organizations 6.4 Fanzines and online fandom 6.5 Fan fiction 7 Science fiction studies 7.1 As serious literature 8 World-wide examples 8.1 Africa 8.2 Asia 8.3 Europe 8.3.1 France and Belgium 8.3.2 Italy 8.3.3 Germany 8.3.4 Russia and ex-Soviet countries 8.3.5 Other European countries 8.4 Oceania 8.5 North America 8.6 Latin America 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 References 12 External links Definition[edit] For more details on this topic, see Definitions of science fiction. A futuristic setting is a common but not a necessary hallmark of science fiction. A common thread in science fiction is exploring the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations on people's lives. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying "science fiction is what we point to when we say it",[5] a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography: you do not know what it is, but you know it when you see it.[6] Hugo Gernsback, who was one of the first in using the term "science fiction", described his vision of the genre: "By 'scientifiction' I mean the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision."[7] In 1970 William Atheling Jr. wrote about the English term "science fiction": "Wells used the term originally to cover what we would today call ‘hard’ science fiction, in which a conscientious attempt to be faithful to already known facts (as of the date of writing) was the substrate on which the story was to be built, and if the story was also to contain a miracle, it ought at least not to contain a whole arsenal of them."[8][9] According to science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein, "a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method."[10] Rod Serling's definition is "fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible."[11] Lester del Rey wrote, "Even the devoted aficionado—or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is", and that the reason for there not being a "full satisfactory definition" is that "there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction."[12] Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures.[13] It is similar to, but differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated physical laws (though some elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation). The settings for science fiction are often contrary to those of consensus reality, but most science fiction relies on a considerable degree of suspension of disbelief, which is facilitated in the reader's mind by potential scientific explanations or solutions to various fictional elements. Science fiction elements include: A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, or in a historical past that contradicts known facts of history or the archaeological record. A spatial setting or scenes in outer space (e.g. spaceflight), on other worlds, or on subterranean earth.[14] Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots and other types of characters arising from a future human evolution. Futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers.[15] Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for example time travel, wormholes, or faster-than-light travel or communication. New and different political or social systems, e.g. dystopian, post-scarcity, or post-apocalyptic.[16] Paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis, and teleportation. Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. History[edit] For more details on this topic, see History of science fiction. As a means of understanding the world through speculation and storytelling, science fiction has antecedents which go back to an era when the dividing line separating the mythological from the historical tends to become somewhat blurred, though precursors to science fiction as literature can be seen in Lucian's True History in the 2nd century,[17][18][19][20][21] some of the Arabian Nights tales,[22][23] The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter in the 10th century[23] and Ibn al-Nafis's Theologus Autodidactus in the 13th century.[24] A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of modern science itself, Margaret Cavendish's "The Blazing World" (1666) and Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726) are some of the first true science fantasy works,[25][26] which both feature the adventures of the protagonist in fictional and fantastical places. together with Voltaire's Micromégas (1752) and Johannes Kepler's Somnium (1620–1630).[27] Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered the latter work the first science fiction story.[28][29] It depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earth's motion is seen from there. The Blazing World (1666), by English noblewoman Margaret Cavendish, has also been described as an early forerunner of science fiction.[30][31][32][33] Another example is Ludvig Holberg's novel Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum (1741). Following the 18th-century development of the novel as a literary form, in the early 19th century, Mary Shelley's books Frankenstein (1818) and The Last Man helped define the form of the science fiction novel, and Brian Aldiss has argued that Frankenstein was the first work of science fiction.[34][35] Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon.[36] More examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Black-and-white photo of a man with bushy black mustache and black hair with parting. H. G. Wells Then with the dawn of new technologies such as electricity, the telegraph, and new forms of powered transportation, writers including H. G. Wells and Jules Verne created a body of work that became popular across broad cross-sections of society.[37] Wells' The War of the Worlds (1898) describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry. It is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the term "scientific romance" was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions by Edwin Abbott Abbott. The term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. Black-and-white photo of man in formal dress with unkempt hair, mustache and beard. Jules Verne In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine.[38] In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his three-decade-long series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars and featuring John Carter as the hero. The 1928 publication of Philip Nolan's original Buck Rogers story, Armageddon 2419, in Amazing Stories was a landmark event. This story led to comic strips featuring Buck Rogers (1929), Brick Bradford (1933), and Flash Gordon (1934). The comic strips and derivative movie serials greatly popularized science fiction. In the late 1930s, John W. Campbell became editor of Astounding Science Fiction, and a critical mass of new writers emerged in New York City in a group called the Futurians, including Isaac Asimov, Damon Knight, Donald A. Wollheim, Frederik Pohl, James Blish, Judith Merril, and others.[39] Other important writers during this period include E.E. (Doc) Smith, Robert A. Heinlein, Arthur C. Clarke, Olaf Stapledon, and A. E. van Vogt. Working outside the Campbell influence were Ray Bradbury and Stanislaw Lem. Campbell's tenure at Astounding is considered to be the beginning of the Golden Age of science fiction, characterized by hard SF stories celebrating scientific achievement and progress.[38] This lasted until post-war technological advances, new magazines such as Galaxy, edited by H. L. Gold, and a new generation of writers began writing stories with less emphasis on the hard sciences and more on the social sciences. In the 1950s, the Beat generation included speculative writers such as William S. Burroughs. In the 1960s and early 1970s, writers like Frank Herbert, Samuel R. Delany, Roger Zelazny, and Harlan Ellison explored new trends, ideas, and writing styles, while a group of writers, mainly in Britain, became known as the New Wave for their embrace of a high degree of experimentation, both in form and in content, and a highbrow and self-consciously "literary" or artistic sensibility.[25] In the 1970s, writers like Larry Niven brought new life to hard science fiction.[40] Ursula K. Le Guin and others pioneered soft science fiction.[41] In the 1980s, cyberpunk authors like William Gibson turned away from the optimism and support for progress of traditional science fiction.[42] This dystopian vision of the near future is described in the work of Philip K. Dick, such as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and We Can Remember It for You Wholesale, which resulted in the films Blade Runner and Total Recall. The Star Wars franchise helped spark a new interest in space opera,[43] focusing more on story and character than on scientific accuracy. C. J. Cherryh's detailed explorations of alien life and complex scientific challenges influenced a generation of writers.[44] Emerging themes in the 1990s included environmental issues, the implications of the global Internet and the expanding information universe, questions about biotechnology and nanotechnology, as well as a post-Cold War interest in post-scarcity societies; Neal Stephenson's The Diamond Age comprehensively explores these themes. Lois McMaster Bujold's Vorkosigan novels brought the character-driven story back into prominence.[45] The television series Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987) began a torrent of new SF shows, including three further Star Trek spin-off shows (Deep Space 9, Voyager, and Enterprise) and Babylon 5.[46][47] Stargate, a movie about an ancient portal to other gates across the galaxy, was released in 1994. Stargate SG-1, a TV series, premiered on July 27, 1997 and lasted 10 seasons with 214 episodes. Spin-offs include the animated television series Stargate Infinity, the TV series Stargate Atlantis and Stargate Universe, and the direct-to-DVD films Stargate: The Ark of Truth and Stargate: Continuum. Stargate SG-1 surpassed The X-Files as the longest-running North American science fiction television series, a record later broken by Smallville.[48] Concern about the rapid pace of technological change crystallized around the concept of the technological singularity, popularized by Vernor Vinge's novel Marooned in Realtime and then taken up by other authors.[49] The term "sci-fi"[edit] Forrest J Ackerman is credited with first using the term sci-fi (analogous to the then-trendy "hi-fi") in 1954.[50] As science fiction entered popular culture, writers and fans active in the field came to associate the term with low-budget, low-tech "B-movies" and with low-quality pulp science fiction.[51][52][53] By the 1970s, critics within the field such as Terry Carr and Damon Knight were using sci-fi to distinguish hack-work from serious science fiction.[54] Around 1978 critic Susan Wood and others introduced the use of the odd pronunciation "skiffy" which is intended to be self-deprecating humor but is inconsistent with the documented genesis of the term "sci-fi" (i.e., one would not pronounce "hi-fi" as "hiffy") and Ackerman's own words engraved on his crypt plaque which read "Sci-Fi was My High".[55][56] Peter Nicholls writes that "SF" (or "sf") is "the preferred abbreviation within the community of sf writers and readers."[57] David Langford's monthly fanzine Ansible includes a regular section "As Others See Us" which offers numerous examples of "sci-fi" being used in a pejorative sense by people outside the genre.[58] Innovation[edit] Science fiction has criticized developing and future technologies, but also initiates innovation and new technology. This topic has been more often discussed in literary and sociological than in scientific forums. Cinema and media theorist Vivian Sobchack examines the dialogue between science fiction films and the technological imagination. Technology impacts artists and how they portray their fictionalized subjects, but the fictional world gives back to science by broadening imagination. How William Shatner Changed the World is a documentary that gave a number of real-world examples of actualized technological imaginations. While more prevalent in the early years of science fiction with writers like Arthur C. Clarke, new authors still find ways to make currently impossible technologies seem closer to being realized.[59] Categories[edit] Hard SF[edit] Main article: Hard science fiction Arthur C. Clarke Hard science fiction, or "hard SF", is characterized by rigorous attention to accurate detail in the natural sciences, especially physics, astrophysics, and chemistry, or on accurately depicting worlds that more advanced technology may make possible. Some accurate predictions of the future come from the hard science fiction subgenre, but numerous inaccurate predictions have emerged as well.[citation needed] Some hard SF authors have distinguished themselves as working scientists, including Gregory Benford, Geoffrey A. Landis, David Brin,[60][61] and Robert L. Forward, while mathematician authors include Rudy Rucker and Vernor Vinge. Other noteworthy hard SF authors include Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Hal Clement, Greg Bear, Larry Niven, Robert J. Sawyer, Stephen Baxter, Alastair Reynolds, Charles Sheffield, Ben Bova, Kim Stanley Robinson, Anne McCaffery and Greg Egan. Soft SF[edit] Main article: Soft science fiction The description "soft" science fiction may describe works based on social sciences such as psychology, economics, political science, sociology, and anthropology. Noteworthy writers in this category include Ursula K. Le Guin and Philip K. Dick.[38][62] The term can describe stories focused primarily on character and emotion; SFWA Grand Master Ray Bradbury was an acknowledged master of this art.[63] The Eastern Bloc produced a large quantity of social science fiction, including works by Polish authors Stanislaw Lem and Janusz Zajdel, as well as Soviet authors such as the Strugatsky brothers, Kir Bulychov, Yevgeny Zamyatin and Ivan Yefremov.[64][65] Some writers blur the boundary between hard and soft science fiction. Related to social SF and soft SF are utopian and dystopian stories; George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, and Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale are examples. Satirical novels with fantastic settings such as Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift may also be considered science fiction or speculative fiction. Subgenres[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) Cyberpunk[edit] Main article: Cyberpunk The cyberpunk genre emerged in the early 1980s; combining cybernetics and punk,[66] the term was coined by author Bruce Bethke for his 1980 short story Cyberpunk.[67] The time frame is usually near-future and the settings are often dystopian in nature and characterized by misery. Common themes in cyberpunk include advances in information technology and especially the Internet, visually abstracted as cyberspace, artificial intelligence, and prosthetics and post-democratic societal control where corporations have more influence than governments. Nihilism, post-modernism, and film noir techniques are common elements, and the protagonists may be disaffected or reluctant anti-heroes. Noteworthy authors in this genre are William Gibson, Bruce Sterling, Neal Stephenson, and Pat Cadigan. James O'Ehley has called the 1982 film Blade Runner a definitive example of the cyberpunk visual style.[68] Time travel[edit] Main article: Time travel in fiction Time travel stories have antecedents in the 18th and 19th centuries. The first major time travel novel was Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. The most famous is H. G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine, which uses a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposefully and selectively, while Twain's time traveler is struck in the head. The term "time machine", coined by Wells, is now universally used to refer to such a vehicle. Back to the Future is one of the most popular franchises of this category. Stories of this type are complicated by logical problems such as the grandfather paradox.[69] Time travel continues to be a popular subject in modern science fiction, in print, movies, and television episodes of Stargate SG1 and the BBC television series Doctor Who. Alternate history[edit] Main article: Alternate history Alternative history stories are based on the premise that historical events might have turned out differently. These stories may use time travel to change the past, or may simply set a story in a universe with a different history from our own. Classics in the genre include Bring the Jubilee by Ward Moore, in which the South wins the American Civil War, and The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick, in which Germany and Japan win World War II. The Sidewise Award acknowledges the best works in this subgenre; the name is taken from Murray Leinster's 1934 story Sidewise in Time. Harry Turtledove is one of the most prominent authors in the subgenre and is sometimes called the "master of alternate history."[70][71] Military SF[edit] Main article: Military science fiction Military science fiction is set in the context of conflict between national, interplanetary, or interstellar armed forces; the primary viewpoint characters are usually soldiers. Stories include detail about military technology, procedure, ritual, and history; military stories may use parallels with historical conflicts. Heinlein's Starship Troopers is an early example, along with the Dorsai novels of Gordon Dickson. Joe Haldeman's The Forever War is a critique of the genre, a Vietnam-era response to the World War II–style stories of earlier authors.[72] Prominent military SF authors include John Scalzi, John Ringo, David Drake, David Weber, Tom Kratman, Michael Z. Williamson, S. M. Stirling, and John Carr. The publishing company Baen Books is known for cultivating several of these military science fiction authors.[73] Superhuman[edit] Superhuman stories deal with the emergence of humans who have abilities beyond the norm. This can stem either from natural causes such as in Olaf Stapledon's novel Odd John, Theodore Sturgeon's More Than Human, and Philip Wylie's Gladiator, or be the result of scientific advances, such as the intentional augmentation in A. E. van Vogt's novel Slan. These stories usually focus on the alienation that these beings feel as well as society's reaction to them. These stories have played a role in the real life discussion of human enhancement. Frederik Pohl's Man Plus also belongs to this category. Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic[edit] Main article: Apocalyptic fiction Apocalyptic fiction is concerned with the end of civilization through war (On the Beach), pandemic (The Last Man), astronomic impact (When Worlds Collide), ecological disaster (The Wind from Nowhere), or some other general disaster or with a world or civilization after such a disaster. Typical of the genre are George R. Stewart's novel Earth Abides and Pat Frank's novel Alas, Babylon. Apocalyptic fiction generally concerns the disaster itself and the direct aftermath, while post-apocalyptic fiction can deal with anything from the near aftermath (as in Cormac McCarthy's The Road) to 375 years in the future (as in By The Waters of Babylon) to hundreds or thousands of years in the future, as in Russell Hoban's novel Riddley Walker and Walter M. Miller, Jr.'s A Canticle for Leibowitz. Apocalyptic science-fiction is a popular genre in video games. The critically acclaimed role-playing action adventure video game series, Fallout, is set on a post-apocalyptic Earth, where civilization is recovering from a nuclear war as survivors struggle to survive and seek to rebuild society. Space opera[edit] Main article: Space opera Space opera is adventure science fiction set mainly or entirely in outer space or on multiple (sometimes distant) planets. The conflict is heroic, and typically on a large scale. The term "space opera" is sometimes used pejoratively, to describe improbable plots, absurd science, and cardboard characters. But it is also used nostalgically, and modern space opera may be an attempt to recapture the sense of wonder of the golden age of science fiction. The pioneer of this subgenre is generally recognized to be Edward E. (Doc) Smith, with his Skylark and Lensman series. George Lucas's Star Wars series is among the most popular and famous franchises in cinematic space opera. It covers epic battles between good and evil throughout an entire galaxy. Alastair Reynolds's Revelation Space series, Peter F. Hamilton's Void, Night's Dawn, Pandora's Star series, Stephen Hunt's Sliding Void series, Vernor Vinge's A Fire Upon the Deep, A Deepness in the Sky are newer examples of this genre. A prime example of the space opera genre seen in video games is the Mass Effect series.[citation needed] Space Western[edit] Main article: Space Western Space Western transposes themes of the American Western books and film to a backdrop of futuristic space frontiers. These stories typically involve colony worlds that have only recently been terraformed and/or settled serving as stand-ins for the backdrop of lawlessness and economic expansion that were predominant in the American west. Examples include the Sean Connery film Outland, Heinlein's Farmer in the Sky, the Firefly television series, and the film sequel Serenity by Joss Whedon, as well as the manga and anime series Trigun, Outlaw Star, and Cowboy Bebop. Social science fiction[edit] Main article: Social science fiction Social science fiction is a science fiction subgenre that focuses on themes of human society and human nature in a science fiction setting. Since it usually focuses more on the speculation of humanity and less on scientific accuracy, it's usually placed within soft science fiction. Other subgenres[edit] [hide]This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2013) This section requires expansion. (June 2008) Climate fiction or cli-fi features themes of fictional climatic settings and outcomes. Anthropological science fiction is a subgenre that absorbs and discusses anthropology and the study of human kind. Examples include Hominids by Robert J. Sawyer, and Neanderthal by John Darnton. Kaiju is a Japanese word that literally translates to "strange beast." The word has been translated and defined in English as "monster" and is used to refer to a genre of tokusatsu entertainment. Kaiju films feature large creatures of any form, usually attacking a major city or engaging another (or multiple) monster(s) in battle. The subgenre began in 1954 with Godzilla. Biopunk focuses on biotechnology and subversives. The main underlying theme within these stories is the attempt to change the human body and engineer humans for specific purposes through enhancements in genetic and molecular makeups. Many examples of this subgenre include subjects such as human experimentation, the misuse of biotechnology and synthetic biotechnology. This subgenre also includes works involving human cloning and how clones might exists within human society in the future. Some consider the first biopunk novel to be Mary Shelley's Frankenstein due to the way in which Dr. Frankenstein makes his monster.[citation needed] Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism. Comic science fiction is a subgenre that exploits the genre's conventions for comic effect. Feminist science fiction poses questions about social issues such as how society constructs gender roles, the role reproduction plays in defining gender and the unequal political and personal power of men over women. Some of the most notable feminist science fiction works have illustrated these themes using utopias to explore a society in which gender differences or gender power imbalances do not exist, or dystopias to explore worlds in which gender inequalities are intensified, thus asserting a need for feminist work to continue.[74] Joanna Russ's work, and some of Ursula K. Le Guin's work can be thus categorized. Magical feminism is a subgenre of feminist science fiction. Steampunk is based on the idea of futuristic technology existing in the past, usually the 19th century, and often set in Victorian era England—but with prominent elements of either science fiction or fantasy, such as fictional technological inventions like those found in the works of H. G. Wells and Jules Verne, or real technological developments like the computer occurring at an earlier date. Popular examples include The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling, Leviathan series by Scott Westerfeld, Bas-Lag series by China Miéville, as well as Girl Genius web comic by Phil and Kaja Foglio, although seeds of the subgenre may be seen in certain works of Michael Moorcock, Philip José Farmer and Steve Stiles, and in such games as Space: 1889 and Marcus Rowland's Forgotten Futures. Machines are most often powered by steam in this genre (hence the name). Terry Gilliam's 1985 film Brazil is seen as inspiration for writers and artists of the steampunk sub-culture.[75][76][77] Science fiction opera is an opera in a science fiction setting without an outer space of multi-planetary setting; therefore distinguishing it from Space opera. Sci-fi action - Sharing many of the conventions of a science fiction film, sci-fi action films emphasizes gun-play, space battles, invented weaponry, and other sci-fi elements weaved into action film premises. Examples include G.I. Samurai, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, The Matrix, Total Recall, Minority Report, The Island, Star Wars, Aliens, I Robot, Transformers, The Hunger Games, The Maze Runner, Equilibrium, District 9, Serenity, Akira, Paycheck, Predator, Robocop, Avatar, Mad Max 2, Divergent, They Live, Escape From New York and The Fifth Element.[78] Science fiction horror – Often revolves around subjects that include but are not limited to killer aliens, mad scientists, and/or experiments gone wrong. Dieselpunk takes over where Steampunk leaves off. These are stories that take over as we usher in the machine-heavy eras of WWI and WWII. The use of diesel-powered machines plays heavily. In this (like its steam counterpart), the focus is on the technology. Science-fiction poetry is poetry that has the characteristics or subject matter of science fiction. Science fiction poetry's main sources are the sciences and the literary movement of science fiction prose. An extended discussion of the field is given in Suzette Haden Elgin's The Science Fiction Poetry Handbook, where she compares and contrasts it to both mainstream poetry and to prose science fiction. The former, she maintains, uses figures of speech unencumbered by noncompliant details, whereas these details can be key elements in science-fiction poetry. Prose in science fiction has the time to develop a setting and a story, whereas a poem in the field is normally constrained by its short length to rely on some device to get a point across quickly. Elgin says that the effectiveness of this kind of poetry pivots around the correct use of presupposition.[79] The Science Fiction Association is an international organization of speculative poets,[80] which gives the annual Rhysling Awards for speculative poetry. An early example of science fiction in poetry is in Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Locksley Hall, where he introduces a picture of the future with "When I dipt into the future far as human eye could see...." This poem was written in 1835, near the end of the first Industrial Revolution. Poetry was only sparingly published in traditional science-fiction outlets such as pulp magazines until the New Wave.[81] By the 1980s there were magazines specifically devoted to science-fiction poetry.[81] Related genres[edit] Other speculative fiction, fantasy, and horror[edit] For more details on this topic, see Speculative fiction. Coronation of Elizabeth II Main article: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.[55] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen.[56] Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course".[57] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[58] She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.[59] With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[60] In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[61] Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[62] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[63] Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[64] In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They were divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.[65] Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died.[66] The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[67][d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries:[71] English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.[72] Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth Further information: Historical development of the Commonwealth realms, from the Queen's accession The Commonwealth realms (pink) and their territories and protectorates (red) at the beginning of Elizabeth II's reign A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume. Elizabeth II and Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference, Windsor Castle From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[73] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[74] Spanning 1953–54, the Queen and her husband embarked on a six-month around-the-world tour. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[75] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[76] Throughout her reign, the Queen has undertaken state visits to foreign countries and tours of Commonwealth ones and she is the most widely travelled head of state.[77] In 1956, French Prime Minister Guy Mollet and British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor of the European Union.[78] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[79] The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[80] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[81] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[82] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[83] Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


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carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde 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The broader category of speculative fiction[82] includes science fiction, fantasy, alternate histories (which may have no particular scientific or futuristic component), and even literary stories that contain fantastic elements, such as the work of Jorge Luis Borges or John Barth. For some editors, magic realism is considered to be within the broad definition of speculative fiction.[83] Fantasy[edit] Main article: Fantasy Fantasy is commonly associated with science fiction, and a number of writers have worked in both genres, while writers such as Anne McCaffrey, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Marion Zimmer Bradley have written works that appear to blur the boundary between the two related genres.[84] The authors' professional organization is called the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA).[85] SF conventions routinely have programming on fantasy topics,[86][87][88] and fantasy authors such as J. K. Rowling have won the highest honor within the science fiction field, the Hugo Award.[89] In general, science fiction differs from fantasy in that the former concerns things that might someday be possible or that at least embody the pretense of realism. Supernaturalism, usually absent in science fiction, is the distinctive characteristic of fantasy literature. A dictionary definition referring to fantasy literature is "fiction characterized by highly fanciful or supernatural elements." [90] Examples of fantasy supernaturalism include magic (spells, harm to opponents), magical places (Narnia, Oz, Middle Earth, Hogwarts), supernatural creatures (witches, vampires, orcs, trolls), supernatural transportation (flying broomsticks, ruby slippers, windows between worlds), and shapeshifting (beast into man, man into wolf or bear, lion into sheep). Such things are basic themes in fantasy.[91] Literary critic Fredric Jameson has characterized the difference between the two genres by describing science fiction as turning "on a formal framework determined by concepts of the mode of production rather than those of religion" – that is, science fiction texts are bound by an inner logic based more on historical materialism than on magic or the forces of good and evil.[92] Some narratives are described as being essentially science fiction but "with fantasy elements." The term "science fantasy" is sometimes used to describe such material.[93] Science fantasy[edit] Main article: Science fantasy Science fantasy is a genre where elements of science fiction and fantasy co-exist or combine. Stories and franchises that display fictional science as well as supernatural elements, sorcery or/and "magical technology" are considered science fantasy. Climate fiction[edit] Main article: Climate fiction Climate fiction is a genre based around themes of reaction to major climate change. It is sometimes called "cli-fi", much as "science fiction" is often shortened to "sci-fi". Cli-fi novels and films are often set in either the present or the near or distant future, but they can also be set in the past. Many cli-fi works raise awareness about the major threats that global warming and climate change present to life on Earth. Horror fiction[edit] Main article: Horror fiction Horror fiction is the literature of the unnatural and supernatural, with the aim of unsettling or frightening the reader, sometimes with graphic violence. Historically it has also been known as weird fiction. Although horror is not per se a branch of science fiction, some works of horror literature incorporates science fictional elements. One of the defining classical works of horror, Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, is the first fully realized work of science fiction, where the manufacture of the monster is given a rigorous science-fictional grounding. The works of Edgar Allan Poe also helped define both the science fiction and the horror genres.[94] Today horror is one of the most popular categories of films.[95] Horror is often mistakenly categorized as science fiction at the point of distribution by libraries, video rental outlets, etc. Supernatural fiction[edit] Main article: Supernatural fiction Supernatural fiction is a genre that features supernatural and other paranormal phenomenon in stories and settings. Mystery fiction[edit] Main article: Mystery fiction Works in which science and technology are a dominant theme, but based on current reality, may be considered mainstream fiction. Much of the thriller genre would be included, such as the novels of Tom Clancy or Michael Crichton, or the James Bond films.[96] Modernist works from writers like Kurt Vonnegut, Philip K. Dick, and Stanislaw Lem have focused on speculative or existential perspectives on contemporary reality and are on the borderline between SF and the mainstream.[97] According to Robert J. Sawyer, "Science fiction and mystery have a great deal in common. Both prize the intellectual process of puzzle solving, and both require stories to be plausible and hinge on the way things really do work."[98] Isaac Asimov, Walter Mosley, and other writers incorporate mystery elements in their science fiction, and vice versa. Distinct from the above, a full-fledged Science Fiction Mystery is one which is set in a completely different world from ours, in which the circumstances and motives of the crime committed and the identity of the detective(s) seeking to solve it are of an essentially science fictional character. A prime example is Isaac Asimov's "The Caves of Steel" and its sequels, set in a world thousands of years in the future and presenting the Robot detective R. Daneel Olivaw. An allied genre is the Fantasy Mystery, a detective mystery set in a world of fantasy - such as the Lord Darcy mysteries taking place in a world where magic works, or "The Idylls of the Queen" set in the mythical King Arthur's court. Superhero fiction[edit] Main article: Superhero fiction Superhero fiction is a genre characterized by beings with much higher than usual capability and prowess, generally with a desire or need to help the citizens of their chosen country or world by using their powers to defeat natural or superpowered threats. A number of superhero fiction characters involve themselves (either intentionally or accidentally) with science fiction and fact, including advanced technologies, alien worlds, time travel, and interdimensional travel; but the standards of scientific plausibility are lower than with actual science fiction. Authors of this genre include Stan Lee (co-creator of Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Iron Man, the X-Men, and the Hulk); Marv Wolfman, the creator of Blade for Marvel Comics, and The New Teen Titans for DC Comics; Dean Wesley Smith (Smallville, Spider-Man, and X-Men novels) and Superman writers Roger Stern and Elliot S! Maggin. Fandom and community[edit] For more details on this topic, see Science fiction fandom. Science fiction fandom is the "community of the literature of ideas... the culture in which new ideas emerge and grow before being released into society at large."