pen in 1999), and was crowned by Gladys Zender of Peru. Contents [hide] 1 Results 1.1 Placements 1.2 Special awards 2 Judges 3 Contestants 4 Notes 4.1 Withdrawals 4.2 Crossovers 5 External links Results[edit] Participating Nations and Results Placements[edit] Final results Contestant Miss Universe 1958 Colombia - Luz Marina Zuluaga † 1st runner-up The 57th Annual Miss Universe Puerto Rico pageant was held at the Centro de Bellas Artes de Santurce in San Juan, Puerto Rico on November 7, 2011.[1] Viviana Ortiz, who won the title of Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2011, crowned her successor Bodine Koehler as Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2012, who represented Puerto Rico at Miss Universe 2012 on December 19, 2012 in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Also, Stephanie Román, Chanty Vargas, and Valery Velez, who were chosen to represent Puerto Rico at Miss Continente Americano, Miss Intercontinental, and Miss Supranational, also crowned their successors to represent Puerto Rico at Miss Continente Americano 2012, Miss Intercontinental 2012 and Miss Supranational 2012. In Addition to that, Top Model of the World Puerto Rico 2012 was also crowned. On March 15, 2012, when Vanessa De Roide was crowned Nuestra Belleza Latina 2012 and was forced to give up the title of Miss Intercontinental Puerto Rico, Desiree Lowry, the director of the franchise Miss Universe Puerto Rico, said they were thinking of choosing a candidate detail to represent Puerto Rico at Miss Intercontinental in October in Germany. Contents [hide] 1 Results 1.1 Placements 1.2 Special awards 2 Castings 3 Contestants 4 Notes 4.1 Historical significance 5 References Results[edit] Placements[edit] Final results Contestant Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2012 Río Grande Río Grande - Bodine Koehler Peña Miss Intercontinental Puerto Rico 2012 Carolina Carolina - Vanessa De Roide Toledo (resigned) Miss Supranational Puerto Rico 2012 Toa Alta Toa Alta - Gabriela Berríos Pagán Miss Continente Americano Puerto Rico 2012 Arroyo Arroyo - Jennifer Guevara Campos Top Model of the World 2012 Aguas Buenas Aguas Buenas - Nadyalee Torres López 1st Runner-Up Aguada Aguada - Shaleyka Cristine Vélez Avilés Top 10 Camuy Camuy - Verónica Rodríguez Hernández Loiza Loíza - Sasha Valdés Orta Mayagüez Mayagüez - Mara Liz Rivera Ramos Yabucoa Yabucoa - Darli Arni Pacheco Montanez Top 16 Cayey Cayey - Nicole Marie Pérez Aponte Lajas Lajas - Beverly Alvarez Torres Morovis Morovis - Raiza González Montes Sabana Grande Sabana Grande - Sue Haley Torres Feliciano Toa Baja Toa Baja - Rahmam Khalil Mohamed Yauco Yauco - Jennifer Lorraine Luyando Cruz Special awards[edit] Award Contestant Best Smile Carolina Carolina - Vanessa De Roide Best Legs Yabucoa Yabucoa - Darla Pacheco Best Figure Río Grande Río Grande - Bodine Koehler Best Hair Aguas Buenas Aguas Buenas - Nadyalee Torres Most Beautiful Face Toa Alta Toa Alta - Gabriela Berrios Skinny Cow Best Style

Arroyo Arroyo - Jennifer Guevara Payless Best Catwalk Award Río Grande Río Grande - Bodine Koehler Miss Photogenic Aguas Buenas Aguas Buenas - Nadyalee Torres Miss Congeniality Morovis Morovis - Raiza González JCPenney Style Award Río Grande Río Grande - Bodine Koehler Best National Costume Cayey Cayey - Nicole Pérez Castings[edit] Casting calls were held throughout Puerto Rico during the summer of 2011. Only 39 became the official contestants in an event on July 10, 2011 in Teatro Ambassador in San Juan. The judges of the final choosing were trainer, Jackie Rodriguez, stylist, Junior Melendez, ex-Miss Puerto Rico contestant, Mari Tere Benes, choreographer, Estela Velez, designers, Richard Cotto and Rebecca Tiago and beauty queens expert Edgardo Virella. Contestants[edit] Here is a list of the official 39 contestants:[2] Municipality Contestant Age Height Hometown Aguada Aguada Shaleyka Vé l e z A v i l é s 1 8 1 . 7 6 m ( 5 f t 9 1 D 2 i n ) A g u a d a A g u a d i l l a A g u a d i l l a E m i l y K r i s t i n a T o r r e s S u á r e z 1 8 1 . 6 9 m ( 5 f t 6 1 D 2 i n ) S a n J u a n A g u a s B u e n a s A g u a s B u e n a s N a d y a l e e T o r r e s L ó p e z 2 3 1 . 7 6 m ( 5 f t 9 1 D 2 i n ) A g u a s B u e n a s A r r o y o A r r o y o J e n n i f e r G u e v a r a C a m p o s 2 4 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Arroyo Bayamón Bayamón Kiara Lee Soto Colón 20 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Bayamón Camuy Camuy Verónica Rodríguez Hernández 22 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Camuy Canóvanas Canóvanas Wendilys Cruz Fontánez 20 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Canóvanas Carolina Carolina V a n e s s a D e R o i d e T o l e d o 2 4 1 . 7 7 m ( 5 f t 9 1 D 2 i n ) C a r o l i n a C a t a ñ o C a t a ñ o K i a r a Z a y a s R o d r í g u e z 1 8 1 . 7 0 m ( 5 f t 7 i n ) S a n J u a n C a y e y C a y e y N i c o l e M a r i e P é r e z A p o n t e 2 2 1 . 7 7 m ( 5 f t 9 1 D 2 i n ) B a y a m ó n C o a m o C o a m o V i c t o r i a A n g é l i c a C a r a b a l l o 1 7 1 . 7 5 m ( 5 f t 9 i n ) S a n J u a n D o r a d o D o r a d o V i l m a r i e R o s a d o C a l d e r ó n 2 6 1 . 7 3 m ( 5 f t 8 i n ) C a r o l i n a F l o r i d a F l o r i d a K r y s t a l L y n n D o m e n e c h R a m o s 1 9 1 . 6 9 m ( 5 f t 6 1 D 2 i n ) F l o r i d a G u a y a m a G u a y a m a Y o l a n d a M a r r e r o G o n z á l e z 2 4 1 . 8 0 m ( 5 f t 1 1 i n ) G u a y a m a G u a y n a b o G u a y n a b o I s a b e l Marisa Corsino Carro 26 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Guaynabo Gurabo Gurabo Illiane Benítez Álamo 19 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Bayamón Hormigueros Hormigueros Jeanelly Vargas 18 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Carolina Humacao Humacao Beverly Serrano Lebrón 19 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Humacao Lajas Lajas Beverly Alvarez Torres 18 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) San Juan Las Piedras Las Piedras Lucianne Meléndez Rivera 18 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Las Piedras Loiza Loíza Sasha Valdés Orta 27 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) San Juan Luquillo Luquillo Isisnachelly Rosario Rivera The 56th Annual Miss Universe Puerto Rico pageant was held at the Centro de Convenciones de Puerto Rico, on November 4, 2010in San Juan, Puerto Rico.[2] Mariana Paola Vicente, who won the title of Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2010, crowned her successor Viviana Ortiz as Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2011, who then represented Puerto Rico at Miss Universe 2011 in São Paulo, Brazil. Contents [hide] 1 Results 1.1 Placements 1.2 Special awards 2 Castings 3 Buscando La Más Bella 4 Contestants 5 Notes 5.1 Historical significance 6 References Results[edit] Placements[edit] Final results Contestant Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2011 Corozal Corozal - Viviana Ortiz Pastrana 1st Runner-Up Bayamón Bayamón - Stephanie Román De León 2nd Runner-Up Gurabo Gurabo - Jessica Joan Santiago Rodríguez 3rd Runner-Up Ciales Ciales - Desirée Del Rio De Jesús 4th Runner-Up Humacao Humacao - Ashley Beth Pérez Calderón Top 10 Barceloneta Barceloneta - Io Rivera Jiménez Canóvanas Canóvanas - Raisa Maite Díaz Carrasquillo Ponce Ponce - Giselle Marie Negrón Rivera San Juan San Juan - Miriam Ivette Pabón Carrión Toa Baja Toa Baja - Dayalí Romero López Top 15 Guayama Guayama - Zuleyka Maril Rodríguez Guaynabo Guaynabo - Lara María Mercado Loíza Loíza - Yanitza Marisol Rivera Rivera Mayagüez Mayagüez - Claudia Marie Ramos Zorrilla Toa Alta Toa Alta - Azarel Nadal Torres Special awards[edit] Awards Contestant Miss Figure Holsum Light Gurabo Gurabo - Jessica Joan Santiago Rodríguez Miss L'Bel Face San Juan San Juan - Miriam Ivette Pabón Carrión Miss Payless Catwalk Corozal Corozal - Viviana Ortíz Pastrana Bloom Best Hair Cataño Cataño - Valery Vélez Cuevas Miss JcPenney Style Corozal Corozal - Viviana Ortíz Pastrana Miss Photogenic Aguadilla Aguadilla - Paola Giselle Santiago Serrano Miss Congeniality Cabo Rojo Cabo Rojo - Carolina Rodríguez Ruiz Best National Costume Toa Alta Toa Alta - Azarel Nadal Torres Primera Hora's People Choice Mayagüez Mayagüez - Claudia Marie Ramos Zorrilla Castings[edit] Casting calls were held throughout Puerto Rico during the summer. Only 40 became the official contestants in an event on July 11, 2009 in Teatro Ambassador in San Juan. During the event five contestants were given the Special Awards of the night: Modelling Award: Yanitza Marisol Rivera Rivera - Miss Loiza Look Change Award: Amanda Beatriz Sanchez - Miss Coamo Best Projection: Viviana Ortiz Pastrana - Miss Corozal Buscando La Más Bella[edit] "Buscando La Mas Bella" is the weekly reality show that presents the 40 official contestants to the public. Every week 5 contestants had a new challenge and they were evaluated by the judges, choosing one as the winner. The reality show was judged by Puerto Rican actress Cordelia González, writer Vicente Castro and a weekly invited judge. The reality show started on Friday, September 3, 2010 and finished on October 22, 2010, showing on Telemundo Puerto Rico. The reality show is hosted by the president of Miss Puerto Rico franchise and ex-Miss Puerto Rico Universe 1995, Desiree Lowry. Winners of "Buscando La Mas Bella" 1st Week Winner: Run a bridge of 110 feet tall: Ío Rivera Jiménez - Miss Barceloneta 2nd Week Winner: Create a National Costume: Viviana Ortíz Pastrana - Miss Corozal 3rd Week Winner: Dancing Contest: Catherine Paola Roldán Castro - Miss Arecibo 4th Week Winner: Catwalk on Ice: Ashley Beth Pérez Calderón - Miss Humacao 5th Week Winner: Cover of a Magazine: Jessica Joan Santiago Rodríguez - Miss Gurabo 6th Week Winner: Deal with a Joke: Adriana Pérez Mercado - Miss Hatillo 7th Week Winner: Write and make an Equestrianism commercial: Desirée Del Río - Miss Ciales 8th Week Winner: Choose and work for an Humanitarian cause: Miriam Ivette Pabón Carrión - Miss San Juan Contestants[edit] Here is a list of the official 40 contestants:[3] Municipality Contestant Age Height Aguadilla Aguadilla Paola Giselle Santiago Serrano 22 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Aibonito Aibonito Katherine Enid Soliván 18 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Añasco Añasco Enid Méndez Soto 25 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Arecibo Arecibo Catherine Paola Roldán Castro 2 0 1 . 