[99] Members of this community, "fans", are in contact with each other at conventions or clubs, through print or online fanzines, or on the Internet using web sites, mailing lists, and other resources. SF fandom emerged from the letters column in Amazing Stories magazine. Soon fans began writing letters to each other, and then grouping their comments together in informal publications that became known as fanzines.[100] Once they were in regular contact, fans wanted to meet each other, and they organized local clubs. In the 1930s, the first science fiction conventions gathered fans from a wider area.[101] Conventions, clubs, and fanzines were the dominant form of fan activity, or "fanac", for decades, until the Internet facilitated communication among a much larger population of interested people. Authors[edit] Science fiction is being written worldwide by a diverse population of authors. According to 2013 statistics by the science fiction publisher Tor Books, men outnumber women by 78% to 22% among submissions to the publisher.[102] A controversy about voting slates in the 2015 Hugo Awards highlighted tensions in the science fiction community between a trend of increasingly diverse works and authors being honored by awards, and a backlash by groups of authors and fans who preferred what they considered more traditional science fiction.[103] Awards[edit] For more details on this topic, see List of science fiction awards. Among the most respected awards for science fiction are the Hugo Award, presented by the World Science Fiction Society at Worldcon; the Nebula Award, presented by SFWA and voted on by the community of authors; and the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award for short fiction. One notable award for science fiction films is the Saturn Award. It is presented annually by The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films. There are national awards, like Canada's Prix Aurora Awards, regional awards, like the Endeavour Award presented at Orycon for works from the Pacific Northwest, special interest or subgenre awards like the Chesley Award for art or the World Fantasy Award for fantasy. Magazines may organize reader polls, notably the Locus Award. Conventions, clubs, and organizations[edit] For more details on this topic, see Science fiction convention. Pamela Dean reading at Minicon Conventions (in fandom, shortened as "cons"), are held in cities around the world, catering to a local, regional, national, or international membership. General-interest conventions cover all aspects of science fiction, while others focus on a particular interest like media fandom, filking, etc. Most are organized by volunteers in non-profit groups, though most media-oriented events are organized by commercial promoters. The convention's activities are called the "program", which may include panel discussions, readings, autograph sessions, costume masquerades, and other events. Activities that occur throughout the convention are not part of the program; these commonly include a dealer's room, art show, and hospitality lounge (or "con suites").[104] Conventions may host award ceremonies; Worldcons present the Hugo Awards each year. SF societies, referred to as "clubs" except in formal contexts, form a year-round base of activities for science fiction fans. They may be associated with an ongoing science fiction convention, or have regular club meetings, or both. Most groups meet in libraries, schools and universities, community centers, pubs or restaurants, or the homes of individual members. Long-established groups like the New England Science Fiction Association and the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society have clubhouses for meetings and storage of convention supplies and research materials.[105] The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) was founded by Damon Knight in 1965 as a non-profit organization to serve the community of professional science fiction authors,[85] 24 years after his essay "Unite or Fie!" had led to the organization of the National Fantasy Fan Federation. Fandom has helped incubate related groups, including media fandom,[106] the Society for Creative Anachronism,[107] gaming,[108] filking, and furry fandom.[109] Fanzines and online fandom[edit] For more details on this topic, see Science fiction fanzine. The first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930.[110] Fanzine printing methods have changed over the decades, from the hectograph, the mimeograph, and the ditto machine, to modern photocopying. Distribution volumes rarely justify the cost of commercial printing. Modern fanzines are printed on computer printers or at local copy shops, or they may only be sent as email. The best known fanzine (or "'zine") today is Ansible, edited by David Langford, winner of numerous Hugo awards. Other fanzines to win awards in recent years include File 770, Mimosa, and Plokta.[111] Artists working for fanzines have risen to prominence in the field, including Brad W. Foster, Teddy Harvia, and Joe Mayhew; the Hugos include a category for Best Fan Artists.[111] The earliest organized fandom online was the SF Lovers community, originally a mailing list in the late 1970s with a text archive file that was updated regularly.[112] In the 1980s, Usenet groups greatly expanded the circle of fans online. In the 1990s, the development of the World-Wide Web exploded the community of online fandom by orders of magnitude, with thousands and then literally millions of web sites devoted to science fiction and related genres for all media.[105] Most such sites are small, ephemeral, and/or very narrowly focused, though sites like SF Site and SFcrowsnest offer a broad range of references and reviews about science fiction. Fan fiction[edit] For more details on this topic, see Fan fiction. Fan fiction, known to aficionados as "fanfic", is non-commercial fiction created by fans in the setting of an established book, film, video game, or television series.[113] This modern meaning of the term should not be confused with the traditional (pre-1970s) meaning of "fan fiction" within the community of fandom, where the term meant original or parody fiction written by fans and published in fanzines, often with members of fandom as characters therein. Examples of this would include the Goon Defective Agency stories, written starting in 1956 by Irish fan John Berry and published in his and Arthur Thomson's fanzine Retribution. In the last few years, sites have appeared such as Orion's Arm and Galaxiki, which encourage collaborative development of science fiction universes. In some cases, the copyright owners of the books, films, or television series have instructed their lawyers to issue "cease and desist" letters to fans. Science fiction studies[edit] For more details on this topic, see Science fiction studies. [Science fiction] is the one real international literary form we have today, and as such has branched out to visual media, interactive media and on to whatever new media the world will invent in the 21st century... crossover issues between the sciences and the humanities are crucial for the century to come. “” George Edgar Slusser[114] The study of science fiction, or science fiction studies, is the critical assessment, interpretation, and discussion of science fiction literature, film, new media, fandom, and fan fiction. Science fiction scholars take science fiction as an object of study in order to better understand it and its relationship to science, technology, politics, and culture-at-large. Science fiction studies has a long history dating back to the turn of the 20th century, but it was not until later that science fiction studies solidified as a discipline with the publication of the academic journals Extrapolation (1959), Foundation - The International Review of Science Fiction (1972), and Science Fiction Studies (1973), and the establishment of the oldest organizations devoted to the study of science fiction, the Science Fiction Research Association and the Science Fiction Foundation, in 1970. The field has grown considerably since the 1970s with the establishment of more journals, organizations, and conferences with ties to the science fiction scholarship community, and science fiction degree-granting programs such as those offered by the University of Liverpool and Kansas University. The National Science Foundation has conducted surveys of "Public Attitudes and Public Understanding" of "Science Fiction and Pseudoscience."[115] They write that "Interest in science fiction may affect the way people think about or relate to science....one study found a strong relationship between preference for science fiction novels and support for the space program...The same study also found that students who read science fiction are much more likely than other students to believe that contacting extraterrestrial civilizations is both possible and desirable (Bainbridge 1982).[116] As serious literature[edit] Mary Shelley wrote a number of science fiction novels including Frankenstein, and is treated as a major Romantic writer.[117] A number of science fiction works have received critical acclaim including Childhood's End and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (the inspiration for the movie Blade Runner). A number of respected writers of mainstream literature have written science fiction, including Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Anthony Burgess' A Clockwork Orange and Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale. Nobel Laureate Doris Lessing wrote a series of SF novels, Canopus in Argos, and nearly all of Kurt Vonnegut's works contain science fiction premises or themes. The scholar Tom Shippey asks a perennial question of science fiction: "What is its relationship to fantasy fiction, is its readership still dominated by male adolescents, is it a taste which will appeal to the mature but non-eccentric literary mind?"[118] In her much reprinted essay "Science Fiction and Mrs Brown,"[119] the science fiction writer Ursula K. Le Guin has approached an answer by first citing the essay written by the English author Virginia Woolf entitled Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown in which she states: I believe that all novels, ... deal with character, and that it is to express character – not to preach doctrines, sing songs, or celebrate the glories of the British Empire, that the form of the novel, so clumsy, verbose, and undramatic, so rich, elastic, and alive, has been evolved ... The great novelists have brought us to see whatever they wish us to see through some character. Otherwise they would not be novelists, but poets, historians, or pamphleteers. Le Guin argues that these criteria may be successfully applied to works of science fiction and so answers in the affirmative her rhetorical question posed at the beginning of her essay: "Can a science fiction writer write a novel?" Tom Shippey[118] in his essay does not dispute this answer but identifies and discusses the essential differences that exists between a science fiction novel and one written outside the field. To this end, he compares George Orwell's Coming Up for Air with Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth's The Space Merchants and concludes that the basic building block and distinguishing feature of a science fiction novel is the presence of the novum, a term Darko Suvin adapts from Ernst Bloch and defines as "a discrete piece of information recognizable as not-true, but also as not-unlike-true, not-flatly- (and in the current state of knowledge) impossible."[120] In science fiction the style of writing is often relatively clear and straightforward compared to classical literature. Orson Scott Card, an author of both science fiction and non-SF fiction, has postulated that in science fiction the message and intellectual significance of the work is contained within the story itself and, therefore, there need not be stylistic gimmicks or literary games; but that some writers and critics confuse clarity of language with lack of artistic merit. In Card's words: ...a great many writers and critics have based their entire careers on the premise that anything that the general public can understand without mediation is worthless drivel. [...] If everybody came to agree that stories should be told this clearly, the professors of literature would be out of a job, and the writers of obscure, encoded fiction would be, not honored, but pitied for their impenetrability.[121] Science fiction author and physicist Gregory Benford has declared that: "SF is perhaps the defining genre of the twentieth century, although its conquering armies are still camped outside the Rome of the literary citadels."[122] This sense of exclusion was articulated by Jonathan Lethem in an essay published in the Village Voice entitled "Close Encounters: The Squandered Promise of Science Fiction."[123] Lethem suggests that the point in 1973 when Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow was nominated for the Nebula Award, and was passed over in favor of Arthur C. Clarke's Rendezvous with Rama, stands as "a hidden tombstone marking the death of the hope that SF was about to merge with the mainstream." Among the responses to Lethem was one from the editor of the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction who asked: "When is it [the SF genre] ever going to realize it can't win the game of trying to impress the mainstream?"[124] On this point the journalist and author David Barnett has remarked:[125] The ongoing, endless war between "literary" fiction and "genre" fiction has well-defined lines in the sand. Genre's foot soldiers think that literary fiction is a collection of meaningless but prettily drawn pictures of the human condition. The literary guard consider genre fiction to be crass, commercial, whizz-bang potboilers. Or so it goes. Barnett, in an earlier essay had pointed to a new development in this "endless war":[126] What do novels about a journey across post-apocalyptic America, a clone waitress rebelling against a future society, a world-girdling pipe of special gas keeping mutant creatures at bay, a plan to rid a colonizable new world of dinosaurs, and genetic engineering in a collapsed civilization have in common? They are all most definitely not science fiction. Literary readers will probably recognize The Road by Cormac McCarthy, one of the sections of Cloud Atlas by David Mitchell, The Gone-Away World by Nick Harkaway, The Stone Gods by Jeanette Winterson and Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood from their descriptions above. All of these novels use the tropes of what most people recognize as science fiction, but their authors or publishers have taken great pains to ensure that they are not categorized as such. World-wide examples[edit] Although perhaps most developed as a genre and community in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, science fiction is a worldwide phenomenon. Organisations devoted to promotion and even translation in particular countries are commonplace, as are country- or language-specific genre awards. Africa[edit] Mohammed Dib, an Algerian writer, wrote a science fiction allegory about his nation's politics, Qui se souvient de la mer (Who Remembers the Sea?) in 1962.[127] Masimba Musodza, a Zimbabwean author, published MunaHacha Maive Nei? the first science-fiction novel in the Shona language,[128][129] which also holds the distinction of being the first novel in the Shona language to appear as an ebook first before it came out in print. In South Africa, a movie titled District 9 came out in 2009, an apartheid allegory featuring extraterrestrial life forms, produced by Peter Jackson. Science fiction examines society through shifting power structures (such as the shift of power from humanity to alien overlords). African science fiction often uses this genre norm to situate slavery and the slave trade as an alien abduction. Commonalities in experiences with unknown languages, customs, and culture lend themselves well to this comparison. The subgenre also commonly employs the mechanism of time travel to examine the effects of slavery and forced emigration on the individual and the family.[citation needed] Asia[edit] Main articles: Bengali science fiction, Science fiction in China and Japanese science fiction Indian science fiction, defined loosely as science fiction by writers of Indian descent, began with the English-language publication of Kylas Chundar Dutt's A Journal of Forty-Eight Hours of the Year 1945 in the Calcutta Literary Gazette (June 6, 1835). Since this story was intended as a political polemic, credit for the first science fiction story is often given to later Bengali authors such as Jagadananda Roy, Hemlal Dutta and the polymath Jagadish Chandra Bose. Eminent film maker and writer Satyajit Ray also enriched Bengali science fiction by writing many short stories as well as science fiction series, Professor Shonku (see Bengali science fiction). Similar traditions exist in Hindi, Marathi, Tamil and English.[130] In English, the modern era of Indian speculative fiction began with the works of authors such as Samit Basu, Payal Dhar, Vandana Singh and Anil Menon. Works such as Amitav Ghosh's The Calcutta Chromosome, Salman Rushdie's Grimus, and Boman Desai's The Memory of Elephants are generally classified as magic realist works but make essential use of SF tropes and techniques. In recent years authors in some other Indian languages have begun telling stories in this genre; for example in Punjabi IP Singh and Roop Dhillon have written stories that can clearly be defined as Punjabi science fiction. The latter has coined the term Vachitarvaad to describe such literature.[citation needed] Modern science fiction in China mainly depends on the magazine Science Fiction World. A number of works were originally published in it in installments, including the highly successful novel The Three-Body Problem, written by Liu Cixin. Until recently, there has been little domestic science fiction literature in Korea.[131] Within the small field, the author and critic writing under the nom de plume Djuna has been credited with being the major force.[132] The upswing that began in 2009 has been attributed by Shin Junebong to a combination of factors.[133] Shin quotes Djuna as saying, "'It looks like the various literary awards established by one newspaper after another, with hefty sums of prize money, had a big impact.'" [133] Another factor cited was the active use of Web bulletin boards among the then-young writers brought up on translations of Western SF.[134] In spite of the increase, there were still no more than sixty or so authors writing in the field at that time.[133] Chalomot Be'aspamia is an Israeli magazine of short science fiction and fantasy stories. The Prophecies Of Karma, published in 2011, is advertised as the first work of science fiction by an Arabic author, the Lebanese writer Nael Gharzeddine. Europe[edit] Main articles: Science fiction in Croatia, Czech science fiction and fantasy, French science fiction, Norwegian science fiction, Science fiction in Poland, Romanian science fiction, Science fiction in Russia, Science fiction in Serbia and Spanish science fiction France and Belgium[edit] Moonshot from Le Voyage dans la lune (1902), a silent film by George Méliès Jules Verne, a 19th-century French novelist known for his pioneering science fiction works (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Journey to the Center of the Earth, From the Earth to the Moon) is the prime representative of the French legacy of science fiction. French science fiction of the 19th century was also represented with such artists as Albert Robida and Isidore Grandville. In the 20th century, traditions of French science fiction were carried on by writers like Pierre Boulle (best known for his Planet of the Apes), Serge Brussolo, Bernard Werber, René Barjavel and Robert Merle, among others. In Franco-Belgian comics, bande dessinée ("BD") science-fiction is a well established genre.[citation needed] Notable French science fiction comics include Valerian et Laureline by Pierre Christin and Jean-Claude Mézières, a space opera franchise that has lasted since 1967. Metal Hurlant magazine (known in US as Heavy Metal) was one of the largest contributors to francophone science-fiction comics. Its major authors include Jean "Moebius" Giraud, creator of Arzach; Chilean Alejandro Jodorowsky, who created a series of comics, including L'Incal and Les Metabarons, set in Jodoverse; and Enki Bilal with The Nikopol Trilogy. Giraud also contributed to French SF animation, collaborating with René Laloux on several animated features. A number of artists from neighboring countries, such as Spain and Italy, create science fiction and fantasy comics in French aimed at a Franco-Belgian market.[citation needed] In French cinema, science fiction began with silent film director and visual effects pioneer George Méliès, whose most famous film was Voyage to the Moon, loosely based on books by Verne and Wells. In the 20th and 21st centuries, French science fiction films were represented by René Laloux's animated features, as well as Enki Bilal's adaptation of the Nikopol Trilogy, Immortal. Luc Besson filmed The Fifth Element as a joint Franco-American production. In the French-speaking world, the colloquial use of the term sci-fi is an accepted Anglicism for the term science fiction.[135] This probably stems from the fact that science fiction writing never expanded there to the extent it did in the English-speaking world, particularly with the dominance of the United States. Nevertheless, France has made a tremendous contribution to science fiction in its seminal stages of development. Although the term "science fiction" is understood in France, their penchant for the "weird and wacky" has a long tradition and is sometimes called "le culte du merveilleux." This uniquely French tradition certainly encompasses what the anglophone world would call French science fiction but also ranges across fairies, Dadaism, and surrealism.[citation needed] Italy[edit] Italy has a vivid history in science fiction, though almost unknown outside her borders. The history of Italian science fiction recognizes a varied roadmap of this genre which spread to a popular level after World War Two, and in particular in the second half of the 1950s, on the wave of American and British literature. The earliest pioneers may be found in the literature of the fantastic voyage and of the Renaissance Utopia, even in previous masterpieces such as "The Million" of Marco Polo. In the second half of the 19th century stories and short novels of "scientific fantasies" (also known as "incredible stories" or "fantastic" or "adventuristic", "novels of the future times" or "utopic", "of the tomorrow") appeared in Sunday newspaper supplements, in literary magazines, and as booklets published in installments. Added to these, at the beginning of the 20th century, were the most futuristic masterpieces of the great Emilio Salgari, considered by most the father of Italian science fiction, and Yambo and Luigi Motta, the most renowned authors of popular novels of the time, with extraordinary adventures in remote and exotic places, and even works of authors representing known figures of the "top" literature, among them Massimo Bontempelli, Luigi Capuana, Guido Gozzano, Ercole Luigi Morselli. The true birth of Italian science fiction is placed in 1952, with the publishing of the first specialized magazines, Scienza Fantastica (Fantastic Science) and Urania, and with the appearance of the term "fantascienza" which has become the usual translation of the English term "science fiction." The "Golden Years" span the period 1957-1960. From the end of the 1950s science fiction became in Italy one of the most popular genres, although its popular success was not followed by critical success. In spite of an active and organized fandom there hasn't been an authentic sustained interest on the part of the Italian cultural élite towards science fiction. Popular Italian science fiction writers include Gianluigi Zuddas, Giampietro Stocco, Lino Aldani, as well as comic artists, such as Milo Manara. Valerio Evangelisti is the best known modern author of Italian science fiction and fantasy.[136] Also, popular Italian children's writer Gianni Rodari often turned to science fiction aimed at children, most notably, in Gip in the Television. Germany[edit] Director Fritz Lang and cameraman Curt Courant, creators of Metropolis The main German science fiction writer in the 19th century was Kurd Laßwitz.[137] According to Austrian SF critic Franz Rottensteiner, though significant German novels of a science-fiction nature were published in the first half of the 20th century, SF did not exist as a genre in the country until after World War II and the heavy importing and translation of American works. In the 20th century, during the years of divided Germany, both East and West spawned a number of successful writers. Top East German writers included Angela and Karlheinz Steinmüller, as well as Günther Krupkat. West German authors included Carl Amery, Gudrun Pausewang, Wolfgang Jeschke and Frank Schätzing, among others. A well known science fiction book series in the German language is Perry Rhodan, which started in 1961. Having sold over one billion copies (in pulp format), it claims to be the most successful science fiction book series ever written, worldwide.[138] Current well-known SF authors from Germany are five-time Kurd-Laßwitz-Award winner Andreas Eschbach, whose books The Carpet Makers and Eine Billion Dollar are big successes, and Frank Schätzing, who in his book The Swarm mixes elements of the science thriller with SF elements to an apocalyptic scenario. The most prominent German-speaking author, according to Die Zeit, is[when?] Austrian Herbert W. Franke.[citation needed] In the 1920s Germany produced a number of critically acclaimed high-budget science fiction and horror films. Metropolis by director Fritz Lang is credited as one of the most influential science fiction films ever made.[139][140][141] Other films of the era included Woman in the Moon, Alraune, Algol, Gold, Master of the World, among others. In the second half of the 20th century, East Germany also became a major science fiction film producer, often in a collaboration with fellow Eastern Bloc countries. Films of this era include Eolomea, First Spaceship on Venus and Hard to Be a God. Russia and ex-Soviet countries[edit] Main article: Russian science fiction and fantasy Russians made their first steps to science fiction in the mid-19th century, with utopias by Faddei Bulgarin and Vladimir Odoevsky.[142] However, it was the Soviet era that became the genre's golden age. Soviet writers were prolific,[143] despite limitations set up by state censorship. Early Soviet writers, such as Alexander Belayev, Alexey N. Tolstoy and Vladimir Obruchev, employed Vernian/Wellsian hard science fiction based on scientific predictions.[144] The most notable books of the era include Belayev's Amphibian Man, The Air Seller and Professor Dowell's Head; Tolstoy's Aelita and Engineer Garin's Death Ray. Early Soviet science fiction was influenced by communist ideology and often featured a leftist agenda or anti-capitalist satire. [145][146][147] Those few early Soviet books that challenged the communist worldview and satirized the Soviets, such as Yevgeny Zamyatin's dystopia We or Mikhail Bulgakov's Heart of a Dog and Fatal Eggs, were banned from publishing until the 1980s, although they still circulated in fan-made copies. Fantastic art is a broad and loosely defined art genre.[1] It is not restricted to a specific school of artists, geographical location or historical period. It can be characterised by subject matter – which portrays non-realistic, mystical, mythical or folkloric subjects or events – and style, which is representational and naturalistic, rather than abstract - or in the case of magazine illustrations and similar, in the style of graphic novel art such as manga. Fantasy has been an integral part of art since its beginnings,[2] but has been particularly important in mannerism, magic realist painting, romantic art, symbolism, surrealism and lowbrow. In French, the genre is called le fantastique, in English it is sometimes referred to as visionary art, grotesque art or mannerist art. It has had a deep and circular interaction with fantasy literature. The subject matter of Fantastic Art may resemble the product of hallucinations, and Fantastic artist Richard Dadd spent much of his life in mental institutions. Salvador Dalí famously said: "the only difference between me and a madman is that I am not mad".[3] Some recent Fantastic Art draws on the artist's experience, or purported experience, of hallucinogenic drugs. The term Fantasy Art is closely related, and is applied primarily to recent art (typically 20th century onwards) inspired by, or illustrating, fantasy literature. The term has acquired some pejorative overtones. Fantastic art has traditionally been largely confined to painting and illustration, but since the 1970s has increasingly been found also in photography. Fantastic art explores fantasy, "space fantasy" (a subgenre which incorporates subjects of alien mythology and/or alien religion), imagination, the dream state, the grotesque, visions and the uncanny,[2] as well as so-called "Goth" art. Contents [hide] 1 Related genres 2 Historic artists and fine artists 3 20th Century 4 Contemporary artists[citation needed] 5 Non-European Art 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Related genres[edit] vampire, face of little green man, feather pen (quill) and fire-breathing dragon – to the right of that are scripted words "Speculative (over) Fiction" Speculative fiction Alternate history[show] Fantasy fiction[hide] Anime Fantasy art Fiction magazines Films Genres History Legendary creatures Literature Quests and artifacts Races Television Themes Worlds Writers Science fiction[show] Horror fiction[show] Other[show] Portal icon Speculative fiction portal v t e Genres which may also be considered as Fantastic Art include the Symbolism of the Victorian era, and Surrealism. Works based on classical mythology, which have been a staple of European art from the Renaissance period, also arguably meet the definition of Fantastic Art, as art based on modern mythology such as JRR Tolkien's Middle Earth mythos unquestionably does. Religious art also depicts supernatural or miraculous subjects in a naturalistic way, but is not generally regarded as Fantastic Art. Historic artists and fine artists[edit] Many artists have produced works which fit the definition of fantastic art. Some, such as Nicholas Roerich, worked almost exclusively in the genre, others such as Hieronymus Bosch, who has been described as the first "fantastic" artist in the Western tradition,[2] produced works both with and without fantastic elements, and for artists such as Francisco de Goya, fantastic works were only a small part of their output. Others again such as René Magritte are usually classed as Surrealists but use fantastic elements in their work. It is therefore impossible to give an exhaustive list of fantastic artists, but a selection of major and influential figures is listed below.[1][4] Giuseppe Arcimboldo Arnold Böcklin William Blake Hieronymus Bosch Brueghel Hans Baldung Grien Monsù Desiderio Marc Chagall Richard Dadd Salvador Dalí Paul Delvaux Gustave Doré Max Ernst Caspar David Friedrich Henry Fuseli Francisco de Goya Matthias Grünewald Thomas Häfner Max Klinger Gustave Moreau Giovanni Battista Piranesi Odilon Redon Nicholas Roerich Henri Rousseau Clovis Trouille 20th Century[edit] The rise of fantasy and science fiction "pulp" magazines demanded artwork to illustrate stories and (via cover art) to promote sales. This led to a movement of science fiction and fantasy artists prior to and during the Great Depression, as anthologised by Vincent Di Fate, himself a prolific SF and space artist.[5] In the United States in the 1930s, a group of Wisconsin artists inspired by the Surrealist movement of Europe created their own brand of fantastic art. They included Madison, Wisconsin-based artists Marshall Glasier, Dudley Huppler and John Wilde; Karl Priebe of Milwaukee and Gertrude Abercrombie of Chicago. Their art combined macabre humor, mystery and irony [6] which was in direct and pointed contradiction to the American Regionalism then in vogue. In postwar Chicago, the art movement Chicago Imagism produced many fantastic and grotesque paintings, which were little noted because they did not conform to New York abstract art fashions of the time. Major imagists include Roger Brown, Gladys Nilsson, Jim Nutt, Ed Paschke, and Karl Wirsum.[7] Contemporary artists[citation needed][edit] Gustave Doré's fantastic illustration of Orlando Furioso: defeating a sea monster Arik Brauer Zdzislaw Beksinski Carlo Bocchio Gerald Brom Thomas Canty Roger Dean Bob Eggleton Larry Elmore Victoria Francés Frank Frazetta Brian Froud Wendy Froud Ernst Fuchs Donato Giancola H.R. Giger Peter Gric Dream art is any form of art directly based on material from dreams, or which employs dream-like imagery. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Notable works directly based on dreams 2.1 Visual art 2.2 Literature 2.3 Film 2.4 Comics 2.5 Music 3 Works intended to resemble dreams, but not directly based on them 3.1 Novels 3.2 Drama 3.3 Film 3.4 Comics 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History[edit] References to dreams in art are as old as literature itself: the story of Gilgamesh, the Bible, and the Iliad all describe dreams of major characters and the meanings thereof. However, dreams as art, without a "real" frame story, appear to be a later development—though there is no way to know whether many premodern works were dream-based. In European literature, the Romantic movement emphasized the value of emotion and irrational inspiration. "Visions", whether from dreams or intoxication, served as raw material and were taken to represent the artist's highest creative potential. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Symbolism and Expressionism introduced dream imagery into visual art. Expressionism was also a literary movement, and included the later work of the playwright August Strindberg, who coined the term "dream play" for a style of narrative that did not distinguish between fantasy and reality. At the same time, discussion of dreams reached a new level of public awareness in the Western world due to the work of Sigmund Freud, who introduced the notion of the subconscious mind as a field of scientific inquiry. Freud greatly influenced the 20th-century Surrealists, who combined the visionary impulses of Romantics and Expressionists with a focus on the unconscious as a creative tool, and an assumption that apparently irrational content could contain significant meaning, perhaps more so than rational content. The invention of film and animation brought new possibilities for vivid depiction of nonrealistic events, but films consisting entirely of dream imagery have remained an avant-garde rarity. Comic books and comic strips have explored dreams somewhat more often, starting with Winsor McCay's popular newspaper strips; the trend toward confessional works in alternative comics of the 1980s saw a proliferation of artists drawing their own dreams. In the collection, The Committee of Sleep, Harvard psychologist Deirdre Barrett identifies modern dream-inspired art such as paintings including Jasper Johns's Flag, much of the work of Jim Dine and Salvador Dalí, novels ranging from "Sophie's Choice" to works by Anne Rice and Stephen King and films including Robert Altman's Three Women, John Sayles Brother from Another Planet and Ingmar Bergman's Wild Strawberries. That book also describes how Paul McCartney's Yesterday was heard by him in a dream and Most of Billy Joel's and Ladysmith Black Mambazo's music has originated in dreams. Dream material continues to be used by a wide range of contemporary artists for various purposes. This practice is considered by some to be of psychological value for the artist—independent of the artistic value of the results—as part of the discipline of "dream work". The international Association for the Study of Dreams[1] holds an annual juried show of visual dream art. Notable works directly based on dreams[edit] This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) Visual art[edit] Many works by William Blake (1757–1827) Many works by Salvador Dalí (1904–1989) Many works by Man Ray Many works by Max Magnus Norman Many works by Elle Nicolai Many works by Odilon Redon (1840–1916) Many works by Jonathan Borofsky (born 1942) Many works by Jim Shaw (born 1952) Many works by David Reisman (born 1958)[2] Many works by Jane Gifford (www.janegifford.co.uk) The works of Alan Sweeney [3] Online illustrated daily dreams of Robin Whitmore [4] Many works by Kevin Coffee [5] Many works by Carl Linkhart [6] Dream pop is a subgenre of alternative rock. The term was coined in the late 1980s by Alex Ayuli to describe the music of his band A.R. Kane.