6 8 m ( 5 f t 6 i n ) B a r c e l o n e t a B a r c e l o n e t a Í o R i v e r a J i m é n e z 2 4 1 . 7 1 m ( 5 f t 7 1 D 2 i n ) B a y a m ó n B a y a m ó n S t e p h a n i e R o m á n D e L e ó n 1 7 1 . 8 3 m ( 6 f t 0 i n ) C a b o R o j o C a b o R o j o C a r o l i n a R o d r í g u e z R u i z 2 4 1 . 6 8 m ( 5 f t 6 i n ) C a g u a s C a g u a s I n g r i d E . F e r n á n d e z 2 6 1 . 7 0 m ( 5 f t 7 i n ) C a n ó v a n a s C a n ó v a n a s R a i s a M a i t e D í a z C a r r a s q u i l l o 1 9 1 . 7 0 m ( 5 f t 7 i n ) C a r o l i n a C a r o l i n a M a d e l i n e R . A r r o y o 1 8 1 . 6 8 m ( 5 f t 6 i n ) C a t a ñ o C a t a ñ o V a l e r y V é l e z C u e v a s 2 0 1 . 7 6 m ( 5 f t 9 1 D 2 i n ) C a y e y C a y e y E m e l i n e P e ñ a 1 9 1 . 7 3 m ( 5 f t 8 i n ) C i a l e s C i a l e s D e s i r é e D e l R i o D e J e s ú s 2 4 1 . 7 5 m ( 5 f t 9 i n ) C o a m o C o a m o A m a n d a B e a t r i z S á n c h e z 2 0 1 . 7 5 m ( 5 f t 9 i n ) C o r o z a l C o r o z a l V i v i a n a O r t í z P a s t r a n a 2 4 1 . 7 6 m ( 5 f t 9 1 D 2 i n ) D o r a d o D o r a d o S u l i s M a r i e M a t o s R e y e s 1 9 1 . 7 3 m ( 5 f t 8 i n ) G u a y a m a G u a y ama Zuleyka Maril Rodríguez 22 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Guaynabo Guaynabo Lara Maria Mercado 20 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Gurabo Gurabo Jessica Joan Santiago Rodríguez 20 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Hatillo Hatillo Adriana Pérez Mercado 18 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Hormigueros Hormigueros Ninoshka Beatriz Aldea Morales 18 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Humacao Humacao Ashley Beth Pérez Ca l d e r ó n 1 9 1 . 7 2 m ( 5 f t 7 1 D 2 i n ) J u a n a D í a z J u a n a D í a z L i s a S u z e t t e D ' A l e c c i o M o l i n a 2 4 1 . 7 0 m ( 5 f t 7 i n ) J u n c o s J u n c o s V e r ó n i c a M a l d o n a d o 2 0 1 . 7 8 m ( 5 f t 1 0 i n ) L a j a s L a j a s I t z a i r a V é l e z P a r d o 2 0 1 . 7 3 m ( 5 f t 8 i n ) L a s P i e d r a s L a s P i e d r a s K i a r a M a r i e O r t iz Rodríguez 18 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Loiza Loíza Yanitza Marisol Rivera Rivera 24 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Luquillo Luquillo Letty Joan Pérez Rivera 22 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Mayagüez Mayagüez Claudia Ramos Zorrilla 22 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Naguabo Naguabo Grace Marie García 18 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Naranjito Naranjito Jamaris Rolón González 20 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Ponce Ponce Giselle Marie Negrón Rivera 22 San Juan (/ Ì s æ n È h w Q Ð n / ; S p a n i s h p r o n u n c i a t i o n : [ s a K È x w a n ] , S a i n t J o h n ) i s t h e c a p i t a l a n d m o s t p o p u l o u s m u n i c i p a l i t y i n t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h o f P u e r t o R i c o , a n u n i n c o r p o r a t e d t e r r i t o r y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . A s o f t h e 2 0 1 0 c e n s u s , i t h a d a p o p u l a t i o n o f 3 9 5 , 3 2 6 m a k i n g i t the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States. San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521, who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ("Rich Port City"). Puerto Rico's capital is the second oldest European-established capital city in the Americas, after Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic.[5] Several historical buildings are located in San Juan; among the most notable are the city's former defensive forts, Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal, and La Fortaleza, the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas. Today, San Juan is the Puerto Rico's most important seaport,[6] and is the island's manufacturing,[citation needed] financial, cultural, and tourism center. The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area, including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón, Guaynabo, Cataño, Canóvanas, Caguas, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Carolina and Trujillo Alto, is about 2 million inhabitants; thus, about half the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area.[7] San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area. The city has been the host of events within the sports community, including the 1979 Pan American Games, 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games, events of the 2006, 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics, the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010. Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Coat of arms and flag of San Juan 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Districts 3.2.1 Old San Juan 3.2.2 Other districts 4 Demographics 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 6 Culture 7 Government 7.1 Safety 8 Education 8.1 Colleges and universities 8.2 Public and private schools 9 Transportation 9.1 Public transport 10 Health and utilities 11 Sports 11.1 Professional teams 12 International relations 12.1 Twin towns – sister cities 13 Notable people from San Juan 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links History See also: Timeline of San Juan, Puerto Rico Ruins of Juan Ponce de León's residence at Caparra In 1508, Juan Ponce de León founded the original settlement which he called Caparra. It was named after the Province of Caceres in Spain, the birthplace of Nicolás de Ovando, then the Governor of Spain's Caribbean territories,[8] Today it is part of the Pueblo Viejo sector of Guaynabo, just to the west of the present San Juan metropolitan area. A year later, the settlement was moved to a site then called Puerto Rico, Spanish for "rich port" or "good port", after its similar geographical features to the island of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands.[9] In 1521, the newer settlement was given its formal name, Puerto Rico de San Juan Bautista. The ambiguous use of San Juan Bautista and Puerto Rico for both the city and the island in time led to a reversal in practical use by most inhabitants: by 1746 the name for the city (Puerto Rico) had become that of the entire island, leading to the city being identified as Puerto Rico de Puerto Rico on maps of the era.[10] On the other hand, the name for the island (San Juan Bautista) became the name for the city only after the occupation of the island by the United States.[11][dead link][12][dead link] San Juan, as a settlement of the Spanish Empire, was used by merchant and military ships traveling from Spain as the first stopover in the Americas. Because of its prominence in the Caribbean, a network of fortifications was built to protect the transports of gold and silver from the New World to Europe. Because of the rich cargoes, San Juan became a target of the foreign powers of the time.[13] The city was witness to attacks from the English led by Sir Francis Drake in 1595 (in what is known as the Battle of Puerto Rico) and by George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, in 1598. Artillery from San Juan's fort, El Morro, repelled Drake; however, Clifford managed to land troops and lay siege to the city.[14] After a few months of English occupation, Clifford was forced to abandon the siege when his troops began to suffer from exhaustion and sickness. In 1625 the city was sacked by Dutch forces led by Captain Balduino Enrico (also known as Boudewijn Hendricksz/Bowdoin Henrick), but El Morro withstood the assault and was not taken. The Dutch were counterattacked by Captain Juan de Amezquita and 50 members of the civilian militia on land and by the cannons of the Spanish troops in El Morro Castle. The land battle left 60 Dutch soldiers dead and Enrico with a sword wound to his neck which he received from the hands of Amezquita.[15][unreliable source?] The Dutch ships at sea were boarded by Puerto Ricans who defeated those aboard. After a long battle, the Spanish soldiers and volunteers of the city's militia were able to defend the city from the attack and save the island from an invasion. On October 21, Enrico set La Fortaleza and the city ablaze. Captains Amezquita and Andre Botello decided to put a stop to the destruction and led 200 men in an attack against the enemy's front and rear guard. They drove Enrico and his men from their trenches and into the ocean in their haste to reach their ships.[16] The British attack in 1797, during the French Revolutionary Wars, led by Sir Ralph Abercromby (who had just conquered Trinidad). His army laid siege to the city but was forced to withdraw in defeat as the Puerto Rican defenses proved more resilient than those of Trinidad. Various events and circumstances, including liberalized commerce with Spain, the opening of the island to immigrants as a direct result of the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815, and the colonial revolutions, led to an expansion of San Juan and other Puerto Rican settlements in the late 18th and early 19th century. La Plaza, San Juan, ca. 1900 On May 8, 1898, United States Navy ships, among them the USS Detroit, USS Indiana, USS New York, USS Amphitrite, USS Terror and USS Montgomery, commanded by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson arrived at San Juan Bay.[17][18] The USS Yale captured a Spanish freighter, the Rita in San Juan Bay, thus being the first hostile encounter between the warring sides in Puerto Rico. On May 9, Yale fought a brief battle with an auxiliary cruiser of Spain, name unknown, resulting in a Spanish victory. Around this time, Captain Ángel Rivero Méndez was assigned the command of the Spanish forces in the fortress of San Cristóbal in San Juan. On May 10, the Yale returned to San Juan Bay, Rivero-Méndez ordered his men to open fire upon the USS Yale using an Ordoñez 15 centimeter cannon, thus becoming the first attack against the Americans in Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War.[19] For his actions, Captain Rivero-Mendez was awarded the "Cruz de la Orden de Merito Militar" (The Cross of the Order of the Military Merit) first class.[19] The residents of San Juan were furious with Rivero and blamed him for the destruction caused to their city by the American bombardments. Nothing came of those accusations and Capt. Rivero-Méndez was ordered to turn over the keys of all the military installations in San Juan to Captain Henry A. Reed of the U.S. Army after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed.[19] On July 25, General Nelson A. Miles landed at Guánica (in southwestern Puerto Rico) with 3,300 soldiers in what was known as the Puerto Rican Campaign. The American troops found some resistance and engaged the Spanish and Puerto Rican troops in battle, the most notable of these the battles of Yauco and Asomante. All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended August 13, 1898, after President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an armistice.[20][21] Spain ceded the island to the United States later the same year by signing the Treaty of Paris. Camp Las Casas, located in the district of Santurce, served as the main training camp for the Puerto Rican soldiers prior to World War I and World War II; the majority of the men trained in this facility were assigned to the "Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry" which was renamed the 65th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army by the Reorganization Act of June 4, 1920. The 65th Infantry was deactivated in 1956 and became the only unit ever to be transferred from an active Army component to the Puerto Rico National Guard.[22] Shanty town along the Martín Peña Canal, 1973 Lieutenant Teófilo Marxuach (Retired as a Lieutenant Colonel), a native of Arroyo, Puerto Rico, fired the first shot in what is considered to be the first shot of World War I fired by the regular armed forces of the United States against any ship flying the colors of the Central Powers[23] Marxuach, who was a member of the "Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry" and Officer of the Day, on March 25, 1915, opened fire on the Odenwald, an armed German supply vessel, when it was trying to force its way out of San Juan's bay.[24] The shots ordered by Lt. Marxuach were the first fired by the United States in World War I.[25] In 1919, Félix Rigau Carrera, "El Aguila de Sabana Grande" (The Eagle from Sabana Grande), the first Puerto Rican pilot, became the first native Puerto Rican to fly an aircraft in the island when he flew his Curtiss JN-4 from Las Casas. At the time, the area was used by the military as an air base and it was also Puerto Rico's first commercial airport, and Rigau Carrera was allowed to perform his historic flight from the air field.[26] Camp Las Casas was eventually closed down, and in 1950 a public housing project by the name of Residencial Fray Bartolome de Las Casas was constructed on its former location. On January 2, 1947, the people of San Juan elected Felisa Rincón de Gautier (also known as Doña Fela) (1897–1994) as their mayor. Thus, she became the first woman to be elected as the mayor of a capital city in any of The Americas.[27] During the Cold War era, she ordered the establishment of the island's first Civil Defense system under the directorship of Colonel Gilberto José Marxuach (Teófilo's son).[28] Rincón de Gautier served as mayor until January 2, 1969. Historic coat of arms of San Juan (Spanish rule) On October 30, 1950, San Juan was the scene of the San Juan Uprising, one of many uprisings which occurred in various towns and cities in Puerto Rico, by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party against the governments of Puerto Rico and the United States. Among the uprising's main objective was to attack "La Fortaleza" (the Governors mansion) and the United States Federal Court House Building in Old San Juan. In accordance to the planned uprising in San Juan, a group of nationalists were supposed to attack simultaneously the gubernatorial mansion La Fortaleza, where Puerto Rican governor Luis Muñoz Marín resided, and the United States Federal Court House which is located close to an area called "La Marina" in Old San Juan. The La Fortaleza battle, which ensued between the nationalists and the police lasted 15 minutes, and ended when four of the five attackers were killed.[29] Coat of arms and flag of San Juan Main article: Diego de Torres Vargas On March 8, 1948 the city government of San Juan officially adopted as the city's first flag an orange field, in the center of which is the Coat of Arms of the City. The orange color was based and taken from Father Diego de Torres Vargas' text and it reads : "Escudo de armas dado a Puerto Rico por los Reyes Católicos en el año de 1511, siendo Procurador un vecino llamado Pedro Moreno. Son : un cordero blanco con su banderilla colorada, sobre un libro, y todo sobre una isla verde, que es la de Puerto Rico, y por los lados una F y una I, que quiere decir Fernando e Isabel, los Reyes Católicos que se las dieron, y hoy se conservan en el estandarte real, que es de damasco anaranjado, con que se ganó la ciudad" ("Coat of Arms given to Puerto Rico by the Catholic Monarchs in the year 1511 being Procurator a vecino named Pedro Moreno. They are: a white lamb with a red flag, on top of a book, and everything above a green island, which is Puerto Rico...which is of orange damask, with which the city was won"). It appears that the color was changed from orange to white at some point.[30] 17th-century Spanish painting commemorating Captain Juan de Amezquita's victory and Enrico's defeat at Puerto Rico de San Juan; by Eugenio Caxés, Museo del Prado Castle San Felipe del Morro Rigau Carrera poses in his plane (1919) Lieutenant Teofilo Marxuach The bodies of two nationalists lie on the ground after their attack on La Fortaleza (1950) Coat of arms of San Juan Geography San Juan from space San Juan is located along the north-eastern coast of Puerto Rico. It lies south of the Atlantic Ocean; north of Caguas and Trujillo Alto; east of and Guaynabo; and west of Carolina. The city occupies an area of 76.93 square miles (199.2 km2), of which, 29.11 square miles (75.4 km2) (37.83%) is water. San Juan's main water bodies are San Juan Bay and two natural lagoons, the Condado and San José.[31] Climate San Juan has a tropical monsoon climate and enjoys an average temperature of 81.0 °F (27.2 °C) although 90 °F (32 °C) or higher temperatures are seen on an average 79 days annually, more commonly occurring during the wetter months of the northern summer, especially if the winds come from the south. In the winter, temperatures can drop to around 60 °F (16 °C), though the average winter low is 71 °F (22 °C). The coolest temperature officially recorded was 60 °F (16 °C) on March 3, 1957, and the hottest was 98 °F (37 °C) on October 9, 1981;[32] the record cold daily maximum is 71 °F (22 °C) on February 4, 1935, while the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 11, 1995, the most recent of four occasions.[33] Rainfall is well-distributed throughout the year, but the months of January, February, and March are the driest; as March averages just 1.95 inches (49.5 mm) of rain, the city falls under the tropical monsoon category.[34] Rainfall averages 56.35 inches (1,431.3 mm), falling on an average 198.5 days per year;[33] despite this dampness, the city averages 2,970 hours of sunshine per year, or just over 2/3 of the possible total.[35] Annual rainfall has historically ranged from 35.53 in (902 mm) in 1991 to 89.50 in (2,273 mm) in 2010.[33] [hide]Climate data for San Juan Marin Int'l, Puerto Rico (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1898–present)[a] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 92 (33) 96 (36) 96 (36) 97 (36) 96 (36) 97 (36) 95 (35) 97 (36) 97 (36) 98 (37) 96 (36) 94 (34) 98 (37) Average high °F (°C) 83.2 (28.4) 83.7 (28.7) 84.9 (29.4) 86.2 (30.1) 87.5 (30.8) 88.9 (31.6) 88.7 (31.5) 89.2 (31.8) 89.2 (31.8) 88.4 (31.3) 85.9 (29.9) 83.9 (28.8) 86.6 (30.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 77.6 (25.3) 77.9 (25.5) 78.9 (26.1) 80.3 (26.8) 81.9 (27.7) 83.3 (28.5) 83.4 (28.6) 83.7 (28.7) 83.5 (28.6) 82.6 (28.1) 80.6 (27) 78.7 (25.9) 81.03 (27.23) Average low °F (°C) 72.0 (22.2) 72.0 (22.2) 72.9 (22.7) 74.4 (23.6) 76.3 (24.6) 77.7 (25.4) 78.1 (25.6) 78.2 (25.7) 77.8 (25.4) 76.9 (24.9) 75.2 (24) 73.4 (23) 75.4 (24.1) Record low °F (°C) 61 (16) 62 (17) 60 (16) 64 (18) 66 (19) 66 (19) 69 (21) 68 (20) 69 (21) 67 (19) 65 (18) 62 (17) 60 (16) Average rainfall inches (mm) 3.76 (95.5) 2.39 (60.7) 1.95 (49.5) 4.68 (118.9) 5.90 (149.9) 4.41 (112) 5.07 (128.8) 5.46 (138.7) 5 . 7 7 ( 1 4 6 . 6 ) 5 . 5 9 ( 1 4 2 ) 6 . 3 5 ( 1 6 1 . 3 ) 5 . 0 2 ( 1 2 7 . 5 ) 5 6 . 3 5 ( 1 , 4 3 1 . 3 ) A v e r a g e r a i n y d a y s ( e" 0 . 0 1 i n / 0 . 2 5 m m ) 1 7 . 6 1 3 . 9 1 2 . 2 1 3 . 3 1 5 . 7 1 4 . 4 1 8 . 6 1 8 . 5 1 7 . 4 1 7 . 7 1 9 . 6 1 9 . 6 1 9 8 . 5 A v e r a g e r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y ( % ) 7 4 . 0 7 2 . 4 7 1 . 0 7 1 . 3 7 4 . 9 7 5 . 5 7 5 . 9 7 6 . 4 7 6 . 4 7 6 . 9 7 6 . 