[1] Shortly after, US-based music journalist Simon Reynolds used the term to describe the shoegazing scene in the UK. Reynolds is generally credited as being the first critic to use the term "dream pop" to describe a genre of music, and noted the influence of ethereal bands such as Cocteau Twins.[2] In the 1990s, dream pop and shoegazing were regionally dependent and interchangeable terms.[3][4][5] Contents [hide] 1 Definition 2 Influence and legacy All Things Must Pass is a triple album by English musician George Harrison, released in November 1970. His third solo album, it includes the hit singles "My Sweet Lord" and "What Is Life", as well as songs such as "Isn't It a Pity" and the title track that were turned down by Harrison's former band, the Beatles. The album reflects the influence of his musical activities outside the Beatles during 1968–70, with Bob Dylan, the Band, Delaney & Bonnie, Billy Preston and others, and Harrison's growth as an artist beyond his supporting role to former bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney. All Things Must Pass introduced Harrison's signature sound, the slide guitar, and the spiritual themes that would be present throughout his subsequent solo work. The original vinyl release consisted of two LPs of songs and a third disc of informal jams, titled Apple Jam. Commentators interpret Barry Feinstein's album cover photo, showing Harrison surrounded by four garden gnomes, as a statement on his independence from the Beatles. Production began at London's Abbey Road Studios in May 1970, with extensive overdubbing and mixing continuing through October. Among the large cast of backing musicians were Eric Clapton and Delaney & Bonnie's Friends band – three of whom formed Derek and the Dominos with Clapton during the recording – as well as Ringo Starr, Gary Wright, Preston, Klaus Voormann, John Barham, Badfinger and Pete Drake. The sessions produced a double album's worth of extra material, most of which remains unissued. All Things Must Pass was critically acclaimed on release and, with long stays at number 1 on charts around the world, commercially successful. The album was co-produced by Phil Spector and employs his Wall of Sound production technique to notable effect; Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone described the sound as "Wagnerian, Brucknerian, the music of mountain tops and vast horizons".[1] Reflecting the widespread surprise at the assuredness of Harrison's post-Beatles debut, Melody Maker?'s Richard Williams likened the album to Greta Garbo's first role in a talking picture and declared: "Garbo talks! – Harrison is free!"[2] According to Colin Larkin, writing in the 2011 edition of his Encyclopedia of Popular Music, All Things Must Pass is "generally rated" as the best of all the former Beatles' solo albums.[3] During the final year of his life, Harrison oversaw a successful reissue campaign to mark the 30th anniversary of the album's release. Following this reissue, in March 2001, the set was certified six-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Among its appearances in critics' best-album lists, All Things Must Pass was ranked 79th on The Times?' "The 100 Best Albums of All Time" in 1993, while Rolling Stone currently places it 433rd on the magazine's "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". In January 2014, All Things Must Pass was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Album content 2.1 Main body 2.2 Apple Jam 2.3 Demo tracks and outtakes 3 Contributing musicians 4 Production 4.1 Initial recording 4.2 Overdubbing 4.3 Mixing and mastering 5 Album artwork 6 Release 7 Critical reception 7.1 Contemporary reviews 7.2 Retrospective reviews and legacy 8 Subsequent releases 8.1 2001 8.2 2010 8.3 2014 9 Track listing 9.1 Original release 9.2 2001 remaster 10 Personnel 11 Accolades 11.1 Grammy Awards 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year-end charts 13 Certifications 14 Notes 15 Citations 16 Sources 17 External links Background[edit] The British music journalist John Harris has identified the start of George Harrison's "journey" to making All Things Must Pass as his visit to America in late 1968, following the acrimonious sessions for the Beatles' White Album.[4] While in Woodstock in November,[5] Harrison established a long-lasting friendship with Bob Dylan[4] and experienced a creative equality among the Band that contrasted sharply with John Lennon and Paul McCartney's domination in the Beatles.[6][7] Coinciding with this visit was a surge in Harrison's songwriting output,[8] following his renewed interest in the guitar, after three years spent studying the Indian sitar.[9][10] As well as being one of the few musicians to co-write songs with Dylan,[4] Harrison had recently collaborated with Eric Clapton on "Badge",[11] which became a hit single for Cream in the spring of 1969.[12] Billboard ad for Harrison's Wonderwall Music soundtrack (1968) Once back in London, and with his compositions continually overlooked for inclusion on releases by the Beatles,[13][14] Harrison found creative fulfilment in extracurricular projects that, in the words of his musical biographer, Simon Leng, served as an "emancipating force" from the restrictions imposed on him in the band.[15] His activities during 1969 included producing Apple signings Billy Preston and Doris Troy, two American singer-songwriters whose soul and gospel roots proved as influential on All Things Must Pass as the music of the Band.[16] He also recorded with artists such as Leon Russell[17] and Jack Bruce,[18] and accompanied Clapton on a short tour with Delaney Bramlett's soul revue, Delaney & Bonnie and Friends.[19] In addition, Harrison identified his involvement with the Hare Krishna movement as providing "another piece of a jigsaw puzzle" that represented the spiritual journey he had begun in 1966.[20] As well as embracing the Vaishnavist branch of Hinduism, Harrison produced two hit singles during 1969–70 by the UK-based devotees, credited as Radha Krishna Temple (London).[21] In January 1970,[22] Harrison invited American producer Phil Spector to participate in the recording of Lennon's Plastic Ono Band single "Instant Karma!"[23][24] This association led to Spector being given the task of salvaging the Beatles' Get Back rehearsal tapes, released officially as the Let It Be album (1970),[25][26] and later co-producing All Things Must Pass.[27] Harrison first discussed the possibility of making a solo album of his unused songs during the ill-tempered Get Back sessions, held at Twickenham Film Studios in January 1969.[28][29][nb 1] At Abbey Road Studios on 25 February, his 26th birthday,[32] Harrison recorded demos of "All Things Must Pass" and two other compositions that had received little interest from Lennon and McCartney at Twickenham.[33][34] With the inclusion of one of these songs – "Something" – and "Here Comes the Sun" on the Beatles' Abbey Road album in September 1969, music critics acknowledged that Harrison had bloomed into a songwriter to match Lennon and McCartney.[35][36] Although he began talking publicly about recording his own album from the autumn of 1969,[37][38] it was only after McCartney announced that he was leaving the Beatles, in April 1970, signalling the band's break-up,[39] that Harrison committed to the idea.[40] Despite having already made Wonderwall Music (1968), a mostly instrumental soundtrack album, and the experimental Electronic Sound (1969),[41] Harrison considered All Things Must Pass to be his first solo album.[42][nb 2] Album content[edit] Main body[edit] I went to George's Friar Park ... and he said, "I have a few ditties for you to hear." It was endless! He had literally hundreds of songs and each one was better than the rest. He had all this emotion built up when it was released to me.[47] – Phil Spector, on first hearing Harrison's backlog of songs in early 1970 Spector first heard Harrison's stockpile of unreleased compositions early in 1970, when visiting his recently purchased home, Friar Park.[47] "It was endless!" Spector later recalled of the recital, noting the quantity and quality of Harrison's material.[47] Harrison had accumulated songs from as far back as 1966; both "Isn't It a Pity" and "Art of Dying" date from that year.[48] He co-wrote at least two songs with Dylan while in Woodstock,[49] one of which, "I'd Have You Anytime", appeared on All Things Must Pass.[50] Harrison wrote "Let It Down" in late 1968 also.[51] He introduced the Band-inspired[52] "All Things Must Pass", along with "Hear Me Lord" and "Let It Down", at the Beatles' Get Back rehearsals, only to have them rejected by Lennon and McCartney.[53][54][nb 3] The tense atmosphere at Twickenham fuelled another All Things Must Pass song, "Wah-Wah",[58] which Harrison wrote in the wake of his temporary departure from the band on 10 January 1969.[59] "Run of the Mill" followed soon afterwards, its lyrics focusing on the failure of friendships within the Beatles[60] amid the business problems surrounding their Apple organisation.[61] Harrison's musical activities outside the band during 1969 inspired other compositions on the album: "What Is Life" came to him while driving to a London session that spring for Preston's That's the Way God Planned It album;[62] "Behind That Locked Door" was Harrison's message of encouragement to Dylan,[63] written the night before the latter's comeback performance at the Isle of Wight Festival;[64] and Harrison began "My Sweet Lord" as an exercise in writing a gospel song[65] during Delaney & Bonnie's stopover in Copenhagen in December 1969.[66][nb 4] "I Dig Love" resulted from Harrison's early experiments with slide guitar, a technique that Bramlett had introduced him to,[65] in order to cover for guitarist Dave Mason's departure from the Friends line-up.[69] Other songs on All Things Must Pass, all written during the first half of 1970, include "Awaiting on You All", which reflected Harrison's adoption of chanting through his involvement with the Hare Krishna movement;[70][71] "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)", a tribute to the original owner of Friar Park;[72] and "Beware of Darkness".[73] The latter was another composition influenced by Harrison's association with the Radha Krishna Temple,[74] and was written while some of the devotees were staying with him at Friar Park.[75] Shortly before beginning work on All Things Must Pass, Harrison attended a Dylan session in New York on 1 May 1970,[76] during which he acquired a new song of Dylan's, "If Not for You".[58] Harrison wrote "Apple Scruffs", which was one of a number of Dylan-influenced compositions on the album,[77] towards the end of production on All Things Must Pass, as a tribute to the diehard fans who had kept a vigil outside the studios where he was working.[71][78] According to Leng, All Things Must Pass represents the completion of Harrison's "musical-philosophical circle", in which his 1966–68 immersion in Indian music found a Western equivalent in gospel music.[79] While identifying hard rock, country and western, and Motown among the other genres on the album, Leng writes of the "plethora of new sounds and influences" that Harrison had absorbed through 1969 and now incorporated, including "Krishna chants, gospel ecstasy, Southern blues-rock [and] slide guitar".[80] The melodies of "Isn't It a Pity" and "Beware of Darkness" have aspects of Indian classical music, and on "My Sweet Lord", Harrison combined the Hindu bhajan tradition with gospel.[81] The recurrent lyrical themes on the album are Harrison's spiritual quest, as it would be throughout his solo career,[82] and friendship, particularly the failure of relationships among the Beatles.[83][84] Rob Mitchum of Pitchfork Media describes the album as "dark-tinged Krishna folk-rock".[85] Apple Jam[edit] On the original LP's third disc, entitled Apple Jam, four of the five tracks – "Out of the Blue", "Plug Me In", "I Remember Jeep" and "Thanks for the Pepperoni" – are improvised instrumentals built around minimal chord changes,[86] or in the case of "Out of the Blue", a single-chord riff.[87] The title for "I Remember Jeep" originated from the name of Clapton's dog, Jeep,[88] and "Thanks for the Pepperoni" came from a line on a Lenny Bruce comedy album.[89] In a December 2000 interview with Billboard magazine, Harrison explained: "For the jams, I didn't want to just throw [them] in the cupboard, and yet at the same time it wasn't part of the record; that's why I put it on a separate label to go in the package as a kind of bonus."[90][nb 5] The only vocal selection on Apple Jam is "It's Johnny's Birthday", sung to the tune of Cliff Richard's 1968 hit "Congratulations", and recorded as a gift from Harrison to Lennon to mark the latter's 30th birthday.[92] Like all the "free" tracks on the bonus disc,[93] "It's Johnny's Birthday" carried a Harrison songwriting credit on the original UK release of All Things Must Pass,[94] while on the first US copies, the only songwriting information on the record's face labels was the standard inclusion of a performing rights organisation, BMI.[95] In December 1970, "Congratulations" songwriters Bill Martin and Phil Coulter claimed for royalties,[92] with the result that the composer's credit for Harrison's track was swiftly changed to acknowledge Martin and Coulter.[88] Demo tracks and outtakes[edit] Aside from the seventeen compositions issued on discs one and two of the original album,[96] Harrison recorded at least twenty other songs – either in demo form for Spector's benefit, just before recording got officially under way in late May, or as outtakes from the sessions.[97][98] In a 1992 interview, Harrison commented on the volume of material: "I didn't have many tunes on Beatles records, so doing an album like All Things Must Pass was like going to the bathroom and letting it out."[99][nb 6] As well as "Wah-Wah", "Art of Dying" and others that would soon be developed in a band setting, Harrison's solo performance for Spector included the following songs,[100] all of which remain unreleased:[29][nb 7] "Window, Window" – another composition turned down by the Beatles in January 1969[102] "Everybody, Nobody" – the melody of which Harrison adapted for "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp"[100] "Nowhere to Go" – a second Harrison–Dylan collaboration from November 1968, originally known as "When Everybody Comes to Town"[103] "Cosmic Empire", "Mother Divine" and "Tell Me What Has Happened to You".[29][104] Also from this performance were two tracks that Harrison returned to in later years.[97] "Beautiful Girl" appeared on his 1976 album Thirty Three & 1/3,[29] and the Dylan-written "I Don't Want to Do It" was Harrison's contribution to the soundtrack for Porky's Revenge! (1985).[58] During the main sessions for All Things Must Pass, Harrison taped or routined early versions of "You", "Try Some, Buy Some" and "When Every Song Is Sung".[105][106] Harrison offered these three songs to Ronnie Spector in February 1971 for her proposed (and soon abandoned) solo album on Apple Records.[107] After releasing his own versions of "Try Some, Buy Some" and "You" between 1973 and 1975,[108] he offered "When Every Song Is Sung" (since retitled "I'll Still Love You") to former bandmate Ringo Starr for his 1976 album Ringo's Rotogravure.[109] "Woman Don't You Cry for Me", written in December 1969 as his first slide-guitar composition,[110] was another song that Harrison revisited on Thirty Three & 1/3.[69] Harrison included "I Live for You" as the only all-new bonus track on the 2001 reissue of All Things Must Pass.[111] "Down to the River" remained unused until he reworked it as "Rocking Chair in Hawaii"[112] for his final studio album, the posthumously released Brainwashed (2002).[113] Harrison recorded the following compositions during the All Things Must Pass sessions but they have never received an official release:[106] "Dehradun" – written during the Beatles' stay in Rishikesh in early 1968, and unveiled by Harrison in a brief performance on ukulele for the 1995 TV broadcast of The Beatles Anthology[97] "Gopala Krishna" – also known as "Om Hare Om",[106] with all-Sanskrit lyrics,[114] and described by Simon Leng as a "rocking companion" to "Awaiting on You All"[115] "Going Down to Golders Green" – a Sun Records-era Presley parody based on the melody of "Baby Let's Play House".[106] Contributing musicians[edit] That was the great thing about [the Beatles] splitting up: to be able to go off and make my own record ... And also to be able to record with all these new people, which was like a breath of fresh air.[29] – George Harrison, December 2000 The precise line-up of contributing musicians is open to conjecture.[116][117] Due to the album's big sound and the many participants on the sessions, commentators have traditionally referred to the grand, orchestral nature of this line-up.[118][119][120] In 2002, music critic Greg Kot described it as "a who's who of the decade's rock royalty",[53] while Harris writes of the cast taking on "a Cecil B. De Mille aspect".[58] Jim Gordon, Carl Radle, Bobby Whitlock and Eric Clapton formed Derek and the Dominos while participating in the sessions for All Things Must Pass. The musicians included Bobby Whitlock, Jim Gordon, Carl Radle, Bobby Keys, Jim Price and Dave Mason,[121] all of whom had recently toured with Delaney & Bonnie.