2 74.7 74.6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 237.4 231.2 282.0 268.3 255.2 259.4 280.8 267.8 234.7 227.2 202.4 217.4 2,963.8 Percent possible sunshine 69 72 76 71 63 65 69 68 64 63 60 64 67 Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[33][37][35], The Weather Channel[32] Cityscape General view of harbor at San Juan, Puerto Rico looking South to San Juan Bay, 1927. The clock tower building at center was the San Juan Rail Terminal. Architecture Old San Juan The architecture of San Juan is very diverse, due to its size and all the cultural influences received during its existence. The oldest part of the city, known as Old San Juan, mostly features the influence of Spanish architecture. This part of the city is comprised by a network of setted roads usually surrounded by ancient, two-storied houses built on masonry. Some colonial structures have been restored and serve either as government offices or museums. Some examples are the Ballajá Barracks, which now serve as museum and headquarter of several cultural organizations; La Fortaleza, which has served as the residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico since the 16th Century; and the Ancient Welfare Asylum, which now houses the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, among others. Old San Juan also features several public squares, like the Plaza de Armas, located in front of San Juan City Hall; and cathedrals, like the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista.[38] Old San Juan is also notable for being partly enclosed by massive walls and fortifications built by the Spanish government. The architecture is more varied in other districts of the city. The district of Santurce features a lot of influence from art deco, while the districts of Hato Rey feature more modern structures. Districts Districts of San Juan Main article: Subdivisions of San Juan, Puerto Rico What is now known as Old San Juan occupied the western end of a rocky islet, the Isleta de San Juan, at the mouth of San Juan Bay. During the 20th century, the main population centers surged well beyond the walls of the old city and onto Puerto Rico's main island, and merged with the existing settlements east and south of Old San Juan. With the annexation of Río Piedras in 1951, the municipality of San Juan grew four times its previous size. As a result, the city is now composed of a variety of districts and neighborhoods. San Juan is now subdivided into 18 districts,[39] 16 of which fall within the former municipality of Río Piedras. Eight districts are further subdivided into sectors, including two districts in the area that covered the original municipality of San Juan. The 18 districts are: Caimito Cupey El Cinco Gobernador Piñero Hato Rey Central Hato Rey Norte Hato Rey Sur Monacillo Monacillo Urbano Oriente Pueblo Quebrada Arenas Sabana Llana Norte Sabana Llana Sur San Juan Antiguo (Old San Juan) Santurce Tortugo Universidad Old San Juan Main article: Old San Juan, Puerto Rico Some of Old San Juan streets are still paved with blue cobblestones from the Spanish colonial era. During the Spanish colonial times most of the urban population resided in what is now known as Old San Juan. This sector is located on the western half of a small island called the Isleta de San Juan, which is connected to the mainland by two bridges and a causeway. The small island, which comprises an area of 47 square miles (120 km2), also hosts the working-class neighborhood of Puerta de Tierra and most of Puerto Rico's central government buildings, including the Commonwealth's Capitol. The main central part of the city is characterized by narrow streets made of blue cobblestone and picturesque colonial buildings, some of which date back to the 16th and 17th century. Sections of the old city are surrounded by massive walls and several defensive structures and notable forts. These include the 16th-century Fort San Felipe del Morro and the 17th-century Fort San Cristóbal, both part of San Juan National Historic Site, and the 16th-century El Palacio de Santa Catalina, also known as La Fortaleza, which serves as the governor's mansion.[40] Other buildings of interest predating the 20th century are the Ayuntamiento or Alcaldía (City Hall), the Diputación Provincial and the Real Intendencia buildings, which currently house the Puerto Rico Department of State,[41] the Casa Rosa, the San José Church (1523) and the adjacent Hotel El Convento, the former house of the Ponce de León family known as Casa Blanca, the Teatro Tapia, the former Spanish barracks (now Museum of Ballajá), La Princesa (former municipal jail, now headquartering the Puerto Rico Tourism Company), and the Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery, located just outside the city walls.[42][43][44] The Cathedral of San Juan Bautista (construction began in the 1520s) is also located in Old San Juan, and contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer and settlement founder Juan Ponce de León.[45] Old San Juan, also known as the "old city", is the main cultural tourist attraction in Puerto Rico; its bayside is lined by dock slips for large cruise ships. Other districts San Juan's CBD known as the Golden Mile District East of Old San Juan lies the wealthy tourist-oriented neighborhood of Condado, which occupies land that used to be owned by entrepreneur Pablo Ubarri Capetillo, a Spanish railroad developer and Count of San José de Santurce under the Spanish colonial period. Beaches such as nearby Ocean Park, popular with swimmers, surfers and kitesurfers, are found all along the district's Atlantic coastline which is also the locus of numerous hotels.[46] Near Condado are two separate business districts, Santurce and Miramar. Miramar is mainly a residential area rising south of the Condado Lagoon. It comprises the former barrio of Miraflores, as well as drained marshland and landfill over which was built San Juan's first airport, the Isla Grande airport, which was renamed Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport in honor of Major Fernando Luis Ribas-Dominicci (USAF). Miramar now hosts the Puerto Rico Convention Center as well as some of San Juan Harbor's cruise ship piers. In 2005 Miramar was designated an historical district of Puerto Rico.[47] Santurce, originally named San Mateo de Cangrejos (Saint Matthew of the Crabs), was a settlement for freed African slaves during the early days of the city. After Pablo Ubarri sought permission to link San Juan with Río Piedras proper via steam tramway in 1878, the time it took to travel between both points were shortened and thereby stimulated the colonization and growth of the district. At the beginning of the twentieth century an electric trolley was installed, the township was split into three parts, and its main settlement, merged with the city, was renamed using the Spanish spelling of Santurtzi (Saint George in Basque), Ubarri's birthplace in Vizcaya, Spain. The "Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico" (Puerto Rico Museum of Art)[48] and other important cultural venues are located in Santurce. Looking down an Old San Juan street towards the bay South of Santurce is Hato Rey, part of the former municipality of Río Piedras. Hato Rey was grazing ground for cattle owned by the royal government (hence its name, the King's Herd in Spanish) as early as the 16th century,[49] and is now considered the financial center of the island. A section of this district is often referred to as Milla de Oro (actually 0.47 miles or 0.76 kilometres long) due in part to the many banks and businesses located there.[49] In the southern part of the city is the socially diversified community of Río Piedras. Founded in the mid-1850s, Río Piedras was a separate town which hosted sugar cane plantations and the estates of some of San Juan's wealthiest inhabitants (as well as their working class staff). The Spanish colonial governors also had their summer home there on land which eventually gave way to the main campus of the University of Puerto Rico. In 1951 the municipalities of San Juan and Río Piedras were merged to redefine San Juan's current city limits. Today Río Piedras comprises the largest area of the municipality of San Juan.[50] and is home to the "Plaza del Mercado" (Río Piedras Marketplace), the main campus and the Medical Sciences campus of the University of Puerto Rico and the San Juan Botanical Garden. Demographics Race – San Juan, Puerto Rico – 2010 Census[51] Race Population % of Total White 268,708 68.0% Black/African American 73,538 18.4% American Indian and Alaska Native 3,071 0.8% Asian 1,750 0.4% Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islander 36 0.0% Some other race 32,386 8.2% Two or more races 15,835 4.0%CHART 2 .jpgCHART 3 .jpg San Juan is the largest city in Puerto Rico by population.[52] From 1899 to 1950 the municipality of San Juan excluded the township of Río Piedras. For this reason, population data and land area for the period make reference only to the Antiguo San Juan and Santurce barrios, or subdivisions, of San Juan. The old municipality of Río Piedras constituted the third most populated city of Puerto Rico at the time of its annexation in 1951. Its strategic location south of the capital served as a junction for all the principal ways of transportation of the island and as a geographical entry to San Juan, which are factors that prompted Río Piedras's dramatic urban development in the 20th century. According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of San Juan was as follows: White: 68.0% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 1.2%) Black or African American: 18.3% (Non-Hispanic Blacks: 0.3%) American Indian: 0.8% Asian: 0.4% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 0.0% Some other race: 8.2% Two or more races: 4.0% Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 98.2% Among the Hispanic and Latino population, Puerto Ricans are, unsurprisingly, the largest group; they make up 87.5% of San Juan's Hispanic population. People of Dominican descent made up 12.2% of the Hispanic population, while those of Cuban descent formed 1.7% of the Hispanic populace. Other Hispanic and Latino groups collectively formed 3.2% of San Juan's Hispanic population. There are 13,304 whites of non-Hispanic origin living in San Juan; 10,571 blacks of non-Hispanic origin living in San Juan. Non-Hispanic whites and blacks form 3.2% and 2.6% of San Juan's population respectively. There are also approximately 562 Asians of non-Hispanic origin in San Juan; they make up only 0.1% of the population. However, Asians of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin together number at 6,342. The vast majority of Asians in San Juan are of Chinese descent; of the 6,342 Asians, 4,928 are Chinese. Chinese comprise 1.4% of the population. The only other sizable Asian group in San Juan are Indian Americans; there are 698 people of Indian descent in the city, forming 0.2% of the population. There are very small numbers of people of Filipino, Japanese, and Vietnamese ancestry; none of these groups number more than 100 members.[53] According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, 87.5% of San Juan's population was native and 12.5% were foreign-born. Of the native population, 86.9% were born in Puerto Rico or the United States, of which 75.6% were born in Puerto Rico and 8.9% were born in the United States. The remaining 0.7% were born in a U.S. territory or were born abroad to American parents. The remaining 11.9% of the population were born outside the United States, Puerto Rico, and U.S. territories. In recent years, an increasing number of Americans not of Hispanic ancestry (both of African American and of White American descent) have moved to San Juan. In addition, a large number of Stateside Puerto Ricans have settled in the city upon their return to Puerto Rico. There is also a growing West Indian population, both of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. In terms of ancestry, 23,875 people claimed American ancestry, which is equivalent to 5.8% of San Juan's population. Other sizable ancestry groups included those of Italian descent, French descent, and West Indian descent. People of Italian descent numbered at 1,694, forming 0.4% of the population; people of French descent numbered at 1,064, forming 0.2% of the population. Finally, those of West Indian descent numbered at 1,393, forming 0.3% of San Juan's population. Approximately 1,026 people claimed Sub-Saharan African ancestry; 719 claimed Irish ancestry; 646 claimed German ancestry; 431 claimed Arab ancestry, and 346 claimed English ancestry. There are many other ancestry groups in San Juan, but they are very scant.[54] Economy San Juan experienced significant economic growth following World War II. During this period the city underwent an industrial revolution.[55] The city's economy relies mostly on companies dedicated to the manufacture of several products, including: Chemical substances (bleach and house cleaning products); medicines; rum and other beverages; fertilizers; electric tools; electronic devices; plastics, textiles, and food-based products.[55] Tourism is also a key industry, based on San Juan's proximity to Puerto Rico's main airport, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport.[55] The tourism focus of the city is located in the district of Condado Beach where there are luxurious hotels.[55] Historical locations such as El Morro, Old San Juan and El Cuartel de Ballaja are promoted in tourism campaigns. The district of Hato Rey contains a corporate sector known as "La Milla de Oro," (The Golden Mile) which serves as the headquarters of local and international banks. San Juan's Hato Rey district is often referred to as the "Wall Street of the Caribbean," due to the influence of the area on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean's economy.[49] Seaborne Airlines is headquartered on the 9th floor of the World Plaza Building in San Juan.[56] Tourism San Juan beach Technological advances after World War II in the development of the airliner, coupled with the island's climate and natural setting, have transformed San Juan into the springboard for tourism around the island, and has made the rest of the Caribbean known throughout the world during the last fifty years.[57] Today the capital features hotels, museums, historical buildings, restaurants, beaches and shopping centers. In San Juan there are tourist attractions, including: Old San Juan, Ocean Park, Isla Verde and Condado. Places and monuments emphasized in tourism campaigns include: Old San Juan, promoting the historic nature of its colonial buildings and narrow streets covered by adoquine, a blue stone cast from furnace slag; they were brought over as ballast on Spanish ships.[55] This includes the city's ancient defensive wall and forts, most notably El Morro and the Castle of San Cristóbal.[55] On January 23, 1984 both of these edifices were catalogued as being part of humanity's cultural patrimony.[55] The restaurants and art galleries in the zone are visited by tourists.[55] The local universities are promoted as historic places, most notably the campus of University of Puerto Rico located in Río Piedras, which is the oldest university on the island being founded in 1903. Culture Façade of "El Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Puerto Rico" in Santurce, one of San Juan's most beautiful landmarks. See also: List of notable residents of San Juan, Puerto Rico San Juan is the birthplace of artists and musicians, locally known as Sanjuaneros, who have significantly influenced Puerto Rican culture. During the 20th century, the musical aspect of the city was influenced by performers including Afro-Caribbean dancer and choreographer Sylvia del Villard and José Enrique Pedreira who became a composer of Puerto Rican Danzas. International musicians such as opera singer Justino Díaz and Grammy Award winners Ramón Ayala (Daddy Yankee) and Ricky Martin were born in the city. Other notable residents include writers Giannina Braschi and Tomas Blanco, award-winning actors Raúl Juliá and Benicio del Toro, and comedian José Miguel Agrelot. Rafael Cordero (1790–1868), was influential in the development of Puerto Rican education and has been once renowned[by whom?] as " The Father of Public Education in Puerto Rico." The city is also the home of contemporary and classic art museums. The Puerto Rico Arts Museum owns the largest collection of contemporary art in Puerto Rico, housing over 1,100 permanent art pieces and displaying temporary exhibitions containing artwork from various locations through Latin America.[58] The Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art, located in Santurce, specializes in contemporary artwork from Latin America and the Caribbean. The paintings displayed in the permanent exhibition are either acquired by the museum's administrative personnel or donated by artists and collectors. They are judged by a panel of painters, art critics, and scholars before being displayed.[59] Other museums such as the Pablo Casals Museum, the Book Museum, Americas Museum and the National Gallery display historic items and artwork alongside contemporary art.[60][61] Miscellaneous museums such as the Children's Museum and the Bacardi Distillery (also known as the "Rum Cathedral") in nearby Cataño appeal to different audiences through interactive exhibitions.[62][63] Government Main article: Mayoralty in Puerto Rico As one of Puerto Rico's 78 municipalities, San Juan's government consists of two branches, the executive and the legislative. Those citizens eligible to vote directly elect a mayor and the municipal assembly for four-year terms. The municipal government is housed in City Hall or Casa Alcaldia, which is located at 153 San Francisco Street, facing the Plaza de Armas at the center of Old San Juan.[64] City Hall was constructed based on Madrid's City Hall starting in 1604 and finally completed in 1789.[64] The executive branch is headed by a popularly elected mayor. The office is currently held by Carmen Yulín Cruz, who was elected at the 2012 general election. Before her, Jorge A. Santini held the position for 12 years. In addition to running the city's day-to-day operations and supervising associated departments, the mayor is responsible for appointing a secretary-auditor and a treasurer. San Juan's Municipal Legislature is made up of 17 municipal legislators, elected at-large, which represent the city's population.[65] San Juan is also the seat of the Puerto Rico Senatorial district I, which is represented by two Senators.[66] In 2012, José Nadal Power and Ramón Luis Nieves were elected as District Senators.[67] Safety In 2010 there were 201 slayings in San Juan, a rate of around 50 per 100,000 residents. Law enforcement in San Juan is the joint responsibility of the Department of Police and Public Safety, also known as the San Juan Police Department and the Puerto Rico Police Department.[68] The Municipal Police, originally known as the "San Juan Municipal Guard", was created in 1521 and has active military and law enforcement functions, until 1980 when act #77 created municipal law enforcement agencies in Puerto Rico. It currently employs over 1,000 sworn officers plus civilian staff.[69] Education Colleges and universities Main tower of the University of Puerto Rico campus in Rio Piedras San Juan is home to many of Puerto Rico's institutions of higher learning. The University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Campus is located in San Juan, along with the University of Puerto Rico's Medical Sciences Campus. Other colleges located in San Juan are the University of the Sacred Heart, the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, the Ana G. Méndez University System's Metropolitan University, the Metropolitan Campus of the Inter American University of Puerto Rico, the Carlos Albizu University, the Evangelic Seminary of Puerto Rico and the Center for Advanced Studies on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. There are smaller colleges located in the city, including the ICPR Junior College, the Instituto de Banca y Comercio and the International Junior College, located in Santurce.[70] There are also several technical schools based in San Juan, including the Technological College of San Juan, the Liceo de Artes y Ciencias, Ramirez College of Business and Technology, and the Puerto Rico Technical Junior College. The Puerto Rico Conservatory of Music and the School of Fine Arts in Old San Juan specialize in education that promotes the fine arts and music.