[122] Along with Eric Clapton, there were also musicians whose link with Harrison went back some years, such as Ringo Starr and Billy Preston, and German bassist Klaus Voormann,[123] formerly of Manfred Mann and a friend since the Beatles' years in Hamburg.[124] Handling much of the keyboard work with Whitlock was Gary Wright,[116] who went on to collaborate regularly with Harrison throughout the 1970s.[125] From within Apple's stable of musicians, Harrison recruited the band Badfinger, future Yes drummer Alan White, and Beatles assistant Mal Evans on percussion.[126][127] Badfinger drummer Mike Gibbins' powerful tambourine work led to Spector giving him the nickname "Mr Tambourine Man", after the Dylan song,[58] while bandmates Pete Ham, Tom Evans and Joey Molland provided rhythm acoustic-guitar parts that, in keeping with Spector's Wall of Sound principles, were to be "felt but not heard".[71] Orchestral arranger John Barham also sat in on the sessions, occasionally contributing Music edit Soprano vocalist Violeta Urmanaviciute Urmana Pop singer Violeta RiaubiškyteSee also List of Lithuanian singers Linas Adomaitis – pop singer participant in the Eurovision Song Contest Ilja Aksionovas lt Ilja Aksionovas pop and opera singer boy soprano Osvaldas Balakauskas – ambassador and classical composer Alanas Chošnau – singer member of former music group Naktines Personos Egidijus Dragunas – lt Egidijus Dragunas leader of Sel one of the first hip hop bands in Lithuania Justas Dvarionas – lt Justas Dvarionas pianist educator Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis – painter and composer Balys Dvarionas – composer conductor pianist professor Gintare Jautakaite pop artist signed with EMI and Sony Music Entertainment in Gintaras Januševicius internationally acclaimed pianist Algirdas Kaušpedas architect and lead singer of Antis Nomeda Kazlauskaite Kazlaus opera singer dramatic soprano appearing internationally Vytautas Kernagis – one of the most popular bards Algis Kizys – long time bass player of post punk no wave band Swans Andrius Mamontovas – rock singer co founder of Foje and LT United Marijonas Mikutavicius – singer author of Trys Milijonai the unofficial sports anthem in Lithuania Vincas Niekus – lt Vincas Niekus composer Virgilijus Noreika – one of the most successful opera singers tenor Mykolas Kleopas Oginskis – one of the best composer of the late th century Kipras Petrauskas – lt Kipras Petrauskas popular early opera singer tenor Stasys Povilaitis – one of the popular singers during the Soviet period Violeta Riaubiškyte – pop singer TV show host Mindaugas Rojus opera singer tenor baritone Ceslovas Sasnauskas – composer Rasa Serra – lt Rasa Serra real name Rasa Veretenceviene singer Traditional folk A cappella jazz POP Audrone Simonaityte Gaižiuniene – lt Audrone Gaižiuniene Simonaityte one of the more popular female opera singers soprano Virgis Stakenas – lt Virgis Stakenas singer of country folk music Antanas Šabaniauskas – lt Antanas Šabaniauskas singer tenor Jurga Šeduikyte – art rock musician won the Best Female Act and the Best Album of in the Lithuanian Bravo Awards and the Best Baltic Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards Jonas Švedas – composer Michael Tchaban composer singer and songwriter Violeta Urmanaviciute Urmana opera singer soprano mezzosoprano appearing internationally Painters and graphic artists edit See also List of Lithuanian artists Robertas Antinis – sculptor Vytautas Ciplijauskas lt Vytautas Ciplijauskas painter Jonas Ceponis – lt Jonas Ceponis painter Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis – painter and composer Asteroid Ciurlionis is named for him Kostas Dereškevicius lt Kostas Dereškevicius painter Vladimiras Dubeneckis painter architect Stasys Eidrigevicius graphic artist Pranas Gailius lt Pranas Gailius painter Paulius Galaune Petronele Gerlikiene – self taught Lithuanian American artist Algirdas Griškevicius lt Algirdas Griškevicius Vincas Grybas – sculptor Leonardas Gutauskas lt Leonardas Gutauskas painter writer Vytautas Kairiukštis – lt Vytautas Kairiukštis painter art critic Vytautas Kasiulis – lt Vytautas Kasiulis painter graphic artist stage designer Petras Kalpokas painter Rimtas Kalpokas – lt Rimtas Kalpokas painter graphic artist Leonas Katinas – lt Leonas Katinas painter Povilas Kaupas – lt Povilas Kaupas Algimantas Kezys Lithuanian American photographer Vincas Kisarauskas – lt Vincas Kisarauskas painter graphic artist stage designer Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene – lt Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene graphic artist painter Stasys Krasauskas – lt Stasys Krasauskas graphic artist Stanislovas Kuzma – lt Stanislovas Kuzma sculptor Antanas Martinaitis – lt Antanas Martinaitis painter Jonas Rimša – lt Jonas Rimša painter Jan Rustem painter Antanas Samuolis – lt Antanas Samuolis painter Šarunas Sauka painter Boris Schatz – sculptor and founder of the Bezalel Academy Irena Sibley née Pauliukonis – Children s book author and illustrator Algis Skackauskas – painter Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Franciszek Smuglewicz – painter Yehezkel Streichman Israeli painter Kazys Šimonis – painter Algimantas Švegžda – lt Algimantas Švegžda painter Otis Tamašauskas Lithographer Print Maker Graphic Artist Adolfas Valeška – painter and graphic artist Adomas Varnas – painter Kazys Varnelis – artist Vladas Vildžiunas lt Vladas Vildžiunas sculptor Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis lt Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis graphic artist Viktoras Vizgirda – painter William Zorach – Modern artist who died in Bath Maine Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Kazimieras Leonardas Žoromskis – painter Politics edit President Valdas Adamkus right chatting with Vice President Dick Cheney left See also List of Lithuanian rulers Mindaugas – the first and only King of Lithuania – Gediminas – the ruler of Lithuania – Algirdas – the ruler together with Kestutis of Lithuania – Kestutis – the ruler together with Algirdas of Lithuania – Vytautas – the ruler of Lithuania – together with Jogaila Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

on harmonium and vibraphone.[128] Other guests included Nashville pedal steel player Pete Drake, Procol Harum's Gary Brooker and a pre-Genesis Phil Collins.[129] For contractual reasons, on UK pressings of All Things Must Pass, Clapton's participation on the first two discs of the album remained unacknowledged for many years,[119][130] although he was listed among the musicians appearing on the Apple Jam disc in Britain.[131][132][nb 8] Harrison was unaware of Collins's contribution until putting together the 30th anniversary reissue of the album in 2000,[138] at which point he offered Collins his belated thanks.[139] Clapton's former bandmate in Cream and Blind Faith, Ginger Baker, participated in the session for "I Remember Jeep" only, according to the album's sleeve notes.[106] Simon Leng consulted Voormann, Barham, Molland and Delaney Bramlett for his chapter covering the making of All Things Must Pass and credits Tony Ashton as one of the keyboard players on both versions of "Isn't It a Pity".[140][nb 9] Some sources suggest that Peter Frampton may have been among the rhythm guitarists on some songs,[143] while similarly unsubstantiated claims exist regarding possible guest appearances from John Lennon,[144] Maurice Gibb[145] and Pink Floyd's Richard Wright.[146][147] In addition, for some years after the album's release, rumours claimed that the Band backed Harrison on the country-influenced "Behind That Locked Door".[148] Production[edit] Initial recording[edit] You could feel after the first few sessions that it was going to be a great album.[149] – Klaus Voormann, 2003 The date for Harrison's run-through of songs for Spector, at Abbey Road Studios, is generally thought to have been 20 May 1970, the same day as the Let It Be film's world premiere,[150] with recording sessions beginning on 26 May.[29][98][151][nb 10] With assistance from former Beatles engineers Ken Scott and Phil McDonald,[126] Spector recorded most of the album's backing tracks live,[153] in some cases featuring multiple drummers and keyboard players, and as many as five rhythm guitarists.[58][138] Abbey Road Studios, where Harrison recorded much of All Things Must Pass According to authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter, the majority of these backing tracks were taped on 8-track at Abbey Road, with the first batch of sessions taking place from late May through to the second week of June.[154] The first song recorded was "Wah-Wah";[155] "What Is Life", versions one and two of "Isn't It a Pity", and the songs on which Drake participated, such as "All Things Must Pass" and "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp", were among the other tracks taped then.[156][nb 11] The Apple Jam instrumentals "Thanks for the Pepperoni" and "Plug Me In", featuring Harrison, Clapton and Mason each taking extended guitar solos,[160] were recorded later in June, at the Beatles' Apple Studio, and marked the formation of Clapton, Whitlock, Radle and Gordon's short-lived band Derek and the Dominos.[143] Harrison also contributed on guitar to both sides of the band's debut single, "Tell the Truth"[161] and "Roll It Over",[162] which were produced by Spector and recorded at Apple on 18 June.[143][163] The eleven-minute "Out of the Blue" featured contributions from Keys and Price,[164] both of whom began working with the Rolling Stones around this time.[165] Although Harrison had estimated in a New York radio interview that the solo album would take no more than eight weeks to complete,[166][167] recording, overdubbing and mixing on All Things Must Pass lasted for five months, until late October.[143][168] Part of the reason for this was Harrison's need to make regular visits to Liverpool to tend to his mother, who had been diagnosed with cancer.[169][170] Participants at the recording sessions identify Spector's erratic behaviour as another factor affecting progress on the album.[58][143][171] Harrison later referred to Spector needing "eighteen cherry brandies" before he could start work, a situation that forced much of the production duties onto Harrison alone.[58][170] In July 1970, by which time sessions had resumed at Trident Studios,[97] Spector fell over in the studio and broke his arm.[149] Early that month, work on All Things Must Pass was temporarily brought to a halt as Harrison headed north to see his dying mother for the last time.[172][nb 12] EMI's growing concerns regarding studio costs added to the pressure on Harrison,[149] and a further complication, John Harris notes, was that Clapton had become infatuated with Harrison's wife, Pattie Boyd, and adopted a heroin habit as a means of coping with his guilt.[58][nb 13] Overdubbing[edit] In Spector's absence, Harrison had completed the album's backing tracks and preliminary overdubs by 12 August.[143] He then sent early mixes of many of the songs to his co-producer, who was convalescing in Los Angeles,[126] and Spector replied by letter dated 19 August with suggestions for further overdubs and final mixing.[143] Among Spector's comments were detailed suggestions regarding "Let It Down",[60] the released recording of which Madinger and Easter describe as "the best example of Spector running rampant with the 'Wall of Sound'", and an urging that he and Harrison carry out further work on the songs at the superior, 16-track Trident Studios facility.[177] Spector then returned to oversee conversion of the 8-track recordings to 16-track masters,[170] a process that allowed for more freedom when overdubbing new instruments.[126] John Barham's orchestrations were recorded during the next phase of the album's production,[155] starting in early September, along with many further contributions from Harrison, such as his lead vocals, slide guitar parts and multi-tracked backing vocals (the latter credited to "the George O'Hara-Smith Singers").[178] Leng recognises Barham's arrangements on "pivotal" songs such as "Isn't It a Pity", "My Sweet Lord", "Beware of Darkness" and "All Things Must Pass" as important elements of the album's sound,[115] while Spector has praised Harrison's guitar and vocal work on the overdubs, saying: "Perfectionist is not the right word. Anyone can be a perfectionist. He was beyond that ..."[47] Harrison's style of slide guitar playing incorporated aspects of both Indian music and the blues tradition;[52] from its introduction on All Things Must Pass, Leng writes, Harrison's slide guitar became his musical signature – "as instantly recognisable as Dylan's harmonica or Stevie Wonder's".[179] Mixing and mastering[edit] If I were doing [All Things Must Pass] now, it would not be so produced. But it was the first record ... And anybody who's familiar with Phil [Spector]'s work – it was like Cinemascope sound.[42] – George Harrison, January 2001 On 9 October, while carrying out final mixing at Abbey Road, Harrison presented Lennon with the recently recorded "It's Johnny's Birthday".[180][nb 14] The track featured Harrison on vocals, harmonium and all other instruments, and vocal contributions from Mal Evans and assistant engineer Eddie Klein.[92] That same month, Harrison finished his production work on Starr's 1971 single "It Don't Come Easy", the basic track for which they had recorded with Voormann in March at Trident.[182] Aside from his contributions to projects by Starr, Clapton, Preston and Ashton during 1970, over the following year Harrison would reciprocate the help that his fellow musicians on All Things Must Pass had given him by contributing to albums by Whitlock, Wright, Badfinger and Keys.[183][nb 15] On 28 October, Harrison and Boyd arrived in New York, where he and Spector carried out final preparation for the album's release, such as sequencing.[126] Harrison harboured doubts about whether all the songs they had finished were worthy of inclusion; Allan Steckler, Apple Records' US manager, was "stunned" by the quality of the material and assured Harrison that he should issue all the songs.[29] Spector's signature production style gave All Things Must Pass a heavy, reverb-oriented sound, which Harrison came to regret with the passage of time.[185][186][187] Outtakes from the recording sessions became available on bootlegs in the 1990s.[188] One such unofficial release, the three-disc The Making of All Things Must Pass,[189] contains multiple takes of some of the songs on the album, providing a work-in-progress on the sequence of overdubs onto the backing tracks.[155] Album artwork[edit] Harrison commissioned Tom Wilkes to design an "elaborate hinged cardboard box" in which to house the three vinyl discs, rather than have them packaged in a triple gatefold cover.[88] Apple insider Tony Bramwell later recalled: "It was a bloody big thing ... You needed arms like an orang-utan to carry half a dozen."[133] The packaging caused some confusion among retailers, who associated boxed albums with opera or classical works.[133] The stark black-and-white cover photo was taken on the main lawn at Friar Park[71] by Wilkes' Camouflage Productions partner, Barry Feinstein.[88] Commentators interpret the photograph – showing Harrison seated in the centre of, and towering over, four comical-looking garden gnomes – as representing his removal from the Beatles' collective identity.[190][191] The gnomes had recently been delivered to Friar Park and placed on the lawn;[192] seeing the four figures there, and mindful of the message in the album's title, Feinstein immediately drew parallels with Harrison's former band.[133] Author and music journalist Mikal Gilmore has written that Lennon's initial negativity regarding All Things Must Pass was possibly because he was "irritated" by this cover photo;[169] Harrison biographer Elliot Huntley attributes this negativity to Lennon's "jealousy" during a time when "everything [Harrison] touched turned to gold".[193][nb 16] Apple included a poster with the album, showing Harrison in a darkened corridor of his home, standing in front of an iron-framed window.[197] Wilkes had designed a more adventurous poster, but according to Beatles author Bruce Spizer, Harrison was uncomfortable with the imagery.[198][nb 17] Some of the Feinstein photographs that Wilkes had incorporated into this original poster design appeared instead on the picture sleeves for the "My Sweet Lord" single and its follow-up, "What Is Life".[88] Release[edit] Music should be used for the perception of God, not jitterbugging.[169] – George Harrison, January 1971 EMI and its US counterpart, Capitol Records, had originally scheduled the album for release in October 1970, and advance promotion began in September.[143] An "intangible buzz" had been "in the air for months" regarding Harrison's solo album, according to Alan Clayson, and "for reasons other than still-potent loyalty to the Fab Four".[199] Harrison's stature as an artist had grown over the past year through the acclaim afforded his songs on Abbey Road,[200][201] as well as the speculation caused by his and Dylan's joint recording session in New York.[202] Noting also Harrison's role in popularising new acts such as the Band and Delaney & Bonnie, and his association with Clapton and Cream, NME critic Bob Woffinden concluded in 1981: "All in all, Harrison's credibility was building to a peak."[200] Trade ad for the "What Is Life" single, February 1971 All Things Must Pass was released on 27 November 1970 in the United States, and on 30 November in Britain,[196] with the rare distinction of having the same Apple catalogue number (STCH 639) in both countries.[93] Often credited as rock's first triple album,[169][203] it was the first triple set of previously unissued music by a single act, the multi-artist Woodstock live album having preceded it by six months.[170] Adding to the commercial appeal of Harrison's songs, Clayson writes, All Things Must Pass appeared at a time when religion and spirituality had become "a turn-of-the-decade craze" among Western youth, just as the Twist had been in 1960.[204] Another factor behind the album's first weeks of release was Harrison's meeting with McCartney in New York,[196] the failure of which led to McCartney filing suit in London's High Court to dissolve the Beatles' legal partnership.[205] Apple issued "My Sweet Lord" as the album's first single, as a double A-side with "Isn't It a Pity" in the majority of countries.