[70] Public and private schools Also, San Juan is home to 136[citation needed] public schools operated by the Puerto Rico Department of Education. Most of the specialized schools operated by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are located in San Juan. These schools emphasize topics such as Science and Math, Radio and Television, Arts, Trade, Music, and Sports, but also include other subjects such as Spanish, English, and Social Studies in their curriculum. In addition to dozens of state-run elementary, intermediate, and high schools, the government of the city of San Juan operates two bilingual schools, including one sports-magnet school, the first municipal-run schools in Puerto Rico.[citation needed] Several private schools are located in San Juan, including Robinson and St. John's schools in the Condado, Perpetuo Socorro in Miramar, St. John's Episcopal, Santa Mónica and Academia San Jorge in Santurce, Commonwealth High School, La Merced and Espíritu Santo in Hato Rey, Escuela Josefita Monserrate de Selles, San Antonio, Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, San José in Río Piedras and Cupeyville, St. Mary's, Boneville and Cupey Maria Montesory School in Cupey. Transportation The Port of San Juan is the fourth busiest seaport in the Western Hemisphere, ranked among the top 17 in the world in terms of container movement. It is also the largest home-based cruise port in the world with over a dozen cruise ships. It is the second busiest port in cruise volume after Miami. The Metropolitan Area is served by two airports. The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, San Juan's primary commercial airport, is located eight miles (12.9 km) from Old San Juan in the neighboring municipality of Carolina. The airport accommodates more than 30 domestic and international airlines and is the busiest airport in the Caribbean. It is often referred to as "The Gateway to the Caribbean" because it serves as the main connection to the island and the rest of the Caribbean for the United States and vice versa. The area's secondary airport is the Fernando Ribas Dominicci Airport, which is located directly across the San Antonio Creek or Cano San Antonio from Old San Juan in the Isla Grande district.[71] Dominicci Airport is used mainly by general aviation aircraft, charter flights, and some domestic commercial flights. It used to be the city's and also the island of Puerto Rico's main international gateway until the opening of Luis Muñoz Marin International Airport. It is now also widely used by the Isla Grande Flight School and Caribbean Flight Center, the only flight school on the island. Public transport See also: Tren Urbano At 4,300 vehicles per paved mile, San Juan has by far the highest density of vehicles on the road of any country in the world.[72] The city is served by five limited-access expressways and highways and numerous arterial avenues and boulevards, but continues to suffer from severe traffic congestion.[73] The Metropolitan Bus Authority (Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses or AMA in Spanish) provides daily bus transportation to residents of San Juan, Guaynabo, Bayamón, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Cataño and Carolina through 30 fixed routes. Its fleet consists of 277 regular buses and 35 handicap-accessible buses. AMA's ridership is estimated at 112,000 on weekdays.[74] There is also a daily ferry service, known as the Cataño Ferry (La Lancha de Cataño), which operates between Old San Juan and the town of Cataño.[75] The T5, 21 and 53 buses pass between Old San Juan, Condado and Isla Verde. More information is available at http://sjbus.info/ In an attempt to decrease vehicle dependency and road congestion, the City built a metro system dubbed "Tren Urbano" ("Urban Train"). The 10.7-mile (17.2 km) line connects to 16 stations.[76] The project, which opened in late 2004, cost $2.25 billion and was more than $1 billion over budget and four years late. The Tren Urbano has received less ridership than was originally projected and has not significantly reduced the city's automobile traffic, despite a reported 7.5% ridership increase in 2006 over 2005. There is a planned project to build a "interurban light rail system" connecting the cities of San Juan and Caguas.[77] Increased investment in public transportation, however, has not changed the fact that San Juan is an automobile reliant city and its fast growth has sparked urban sprawl. As of mid-2010, the government has approved plans for a redesign of this Puerto Rican city, featuring a new mass transit system, new roads and intersections, and more beach access points. No cars will be allowed inside the oldest part of city (Old San Juan). The plans hope to remedy previous poor urban planning in the oldest section of the city, the Isleta, while curbing reliance on motor vehicles. The plans for redevelopment also hope


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carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

to make the city more appealing in order to attract new residents, as San Juan has suffered from a shrinking population over the past 60 years.[78] Health and utilities San Juan has an elaborate system of triage, hospital, and preventive care health services. The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled. There are 20 hospitals in San Juan, half of them operated by the government. The largest hospital in San Juan and most important of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean[citation needed] is the Rio Piedras Medical Center, or Centro Medico de Rio Piedras in Spanish. This hospital, founded in 1956, is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico. It is made up of eight other hospitals. San Juan Municipal Hospital: This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government. Industrial Hospital: This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees, whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees. Normally, injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here. San Juan Pediatric Hospital - Also operated by the San Juan municipal government. Pediatric Hospital: Operated by the government of the Commonwealth, this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases. Centro Medico: This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe (Caribbean Cardiovascular Center): This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean. It features a hotel for the patients' families. Psychiatric Hospital: The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico. Operated by the government of Puerto Rico. Psychiatric Correctional Hospital: It is both a hospital and correctional facility. It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration. The city of San Juan operates 10 hospitals. Of these, nine are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan. The main hospital is located at Centro Medico. These 10 hospitals are: La Perla Puerta de Tierra Llorens Torres Puerto Nuevo San José Rio Piedras Sabana Llana Hoare Santurce Parada 19 General Hospital (Centro Medico) Also, there are 10 private hospitals in San Juan. These are: Hospital Metropilitano Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso Hospital de Veteranos: The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean. Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System. Ashford Presbyterian Hospital A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality enjoying primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the official (constitutional) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place. Contents [hide] 1 Terminology 2 Origins 3 Modern capitals 4 Planned capital cities 5 Unusual capital city arrangements 5.1 Capitals that are not the seat of government 5.2 Disputed capitals 6 Intergovernmental organizations 7 The capital as a symbol 8 Capitals in military strategy 9 See also 10 References Terminology[edit] The word capital derives from the Latin caput, meaning "head". In several English-speaking states, the terms county town, county seat, and borough seat are also used in lower subdivisions. In unitary states, subnational capitals are commonly known as "administrative centres". An alternative term is headtown. The capital is often, but not necessarily, the largest city of its constituent. Origins[edit] This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) The Roman Forum was surrounded by many government buildings as the capital of Ancient Rome. The Western Wall is one of the greatest findings of the Jewish history in Jerusalem. Historically, the major economic centre of a state or region often becomes the focal point of political power, and becomes a capital through conquest or federation. Examples are Ancient Babylon, Abbasid Baghdad, Berlin, Constantinople, Ancient Cusco, London, Ancient Athens, Madrid, Moscow, Rome, Beijing, Stockholm, Tokyo, and Vienna. The capital city naturally attracts politically motivated people and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of national or imperial governments, such as lawyers, political scientists, bankers, journalists, and public policy makers. Some of these cities are or were also religious centres, e.g. Constantinople (more than one religion), Rome (the Roman Catholic Church), Jerusalem (more than one religion), Ancient Babylon, Moscow (the Russian Orthodox Church), Belgrade (the Serbian Orthodox Church), Paris, and Peking. A capital city that is also the prime economic, cultural, or intellectual centre of a nation or an empire is sometimes referred to as a primate city. Examples are Accra, Athens, Belgrade, Bratislava, Brussels, Bucharest, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Bujumbura, Cairo, Copenhagen, Dublin, Kigali, Lima, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Manila, Montevideo, Mexico City, Nairobi, Paris, Prague, Riga, Santiago, Seoul, Skopje, Sofia, Stockholm, Tirana, Tokyo, Taipei, Ulaanbaatar, and Vienna. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals, e.g. Nanking by Shanghai, Quebec City by Montreal, and numerous US state capitals. The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its capital city, as occurred at Babylon and Cahokia. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no legal designation as such: for example Bern, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London, Paris, and Wellington. They are recognised as capitals as a matter of convention, and because all or almost all the country's central political institutions, such as government departments, supreme court, legislature, embassies, etc., are located in or near them. Modern capitals[edit] Cornwall Council headquarters in the county town of Truro. Counties in United Kingdom have historic county towns, which are often not the largest settlement within the county and often are no longer administrative centres, as many historical counties are now only ceremonial, and administrative boundaries are different. In Canada, there is a federal capital, while the ten provinces and three territories all have capital cities. The states of such countries as Mexico, Brazil (including the famous cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, capitals of their respective states), and Australia all have capital cities. For example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide; Brisbane; Hobart; Melbourne; Perth; and Sydney. In Australia, the term "capital cities" is regularly used, to refer to the aforementioned state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra and Darwin, the capital of the Northern Territory. In the Federal Republic of Germany, each of its constituent states (or Länder - plural of Land) has its own capital city, such as Dresden, Wiesbaden, Mainz, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart, and Munich. Likewise, each of the republics of the Russian Federation has its own capital city. Planned capital cities[edit] The L'Enfant Plan for Washington, DC, the capital of the United States. Many capital cities were planned by government to house the seat of government of the nation or subdivision. Some planned capitals include Abuja, Nigeria (1991); Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil (1855); Ankara, Turkey (1923); Austin, Texas, USA (1839); Belmopan, Belize (1970); Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (1897); Dhaka, Bangladesh (1971); Brasília, Brazil (1960); Canberra, Australia (1927); Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (1933); Indianapolis, Indiana, USA (1825); Islamabad, Pakistan (1960); Frankfort, Kentucky, USA (1792); Jefferson City, Missouri, USA (1821); Jhongsing New Village, Taiwan (1955); New Delhi, India (1911); Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA (1889); Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1857); Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil (1989); Quezon City, Philippines (1948–76); Raleigh, North Carolina, USA (1792); Valletta, Malta (1571); Washington D.C., USA (1800); and Wellington, New Zealand (1865). These cities satisfy one or both of the following criteria: A deliberately planned city that was built expressly to house the seat of government, superseding a capital city that was in an established population center. There have been various reasons for this, including overcrowding in that major metropolitan area, and the desire to place the capital city in a location with a better climate (usually a less tropical one). A town that was chosen as a compromise among two or more cities (or other political divisions), none of which was willing to concede to the other(s) the privilege of being the capital city. Usually, the new capital is geographically located roughly equidistant between the competing population centres. The Australian Parliament opened in the small town of Canberra in 1927 as a compromise between the largest cities, Sydney and Melbourne. Some examples of the second situation are: Canberra, Australia, which was chosen as a compromise located between Melbourne and Sydney. Frankfort, Kentucky, which is midway between Louisville and Lexington, Kentucky. Ottawa, Canada, which is located along the boundary between the Province of Ontario and the Province of Quebec – the two most populous of the ten provinces – midway between their respective provincial capitals, Toronto and Quebec City. Tallahasse, Florida, was chosen as the midpoint between Pensacola and St. Augustine, Florida - then the two largest cities in Florida. Wellington, New Zealand, which is located at the southern tip of the North Island of New Zealand, the more populous island, immediately across the Cook Strait from the South Island. The capital city was moved there from Auckland, which is much further north in the North Island, after a long argument for a more central location for parliament.[1] Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital. The newly independent Kazakhstan moved its capital to the existing city of Aqmola. Naypyidaw was founded in Burma's interior as the former capital, Rangoon, was claimed to be too overcrowded.[2] Unusual capital city arrangements[edit] See also: List of countries with multiple capitals The Supreme Court, the seat of Switzerland's judiciary, is in Lausanne, although the executive and legislature are located in Berne. Parliament House, Singapore. As a city-state, Singapore requires no specific capital. The Blue Palace, the official residence of Montenegro's president, is in Cetinje, although the executive and legislature are located in Podgorica. A number of cases exist where states have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. There is also a ghost town which currently serves as the de jure capital of a territory: Plymouth in Montserrat. Chile: Santiago is the capital even though the National Congress of Chile meets in Valparaíso. Czech Republic: Prague is the sole constitutional capital. Brno is home to all three of the country's highest courts, making it the de facto capital of the Czech judicial branch. Estonia: the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Education and Research are located in Tartu. Finland: During the summer, the President resides at the Kultaranta in Naantali; presidential sessions of the government are held there as well. France: The French constitution does not recognise any capital city in France. By law[3] Paris is the seat of both houses of Parliament (the National Assembly and the Senate), but their joint congresses are held at the Palace of Versailles. In case of emergency, the seat of the constitutional powers can be transferred in another town, in order for the Houses of Parliament to keep seating in the same location of the President and Cabinet. Germany: The official capital Berlin is home to the parliament and the highest bodies of the executive branch (consisting of the ceremonial presidency and effective chancellery). Various ministries are located in the former West German capital of Bonn, which now has the title Federal City. The Federal Constitutional Court has its seat in Karlsruhe, which as a consequence is sometimes called Germany's "judicial capital"; none of Germany's highest judicial organs are located in Berlin. Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur is the constitutional capital and seat of parliament, but the federal administrative centre and judiciary were moved 30 kilometres (19 mi) south to Putrajaya. Montenegro: The official capital Podgorica is home to the parliament and the executive, but the seat of the presidency is in the former royal capital of Cetinje. Myanmar (Burma): Naypyidaw was designated the national capital in 2005, the same year it was founded, but most government offices and embassies are still located in Yangon (Rangoon). Nauru: Nauru, a microstate of only 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi), has no distinct capital city, and thus has a capital district instead. Sri Lanka: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is the official capital and the location of the parliament, while the former capital, Colombo, is now designated as the "commercial capital".[citation needed] However, many government offices are still located in Colombo. Both cities are in the Colombo District. South Africa: The administrative capital is Pretoria, the legislative capital is Cape Town, and the judicial capital is Bloemfontein. This is the outcome of the compromise that created the Union of South Africa in 1910. Switzerland: Bern is the Federal City of Switzerland and functions as de facto capital. However, the Swiss Supreme Court is located in Lausanne. Tanzania: Dodoma was designated the national capital in 1973, but most government offices and embassies are still located in Dar es Salaam. Monaco, Singapore, and the Vatican City are city states, and thus do not contain any capital city distinct from the country as a whole. However, for Singapore, the country's Parliament and Supreme Court are located in the country's Downtown Core. Capitals that are not the seat of government[edit] There are several countries where, for various reasons, the official capital and de facto seat of government are separated: Benin: Porto-Novo is the official capital, but Cotonou is the seat of government. Bolivia: Sucre is still the constitutional capital, but most of the national government long ago abandoned that region for La Paz. Ivory Coast: Yamoussoukro was designated the national capital in 1983, but most government offices and embassies are still located in Abidjan. Georgia: since 2012, the seat of government has been Kutaisi, but the President's residence and the Supreme Court remain in Tbilisi, the official capital. Netherlands: Amsterdam is the constitutional national capital even though the Dutch government, the parliament, the supreme court, the Council of State, and the work palace of the King are all located in The Hague, as are all the embassies. (For more details see: Capital of the Netherlands.) Philippines: As provided by Presidential Decree No. 940 (June 24, 1976), Metropolitan Manila, as a whole, is the Philippines' seat of government while the City of Manila is the capital city.