[206] It was highly successful,[201] topping singles charts around the world during the first few months of 1971,[71] on its way to becoming the most performed song of that year.[207][nb 18] Discussing the song's cultural impact, Gilmore credits "My Sweet Lord" with being "as pervasive on radio and in youth consciousness as anything the Beatles had produced".[169] Issued in February 1971, the second single, "What Is Life" backed with "Apple Scruffs",[209] was also successful.[210] All Things Must Pass was number 1 on the UK's official albums chart for eight weeks, although until 2006, chart records incorrectly stated that it had peaked at number 4.[211][nb 19] On Melody Maker?'s national chart, the album was also number 1 for eight weeks, from 6 February to 27 March, six of which coincided with "My Sweet Lord" topping the magazine's singles chart.[212] In America, All Things Must Pass spent seven weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Top LP's chart, from 2 January until 20 February, and a similarly long period atop the listings compiled by Cash Box and Record World;[213] for three of those weeks, "My Sweet Lord" held the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100.[214] Writing in the April 2001 issue of Record Collector, managing editor Peter Doggett described Harrison as "arguably the most successful rock star on the planet" at the start of 1971, with All Things Must Pass "easily outstripping other solo Beatles projects later in the year, such as [McCartney's] Ram and [Lennon's] Imagine".[215] Harrison's so-called "Billboard double" – whereby one artist simultaneously holds the top positions on the magazine's albums and singles listings – was a feat that none of his former bandmates equalled until Paul McCartney and Wings repeated the achievement in June 1973.[216][nb 20] At the 1972 Grammy Awards, All Things Must Pass was nominated for Album of the Year and "My Sweet Lord" for Record of the Year, but Harrison lost out in both categories to Carole King.[218][219] All Things Must Pass was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America on 17 December 1970[220] and it has since been certified six times platinum.[213][221] According to John Bergstrom of PopMatters, as of January 2011, All Things Must Pass had sold more than Imagine and McCartney and Wings' Band on the Run (1973) combined.[222] Also writing in 2011, Lennon and Harrison biographer Gary Tillery describes it as "the most successful album ever released by an ex-Beatle".[223] In his 2004 book The 100 Best-Selling Albums of the 70s, Hamish Champ ranks it as the 36th best-selling album of that decade.[224] Critical reception[edit] Contemporary reviews[edit] All Things Must Pass received almost universal critical acclaim on release – as much for the music and lyrical content as for the fact that, of all the former Beatles, it was the work of supposed junior partner George Harrison.[2][186][225] Beatles author Robert Rodriguez has written of critics' attention being centred on "a major talent unleashed, one who'd been hidden in plain sight all those years" behind Lennon and McCartney.[226] "That the Quiet Beatle was capable of such range," Rodriguez continues, "from the joyful 'What Is Life' to the meditative 'Isn't It a Pity' to the steamrolling 'Art of Dying' to the playful 'I Dig Love' – was revelatory."[226] Most reviewers tended to discount the third disc of studio jams, accepting that it was a "free" addition to justify the set's high retail price,[86][131] although Anthony DeCurtis recognises Apple Jam as further evidence of the album's "bracing air of creative liberation".[227] Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone deemed All Things Must Pass "both an intensely personal statement and a grandiose gesture, a triumph over artistic modesty" and referenced the three-record set as an "extravaganza of piety and sacrifice and joy, whose sheer magnitude and ambition may dub it the War and Peace of rock and roll".[1] Gerson also lauded the album's production as being "of classic Spectorian proportions, Wagnerian, Brucknerian, the music of mountain tops and vast horizons".[1] In the NME, Alan Smith referred to Harrison's songs as "music of the mind", adding: "they search and they wander, as if in the soft rhythms of a dream, and in the end he has set them to words which are often both profound and profoundly beautiful."[94] Billboard magazine hailed All Things Must Pass as "a masterful blend of rock and piety, technical brilliance and mystic mood, and relief from the tedium of everyday rock".[228] Melody Maker?'s Richard Williams summed up the surprise many felt at Harrison's apparent transformation: All Things Must Pass, he said, provided "the rock equivalent of the shock felt by pre-war moviegoers when Garbo first opened her mouth in a talkie: Garbo talks! – Harrison is free!"[2] In another review, for The Times, Williams opined that, of all the Beatles' solo releases thus far, Harrison's album "makes far and away the best listening, perhaps because it is the one which most nearly continues the tradition they began eight years ago".[225][nb 21] William Bender of Time magazine described it as an "expressive, classically executed personal statement ... one of the outstanding rock albums in years", while Don Heckman wrote in The New York Times: "If anyone had any doubts that George Harrison was a major talent, they can relax ... This is a release that shouldn't be missed."[231] That the album sounded so contemporary in 1970 contributed to All Things Must Pass seeming dated and faddish later in the decade.[130] Village Voice critic Robert Christgau, having bemoaned in 1971 that the album was characterised by "overblown fatuity" and uninteresting music,[232] wrote in a 1981 review of its "featurelessness", "right down to the anonymity of the multitracked vocals".[233] In their book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, Roy Carr and Tony Tyler were likewise lukewarm in their assessment, criticising the "homogeneity" of the production and "the lugubrious nature of Harrison's composing".[131] Writing in The Beatles Forever in 1977, however, Nicholas Schaffner praised the album as the "crowning glory" of Harrison and Spector's careers, and highlighted "All Things Must Pass" and "Beware of Darkness" as the "two most eloquent songs ... musically as well as lyrically".[234] Retrospective reviews and legacy[edit] Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic 5/5 stars[45] Blender 5/5 stars[235] Christgau's Record Guide C[233] Encyclopedia of Popular Music 4/5 stars[236] Mojo 5/5 stars[187] MusicHound 5/5[237] PopMatters 9/10 stars[222] Q 5/5 stars[238] Rolling Stone 4.5/5 stars[227] Zagat Survey 5/5 stars[239] AllMusic's Richie Unterberger views All Things Must Pass as "[Harrison's] best ... a very moving work",[45] while Roger Catlin of MusicHound describes the set as "epic and audacious", its "dense production and rich songs topped off by the extra album of jamming".[237] Q magazine considers it to be an exemplary fusion of "rock and religion", as well as "the single most satisfying collection of any solo Beatle".[238] Film-maker Martin Scorsese has written of the "powerful sense of the ritualistic on the album", adding: "I remember feeling that it had the grandeur of liturgical music, of the bells used in Tibetan Buddhist ceremonies."[240] Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002, Greg Kot described this grandeur as an "echo-laden cathedral of rock in excelsis" where the "real stars" are Harrison's songs;[53] in the same publication, Mikal Gilmore labelled the album "the finest solo work any ex-Beatle ever produced".[241] In his July 2001 feature for Mojo, John Harris called it "the inaugural solo album that still stands as the best Beatles solo record",[4] while earlier that year the magazine's album review read in part: "This remains the best Beatles solo album ... oozing both the goggle-eyed joy of creative emancipation and the sense of someone pushing himself to the limit ..."[242] George Harrison confronted the breakup head-on, with the graceful, philosophical All Things Must Pass. A series of elegies, dream sequences, and thoughts on the limits of idealism, it is arguably the most fully realized solo statement from any of the Beatles.[243] – Author Tom Moon, in 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die (2008) In his PopMatters review, John Bergstrom likens All Things Must Pass to "the sound of Harrison exhaling", noting: "He was quite possibly the only Beatle who was completely satisfied with the Beatles being gone."[222] Bergstrom credits the album with heavily influencing bands such as ELO, My Morning Jacket, Fleet Foxes and Grizzly Bear, as well as helping bring about the dream pop phenomenon.[222] Another Rolling Stone critic, James Hunter, commented in 2001 on how All Things Must Pass "helped define the decade it ushered in", in that "the cast, the length, the long hair falling on suede-covered shoulders ... foretold the sprawl and sleepy ambition of the Seventies."[244] In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Mac Randall writes that the album is exceptional, but "a tad overrated" by those critics who tend to overlook how its last 30 minutes comprise "a bunch of instrumental blues jams that nobody listens to more than once".[245] Unterberger similarly cites the inclusion of Apple Jam as "a very significant flaw", while recognising that its content "proved to be of immense musical importance", with the formation of Derek and the Dominos.[45] Among Harrison's biographers, Simon Leng views All Things Must Pass as a "paradox of an album": as eager as Harrison was to break free from his identity as a Beatle, Leng suggests, many of the songs document the "Kafkaesque chain of events" of life within the band and so added to the "mythologized history" he was looking to escape.[246] Ian Founded May 31, 1935; 80 years ago,[1] by merger Founder Joseph M. Schenck Darryl F. Zanuck Headquarters Fox Plaza, Century City, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Key people Jim Gianopulos (Chairman and CEO) Stacey Snider (Co-Chairman) Products Motion pictures, television films Owner Independent (1935–1985) News Corporation (1985–2013) 21st Century Fox (2013–present) Parent Fox Entertainment Group Divisions 20th Television 20th Century Fox Animation Fox Searchlight Pictures Fox Digital Studio Fox 2000 Pictures Fox Animation Studios Fox Atomic Fox Digital Entertainment Subsidiaries Blue Sky Studios Fox Star Studios (India) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Fox Television Studios 20th Century Fox Television 20th Century Fox Japan Fox Studios Australia TSG Entertainment Website www.foxmovies.com Entrance to 20th Century Fox studio lot. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation (formerly known as Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation with hyphen used from its inception until 1985), also known as 20th Century Fox, 20th Century Fox Pictures, 20CFFC, TCF, Fox 2000 Pictures or simply Fox is an American film studio, distributor and one of the six major American film studios. Located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, just west of Beverly Hills, the studio used to be owned by News Corporation, but is now owned by 21st Century Fox. 20th Century Fox has distributed famous film series, including the first two Star Wars trilogies, Ice Age, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Maze Runner, X-Men, Die Hard, Home Alone, Planet of the Apes, Independence Day, Night at the Museum, Power Rangers, Percy Jackson, Taken, Fantastic Four, The Omen, Alien, Predator, Rio, and Alvin and the Chipmunks. The studio is also credited for distributing Avatar and Titanic, the highest and second highest grossing films respectively at the box-office not adjusted for inflation. Television series produced by Fox include The Simpsons, Family Guy, M*A*S*H, The X-Files, Bob's Burgers, Bones, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Futurama, American Dad!, How I Met Your Mother, Archer, Glee, Modern Family, Empire, Malcolm in the Middle, New Girl, King of the Hill, and 24. Among the most famous actresses to come out of this studio were Shirley Temple, who was 20th Century Fox's first film star, Alice Faye, Betty Grable, Gene Tierney, Marilyn Monroe and Jayne Mansfield. The studio also contracted the first African-American cinema star, Dorothy Dandridge. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).[2] In 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated their 80th anniversary as a studio. Contents 1 History 1.1 Creation 1.2 Production and financial problems 1.3 Marvin Davis and Rupert Murdoch 2 Television 3 Music 4 Radio 5 Motion Picture Film Processing 6 Logo and fanfare 7 Highest-grossing films 8 Production deals 9 Films 10 See also 11 References 12 Additional sources 13 External links History[edit] Creation[edit] See also: Fox Film and Twentieth Century Pictures This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) Carmen Miranda in The Gang's All Here. In 1946, she was the highest-paid actress in the United States.[3] Alice Faye, Don Ameche, and Carmen Miranda in That Night in Rio, produced by Fox in 1941. From the 1952 film Viva Zapata! Twentieth Century Pictures' Joseph Schenck and Darryl F. Zanuck left United Artists over a stock dispute, and began merger talks with the management of financially struggling Fox Film, under president Sidney Kent. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, helped make it happen (and later became president of the new company). Aside from the theater chain and a first-rate studio lot, Zanuck and Schenck felt there was not much else to Fox, which had been reeling since founder William Fox lost control of the company in 1930. The studio's biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn and Spencer Tracy had been dropped because of heavy drinking. At first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called "Fox-20th Century", even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck; it was more profitable than Fox and had considerably more talent. The new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31, 1935; the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President. Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Fox's longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have been founded in 1915, the year Fox Film was founded. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary. However, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915.[4] The company's films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their opening credits as well as its opening fanfare, but with the name changed to 20th Century-Fox. After the merger was completed, Zanuck quickly signed young actors who would carry Twentieth Century-Fox for years:[citation needed] Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Carmen Miranda, Don Ameche, Henry Fonda, Gene Tierney, Sonja Henie, and Betty 1.12 Football (Association; Soccer) 1.13 Football (Australian Rules) 1.14 Golf 1.15 Gymnastics 1.16 Ice hockey 1.17 Judo 1.18 Kickboxing 1.19 Mixed martial arts 1.20 Motorsport 1.21 Rowing 1.22 Rugby league 1.23 Rugby union 1.24 Sailing 1.25 Shooting 1.26 Skiing 1.27 Speed skating 1.28 Swimming 1.29 Table tennis 1.30 Tennis 1.31 Track and field 1.32 Triathlon 1.33 Volleyball 1.34 Water polo 1.35 Weightlifting 1.36 Wrestling 1.37 Professional wrestling 2 Commissioners, managers/coaches and owners 3 Officials and referees 4 Jewish sports halls of fame 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 6.2.1 General works 6.2.2 Baseball 6.2.3 Boxing 6.2.4 Chess 6.2.5 Olympics Athletes[edit] Baseball[edit] Ryan Braun, outfielder (Milwaukee Brewers) Ike Davis, first baseman (Oakland Athletics) Ian Kinsler, second baseman (Detroit Tigers) Ryan Lavarnway, catcher (Atlanta Braves) Jason Marquis, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds) Joc Pederson, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers) Kevin Youkilis, first and third baseman Cal Abrams, US, outfielder[2] Rubén Amaro, Jr., US, outfielder, general manager (Philadelphia Phillies)[2] Morrie Arnovich, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Brad Ausmus, US, catcher, All-Star, 3x Gold Glove, manager of the Detroit Tigers[2] José Bautista, Dominican-born, pitcher[2] Robert "Bo" Belinsky, U.S., pitcher. Pitched no-hit game as rookie with Los Angeles Angels in 1962.[3] Moe Berg, US, catcher & shortstop, and spy for US in World War II[2] Ron Blomberg, US, DH/first baseman/outfielder, Major League Baseball's first designated hitter[4] Lou Boudreau, US, shortstop, 8x All-Star, batting title, MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame, manager[2] Ralph Branca, US, pitcher, 3x All-Star[5] Ryan Braun, US, outfielder, 2007 Rookie of the Year, home run champion, 5x All-Star, 5x Silver Slugger, 2011 National League MVP (Milwaukee Brewers)[6] Craig Breslow, US, relief pitcher (Boston Red Sox)[2] Mark Clear, US, relief pitcher, 2x All-Star[7] Andy Cohen, US, second baseman, coach Harry Danning, US, catcher, 4x All-Star[2][8] Ike Davis, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[9] Moe Drabowsky, US, pitcher[10] Harry Eisenstat, US, pitcher[11] Mike Epstein, US, first baseman[2] Harry Feldman, US, pitcher[2] Scott Feldman, US, pitcher (Houston Astros)[2] Gavin Fingleson, South African-born Australian, Olympic silver medalist[12] Nate Freiman, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[13][14] Sam Fuld, US, outfielder (Oakland Athletics)[15] Sid Gordon, US, outfielder & third baseman, 2x All-Star[2] John Grabow, US, relief pitcher[2] Shawn Green, US, right fielder, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove, Silver Slugger[2] Hank Greenberg, US, first baseman & outfielder, 5x All-Star, 4x home run champion, 4x RBI leader, 2x MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Ken Holtzman, US, starting pitcher, 2x All-Star[2] Joe Horlen, US, pitcher, All-Star, ERA leader[2] Gabe Kapler, US, outfielder[2] Ian Kinsler, US, second baseman, 3x All-Star (Detroit Tigers)[16] Sandy Koufax, US, starting pitcher, 6x All-Star, 5x ERA leader, 4x strikeouts leader, 3x Wins leader, 2x W-L% leader, 1 perfect game, MVP, 3x Cy Young Award, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Barry Latman, US, pitcher[11] Ryan Lavarnway, US, catcher (Atlanta Braves)[17] Al Levine, US, relief pitcher[2] Mike Lieberthal, US, catcher, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove[2] Elliott Maddox, US, outfielder & third baseman[2] Jason Marquis, US, starting pitcher, Silver Slugger, All Star (Cincinnati Reds)[2] Erskine Mayer, US, pitcher[2] Bob Melvin, US, catcher & manager of the Oakland Athletics[18] Jon Moscot, US, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds)[19] Jeff Newman, US, catcher & first baseman, All-Star, manager[2] Joc Pederson, US, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers)[20] Barney Pelty, US, pitcher[2] Lipman Pike, US, outfielder, second baseman, & manager, 4x home run champion, RBI leader[2] Kevin Pillar, US, outfielder (Toronto Blue Jays) Aaron Poreda, US, pitcher (Yomiuri Giants)[2] Scott Radinsky, US, relief pitcher[2] Dave Roberts, US, pitcher[2] Saul Rogovin, US, pitcher[2] Al "Flip" Rosen, US, third baseman & first baseman, 4x All-Star, 2x home run champion, 2x RBI leader, MVP[2] Goody Rosen, Canada, outfielder, All-Star[2] Josh Satin, US, second baseman (Cincinnati Reds)[21] Richie Scheinblum, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Scott Schoeneweis, US, pitcher[2] Michael Schwimer, US, relief pitcher (Toronto Blue Jays)[22] Art Shamsky, US, outfielder & first baseman[2] Larry Sherry, US, relief pitcher[2] Norm Sherry, US, catcher & manager[2] Moe "the Rabbi of Swat" Solomon, US, outfielder[2] George Stone, US, outfielder, 1x batting title[23] Steve Stone, US, starting pitcher, All-Star, Cy Young Award[2] Danny Valencia, US, third baseman (Oakland Athletics)[24] Phil "Mickey" Weintraub, US, first baseman & outfielder Josh Whitesell, US, first baseman (Saraperos de Saltillo)[25] Steve Yeager, US, catcher[2] Kevin Youkilis, US, first baseman, third baseman, & left fielder, 3x All-Star, Gold Glove, Hank Aaron Award[2] Josh Zeid, US, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers Basketball[edit] Omri Casspi Jordan Farmar Gal Mekel Jon Scheyer Sam Balter, US, 5' 10" guard, Olympic champion[8][26] Sue Bird, US & Israel, WNBA 5' 9" point guard, 2x Olympic champion, 4x All-Star (Seattle Storm)[27] David Blatt, US & Israel, Israeli Premier League 6' 3.5" point guard, coached Russia National Basketball Team, Israel's Maccabi Tel Aviv to Euroleague Championship, Euroleague Coach of the Year, 4x Israeli Coach of the Year, Head Coach of Cleveland Cavaliers[28][29] David Blu (formerly "Bluthenthal"), US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 7" forward (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[30] Harry Boykoff, US, NBA 6' 10" center[31] Tal Brody, US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 2" shooting guard[8] Larry Brown, US, ABA 5' 9" point guard, 3x All-Star, 3x assists leader, NCAA National Championship coach (1988), NBA coach, Olympic champion, Hall of Fame[8][26] Omri Casspi, Israel, 6' 9" small forward, drafted in 1st round of 2009 NBA Draft (Sacramento Kings)[32] Shay Doron, Israel & US, WNBA 5' 9" guard (New York Liberty)[33] Lior Eliyahu, Israel, 6' 9" power forward, NBA draft 2006 (Orlando Magic; traded to Houston Rockets), playing in the Euroleague (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Jordan Farmar, US, NBA 6' 2" point guard (Los Angeles Clippers)[35] Marty Friedman, US, 5' 7" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Ernie Grunfeld, Romania-born US, NBA 6' 6" guard/forward & GM, Olympic champion[36] Yotam Halperin, Israel, 6' 5" guard, drafted in 2006 NBA draft by Seattle SuperSonics (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Sonny Hertzberg, US, NBA 5' 9" point guard, original NY Knickerbocker[37] Art Heyman, US, NBA 6' 5" forward/guard[37] Nat Holman, US, ABL 5' 11" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Red Holzman, US, BAA & NBA 5' 10" guard, 2x All-Star, & NBA coach, NBA Coach of the Year, Hall of Fame[8] Eban Hyams, India-Israel-Australia, 6' 5" guard formerly of the Australian National Basketball League, Israeli Super League, first ever Indian national to play in ULEB competitions[38] Barry Kramer, first team All-American at NYU in 1963 Joel Kramer, US Phoenix Suns 6'7" forward Sylven Landesberg, US, 6' 6" former UVA shooting guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[39] Rudy LaRusso, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 5x All-Star[40] Nancy Lieberman, US, WNBA player, general manager, & coach, Olympic silver, Hall of Fame[26][41] Gal Mekel, Israel, NBA 6' 3" point guard (Dallas Mavericks)[42] Bernard Opper, US, NBL and ABL 5' 10" guard, All-American at University of Kentucky Donna Orender (née Geils), US, Women's Pro Basketball League 5' 7" point guard, All-Star, current WNBA president[37] Lennie Rosenbluth, US, NBA 6' 4" forward[36] Danny Schayes, US, NBA 6' 11" center/forward (son of Dolph Schayes)[37] Dolph Schayes, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 3x FT% leader, 1x rebound leader, 12x All-Star, Hall of Fame, & coach (father of Danny Schayes)[8] Ossie Schectman, US, NBA 6' 0" guard, scorer of first NBA basket[36] Doron Sheffer, US (college), Maccabi Tel Aviv,Hapoel Jerusalem Jon Scheyer, US, All-American Duke University 6' 5" shooting guard & point guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[43] Barney Sedran, US, Hudson River League & New York State League 5' 4" guard, Hall of Fame[8] Sidney Tannenbaum, US, BAA 6' 0" guard, 2x All-American, left as NYU all-time scorer[8] Alex Tyus, US & Israel, 6' 8" power forward/center (Maccabi Tel Aviv) Neal Walk, US, NBA 6' 10" center[37] Max Zaslofsky, US, NBA 6' 2" guard/forward, 1x FT% leader, 1x points leader, All-Star, ABA coach[8] Bowling[edit] Barry Asher, 10 PBA titles, PBA Hall of Fame[7] Marshall Holman, 22 PBA titles (11th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[44] Mark Roth, 34 PBA titles (5th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[45] Boxing[edit] Yuri Foreman Zab Judah Dmitry Salita Barney Aaron (Young), English-born US lightweight, Hall of Fame[46] Abe Attell ("The Little Hebrew"), US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Monte Attell ("The Knob Hill Terror"), US, bantamweight[47] Max Baer ("Madcap Maxie"), US, world champion heavyweight. Wore a Star of David on his trunks; inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Hall of Fame/[48] Benny Bass ("Little Fish"), US, world champion featherweight & world champion junior lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Fabrice Benichou, France, world champion super bantamweight[34] Jack Kid Berg (Judah Bergman), England, world champion junior welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Maxie Berger, Canada, wore a Star of David on his trunks[49] Samuel Berger, US, Olympic champion heavyweight[8] Jack Bernstein (also "John Dodick", "Kid Murphy", and "Young Murphy"), US, world champion junior lightweight[8] Nathan "Nat" Bor, US, Olympic bronze lightweight[26] Mushy Callahan (Vincente Sheer), US, world champion light welterweight[47] Joe Choynski ("Chrysanthemum Joe"), US, heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Robert Cohen, French & Algerian, world champion bantamweight[8] Al "Bummy" Davis (Abraham Davidoff), US, welterweight & lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[47] Louis "Red" Deutsch, US, heavyweight, later famous as the proprietor of the Tube Bar in Jersey City, NJ and inspiration for Moe Szyslak on "The Simpsons" Carolina Duer ("The Turk"), Argentine, WBO world champion super flyweight and bantamweight[51] John "Jackie" Fields (Jacob Finkelstein), US, world champion welterweight & Olympic champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Hagar Finer, Israel, WIBF champion bantamweight[52] Yuri Foreman, Belarusian-born Israeli US middleweight and World Boxing Association champion super welterweight[53] György Gedó, Hungary, Olympic champion light flyweight[41] Abe Goldstein, US, world champion bantamweight[54] Ruby Goldstein ("Ruby the Jewel of the Ghetto"), US, welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[8] Roman Greenberg ("The Lion from Zion"), Israel, International Boxing Organization's Intercontinental champion heavyweight[53] Stéphane Haccoun, France, featherweight, super featherweight, and junior lightweight[55][56] Alphonse Halimi ("La Petite Terreur"), France, world champion bantamweight[8] Harry Harris ("The Human Hairpin"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Gary Jacobs, Scottish, British, Commonwealth, and European (EBU) champion welterweight[57] Ben Jeby (Morris Jebaltowsky), US, world champion middleweight[47] Yoel Judah, US, 3x world champion kickboxer and boxer & trainer[58] Zab Judah ("Super"), US, world champion junior welterweight & world champion welterweight (Converted to Christianity)[58][59][60][61] Louis Kaplan ("Kid Kaplan"), Russian-born US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Solly Krieger ("Danny Auerbach"), US, world champion middleweight[8] Julie Kogon US, 1947 New England Lightweight Champion. Inducted into the Connecticut Boxing Hall of Fame. Benny Leonard (Benjamin Leiner; "The Ghetto Wizard"), US, world champion lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Battling Levinsky (Barney Lebrowitz), US, world champion light heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] King Levinsky (Harry Kraków), US, heavweight, also known as Kingfish Levinsky[8] Harry Lewis (Harry Besterman), US, world champion welterweight[47] Ted "Kid" Lewis (Gershon Mendeloff), England, world champion welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Sammy Luftspring, Canada, Canadian champion welterweight, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame[47] Saoul Mamby, US, world champion junior welterweight[47] Al McCoy (Alexander Rudolph), US, world champion middleweight[8] Daniel Mendoza, England, world champion heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] Jacob Michaelsen, Denmark, Olympic bronze heavyweight[26] Samuel Mosberg, US, Olympic champion lightweight[8] Bob Olin, US, world champion light heavyweight[62] Victor Perez ("Young"), Tunisian, world champion flyweight[8] Harold Reitman ("The Boxing Doctor"), professional heavyweight that fought while working as surgeon, Golden Gloves champion.[63] Charlie Phil Rosenberg ("Charles Green"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Dana Rosenblatt ("Dangerous"), US, world champion middleweight[64] Maxie Rosenbloom ("Slapsie"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Barney Ross (Dov-Ber Rasofsky), US, world champion lightweight & junior welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Mike Rossman (Michael Albert DiPiano; "The Jewish Bomber"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore Star of David on trunks[64] Shamil Sabirov, Russia, Olympic champion light flyweight[26] Dmitry Salita ("Star of David"), US, North American Boxing Association champion light welterweight[65] Isadore "Corporal Izzy" Schwartz ("The Ghetto Midget"), US, world champion flyweight[8] Al Singer ("The Bronx Beauty"), US, world champion lightweight[47] "Lefty" Lew Tendler, US, bantamweight, lightweight, and welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Sid Terris ("Ghost of the Ghetto"), US, lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[54] Matt Wels, England, champion of Great Britain lightweight and world champion welterweight Canoeing[edit] Jessica Fox Shaun Rubenstein László Fábián, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic champion (K-2 10,000 meter), 4x world champion (3x K-2 10,000 meter and 1x K-4 10,000 meter) and one silver (K-4 10,000 meter)[26] Imre Farkas, Hungary, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000 and 10,000 meter)[66] Jessica Fox, French-born Australian, slalom canoer, Olympic silver (K-1 slalom), world championships bronze (C-1)[67] Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi, France, slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), 5 golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (2x K-1, 3x K-1 team)[41] Klára Fried-Bánfalvi, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (K-2 500 m), world champion (K-2 500 m)[26] Leonid Geishtor, USSR (Belarus), sprint canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian pairs 1,000-meter)[41] Joe Jacobi, US, slalom canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian slalom pairs)[41] Michael Kolganov, Soviet (Uzbek)-born Israeli, sprint canoer, world champion, Olympic bronze (K-1 500-meter)[41] Anna Pfeffer, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic 2x silver (K-2 500 m), bronze (K-1 500 m); world champion (K-2 500 m), silver (K-4 500 m), 2x bronze (K-2 500)[26] Naum Prokupets, Moldovan-born Soviet, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000-meter), gold (C-2 10,000-meter) at ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships[41] Leon Rotman, Romanian, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic champion (C-1 10,000 meter, C-1 1,000-meter) and bronze (C-1 1,000-meter), 14 national titles[41] Shaun Rubenstein, South Africa, canoer, World Marathon champion 2006[68] Cricket[edit] Michael Klinger Ben Ashkenazi, Australia (Victorian Bushrangers) Ali Bacher, South Africa, batsman and administrator (relative of Adam Bacher)[69] Mike Barnard, England, cricketer[69] Mark Bott, England, cricketer[70] Stevie Eskinazi, South African born, Australian raised, English wicketkeeper Mark Fuzes. Australian all rounder played for Hong Kong. Father Peter Fuzes kept goal for Australian Soccer team (see)[71] Dennis Gamsy, South Africa, Test wicket-keeper[72] Darren Gerard, England, cricketer[73] Norman Gordon, South Africa, fast bowler[69] Steven Herzberg, English-born Australian, cricketer[74] Sid Kiel, South Africa, opening batsman (Western Province)[75] Michael Klinger, Australia, batsman (Western Warriors)[69] Leonard "Jock" Livingston, Australia, cricketer[69] Bev Lyon, England, cricketer[69] Dar Lyon, England, cricketer (brother of Bev)[69] Greg, Jason, and Lara Molins, two brothers and a cousin from the same Irish family[74] Jon Moss, Australia, allrounder (Victorian Bushrangers)[69] John Raphael, England, batsman[69] Marshall Rosen, NSW Australia, cricketer and selector[76] Lawrence Seeff, South Africa, batsmen[77] Maurice Sievers, Australia, lower order batsman and fast-medium bowler[69] Bensiyon Songavkar, India, cricketer, MVP of 2009 Maccabiah Games cricket tournament[78] Fred Susskind, South Africa, Test batsman[69] Fred Trueman, England, English test fast bowler (a lifelong Christian)[69] Julien Wiener, Australia, Test cricketer[69] Mandy Yachad, South Africa, Test cricketer[69] Equestrian[edit] Margie Goldstein-Engle Robert Dover, US, 4x Olympic bronze, 1x world championship bronze (dressage)[79] Margie Goldstein-Engle, US, world championship silver, Pan American Games gold, silver, and bronze (jumping)[80] Edith Master, US, Olympic bronze (dressage)[26] Fencing[edit] Helene Mayer Soren Thompson Henri Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), Olympic champion[26] Paul Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), 2x Olympic champion[26] Norman Armitage (Norman Cohn), US (sabre), 17x US champion, Olympic bronze[26] Albert "Albie" Axelrod, US (foil); Olympic bronze, 4x US champion[8] Péter Bakonyi, Hungary (saber), Olympic 3x bronze[41] Cliff Bayer, US (foil); youngest US champion[37] Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy), Austria (saber), Olympic silver[41] Tamir Bloom, US (épée); 2x US champion[37] Daniel Bukantz, US (foil); 4x US champion[37] Sergey Sharikov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver, bronze[26] Yves Dreyfus, France (épée), Olympic bronze, French champion[26] Ilona Elek, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Boaz Ellis, Israel (foil), 5x Israeli champion[34] Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch, Austria (sabre), Olympic bronze[26] Dr. Dezsö Földes, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Dr. Jenö Fuchs, Hungary (saber), 4x Olympic champion[81] Támas Gábor, Hungary (épée), Olympic champion[8] János Garay, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion, silver, bronze, killed by the Nazis[8] Dr. Oskar Gerde, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dr. Sándor Gombos, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion[62] Vadim Gutzeit, Ukraine (saber), Olympic champion[82] Johan Harmenberg, Sweden (épée), Olympic champion[26] Delila Hatuel, Israel (foil), Olympian, ranked # 9 in world[83] Lydia Hatuel-Zuckerman, Israel (foil), 6x Israeli champion[84][85] Dr. Otto Herschmann, Austria (saber), Olympic silver[26] Emily Jacobson, US (saber), NCAA champion[86] Sada Jacobson, US (saber), ranked # 1 in the world, Olympic silver, 2x bronze[86] Allan Jay, British (épée & foil), Olympic 2x silver, world champion[26] Endre Kabos, Hungary (saber), 3x Olympic champion, bronze[26] Roman Kantor, Poland (épée), Nordic champion & Soviet champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dan Kellner, US (foil), US champion[86] Byron Krieger, US[87] Grigory Kriss, Soviet (épée), Olympic champion, 2x silver[26] Allan Kwartler, US (saber), 3x Pan American Games champion[10] Alexandre Lippmann, France (épée), 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver, bronze[8] Helene Mayer, Germany & US (foil), Olympic champion[26] Ljubco Georgievski ????? ??????????? Kiro Gligorov ???? ???????? Nikola Gruevski ?????? ???????? Gjorge Ivanov ????? ?????? Gordana Jankuloska ??????? ?????????? Zoran Jolevski ????? ???????? Srgjan Kerim ????? ????? Lazar Koliševski ????? ?????????? Hari Kostov ???? ?????? Trifun Kostovski ?????? ????????? Ilinka Mitreva ?????? ??????? Lazar Mojsov ????? ?????? Tito Petkovski ???? ????????? Lui Temelkovski ??? ??????????? Boris Trajkovski ????? ?????????? Vasil Tupurkovski ????? ??????????? Zoran Zaev ????? ???? Partisans World War II freedom fighters edit Mirce Acev ????? ???? Mihajlo Apostolski ????j?? ?????????? Cede Filipovski Dame ???? ?????????? ???? Blagoj Jankov Muceto ?????? ?????? ?????? Orce Nikolov ???? ??????? Strašo Pindžur ?????? ?????? Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ????????? ?????????? ?????? Revolutionaries edit Yordan Piperkata ?????? ???????? ????????? Goce Delcev ???? ????? Petar Pop Arsov ????? ??? ????? Dame Gruev ???? ????? Jane Sandanski ???? ????????? Dimitar Pop Georgiev Berovski ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player