[4] South Africa: There are three capitals for South Africa: Pretoria is the seat of the executive branch of government; Cape Town is the legislative capital and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital. Disputed capitals[edit] Israel: Jerusalem is claimed as the capital of both Israel[5] and Palestine.[6] Israel's presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (Knesset) are located there, but the UN and most countries take the position that the final status of Jerusalem is unsettled pending future negotiations. Most countries maintain their diplomatic missions to Israel in Tel Aviv, while diplomatic missions to Palestine are in various places such as Ramallah, Gaza City, Cairo and Damascus. Intergovernmental organizations[edit] United Nations Headquarters, New York. European Union (see details): Brussels is generally considered as the seat of the European Union, alongside Strasbourg where the European Parliament has its official seat and votes[7] because it hosts the major institutions of the EU. The judiciary and some of the executive's work are located in Luxembourg and other bodies and agencies in other cities. Although the main seats are fixed in the EU's treaties which form its legal basis, they do not use the term "capital" for any city. Europol: The Hague United Nations: New York City is the main meeting place of the highest bodies of the UN, but significant parts of its structure exist in other cities, notably Vienna, Geneva, Nairobi and The Hague. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Paris Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome African Union: Addis Ababa and Midrand Arab League: Cairo Asian Development Bank: Manila Association of Southeast Asian Nations: Jakarta Commonwealth of Nations: London European Organization for Nuclear Research: Meyrin, a suburb of Geneva Helsinki Commission: Helsinki International Organization for Standardization: Geneva Interpol: Lyon North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Brussels This is a list of national capitals ordered by altitude. The high elevation of the cities affects the social and physical arrangement of the place. In many cases, the cold climate in winter necessitates a particular style of habitat. Curiously, the first item in this list, Bolivia, is a country with multiple capitals - Sucre (constitutional capital) and La Paz (seat of government). If La Paz is considered the national capital, then Bolivia will be ranked as number one in the List, but if Sucre is specified, then the capital of Ecuador - Quito - will be the highest altitude national capital. La Paz, Bolivia Thimphu, Bhutan Bogotá, Colombia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Country Capital Altitude (m) Altitude (ft) Bolivia La Paz (and Sucre) 3640 (and 2750) 11,942 (and 9,022) Ecuador Quito 2850 9,350 Bhutan Thimphu 2648 8,688 Colombia Bogotá 2625 8,612 Ethiopia Addis Ababa 2355 7,726 Eritrea Asmara 2325 7,628 Yemen Sana'a 2250 7,382 Mexico Mexico City 2240 7,350 Kenya Nairobi 1795 5,889 Afghanistan Kabul 1790 5,873 Namibia Windhoek 1721 5,646 Lesotho Maseru 1673 5,489 Rwanda Kigali 1567 5,141 Guatemala Guatemala City 1529 5,016 Zimbabwe Harare 1483 4,865 Nepal Kathmandu 1400 4,593 Mongolia Ulan Bator 1350 4,429 Madagascar Antananarivo 1288 4,226 South Africa Pretoria 1271 4,170 Zambia Lusaka 1270 4,167 Swaziland Mbabane 1243 4,078 Uganda Kampala 1190 3,904 Costa Rica San José 1146 3,760 Iran Tehran 1138 3,734 Tanzania Dodoma 1120 3,675 Brazil Brasilia 1079 3,540 Malawi Lilongwe 1024 3,360 Andorra Andorra la Vella 1023 3,356 Honduras Tegucigalpa 990 3,250 Armenia Yerevan 989 3,246 Botswana Gaborone 983 3,225 Turkey Ankara 938 3,077 Venezuela Caracas 909 2,982 Burundi Bujumbura 794 2,605 Tajikistan Dushanbe 789 2,589 Nigeria Abuja 777 2,549 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek 771 2,530 Jordan Amman 759 2,490 Israel Jerusalem 754 2,474 Cameroon Yaoundé 726 2,382 Syria Damascus 691 2,267 Spain Madrid 667 2,188 El Salvador San Salvador 658 2,159 Saudi Arabia Riyadh 624 2,047 Australia Canberra 605 1,985 Bulgaria Sofia 580 1,900 Switzerland Bern 542 1,778 Chile Santiago 521 1,709 Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo 518 1,699 Pakistan Islamabad 507 1,663 Uzbekistan Tashkent 459 1,506 Liechtenstein Vaduz 455 1,493 Georgia T'bilisi 451 1,480 Sudan Khartoum 377 1,237 Central African Republic Bangui 369 1,211 Mali Bamako 349 1,145 Kazakhstan Astana 338 1,109 San Marino City of San Marino 328 1,076 Burkina Faso Ouagadougou 305 1,001 Chad N'djamena 298 978 Slovenia Ljubljana 281 922 Luxembourg Luxembourg 273 896 Czech Republic Prague 244 801 Macedonia Skopje 243 797 Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa 240 787 Côte d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro 217 712 Turkmenistan Asgabat 215 705 India New Delhi 210 689 Niger Niamey 207 679 Micronesia, Federated States of Palikir 207 678 St. Lucia Castries 204 669 Belarus Minsk 198 650 Austria Vienna 170 558 Ukraine Kiev 168 551 Congo Brazzaville 155 509 Peru Lima 154 506 Greece Athens 153 502 Laos Vientiane 148 486 São Tomé and Príncipe Sao Tomé 141 463 Cyprus Nicosia 134 440 Mauritius Port Louis 134 440 Slovakia Bratislava 131 430 Croatia Zagreb 130 427 Lithuania Vilnius 124 407 Russia Moscow 124 407 Serbia Belgrade 116 381 Comoros Moroni 110 361 Equatorial Guinea Malabo 107 351 Albania Tirana 104 341 Hungary Budapest 102 335 Haiti Port-au-Prince 98 322 Ghana Accra 98 322 Poland Warsaw 93 305 M o l d o v a C h i _ i n u 8 0 2 6 3 M y a n m a r N a y p y i d a w 7 7 2 5 3 B e l i z e B e l m o p a n 7 6 2 5 0 B e l g i u m B r u s s e l s 7 6 2 4 9 S i e r r a L e o n e F r e e t o w n 7 6 2 4 9 N i c a r a g u a M a n a g u a 7 5 2 4 6 C a n a d a O t t a w a 7 4 2 4 3 R o m a n i a B u c h a r e s t 7 0 2 3 0 O m a n M a s q a t 6 8 2 2 3 M o z a m b i q u e M a p u t o 6 3 2 0 7 T o g o L o me 63 207 Montenegro Podgorica 61 200 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 60 197 Lebanon Beirut 55 180 Malta Valletta 54 186 Paraguay Asunción 54 177 Jamaica Kingston 53 174 Morocco Rabat 53 174 China Beijing 44 144 Uruguay Montevideo 43 141 Iraq Baghdad 40 131 Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 39 128 Benin Porto-Novo 38 125 Estonia Tallinn 37 121 Senegal Dakar 37 121 France Paris 34 112 Germany Berlin 34 112 South Korea Seoul 33 108 Solomon Islands Honiara 29 95 Somalia Mogadishu 28 92 Finland Helsinki 25 82 Vietnam Hanoi 25 82 Grenada Saint George's 25 82 Egypt Cairo 22 72 New Zealand Wellington 20 66 Japan Tokyo 17 56 Iceland Reykjavík 15 49 Portugal Lisbon 15 49 Sweden Stockholm 15 49 Cambodia Phnom Penh 15 49 Italy Rome 14 46 United Kingdom London 14 46 Qatar Doha 13 43 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 13 43 Norway Oslo 12 40 East Timor Dili 11 36 Argentina Buenos Aires 10.5 33 Nauru Yaren 9 30 Ireland Dublin 8 26 Latvia Riga 8 26 Philippines Manila 7 23 Bahrain Manama 6 20 North Korea P'yongyang 6 20 Barbados Bridgetown 6 20 Angola Luanda 6 20 Libya Tripoli 6 20 Mauritania Nouakchott 6 20 Taiwan Taipei 5 16 Kuwait Kuwait 5 16 Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte 4 13 Cuba Havana 4 13 Bangladesh Dhaka 3 10 Indonesia Jakarta 3 10 Marshall Islands Majuro 3 10 Bahamas Nassau 2 7 United States Washington, D.C. 2 7 Algeria Algiers 1 3 Thailand Bangkok 1 3 Suriname Paramaribo 1 3 Denmark Copenhagen 0 0 Monaco Monaco 0 0 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan 0 0 Maldives Malé 0 0 Singapore Singapore 0 0 Antigua and Barbuda Saint John's 0 0 The following is a list of the world's major cities by elevation. In addition, the country, continental region, latitude and longitude are shown for all cities listed. While the elevation of cities may vary enormously, this list should represent a notional elevation for each city which is verifiable and reasonably acceptable for comparison. The cities must at least of a population of 175,000 to be on the list. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. Country/Territory City Name/s Continental Region Latitude Longitude Population Elevation (m) Albania Tirana Europe N41.3317 E19.8172 104 Austria Vienna Europe N48.2092 E16.3728 170 Belarus Minsk Europe N53.9678 E27.5766 198 Belgium Brussels Europe N50.8371 E4.3676 76 Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Europe N43.8608 E18.4214 577 Bulgaria Sofia Europe N42.7105 E23.3238 591 Croatia Zagreb Europe N45.8150 E15.9785 792,324 130 Czech Republic Prague Europe N50.0878 E14.4205 244 Denmark Aarhus Europe N56.15 E10.22 261,560 105 Denmark Copenhagen Europe N55.6763 E12.5681 583,348 0 Estonia Tallinn Europe N59.4389 E24.7545 37 Finland Helsinki Europe N60.1699 E24.9384 25 France Paris Europe N48.8567 E2.3510 34 Germany Berlin Europe N52.5235 E13.4115 34 Germany Munich Europe N48.1333 E11.5666 519 Greece Athens Europe N37.9792 E23.7166 153 Hungary Budapest Europe N47.4984 E19.0408 102 Ireland Dublin Europe N53.3441 W6.2675 8 Italy Rome Europe N41.8955 E12.4823 14 Kosovo (RS) Pristina Europe N42.6740 E21.1788 652 Latvia Riga Europe N56.9465 E24.1049 8 Lithuania Vilnius Europe N54.6896 E25.2799 124 Luxembourg Luxembourg Europe N49.6100 E6.1296 273 Malta Valletta Europe N35.9042 E14.5189 0 Moldova Chisinau Europe N47.0167 E28.8497 80 Monaco Monaco Europe N43.7325 E7.4189 0 Montenegro Podgorica Europe N42.4602 E19.2595 61 Netherlands Amsterdam Europe N52.3738 E4.8910 -2 Norway Oslo Europe N59.9138 E10.7387 12 Poland Warsaw Europe N52.2297 E21.0122 93 Portugal Lisbon Europe N38.7072 W9.1355 15 Republic of Macedonia Skopje Europe N42.0024 E21.4361 243 Romania Bucharest Europe N44.4479 E26.0979 70 Russia Moscow Europe N55.7558 E37.6176 124 Serbia Belgrade Europe N44.8048 E20.4781 116 Slovakia Bratislava Europe N48.2116 E17.1547 131 Slovenia Ljubljana Europe N46.0514 E14.5060 281 Spain Madrid Europe N40.4167 W3.7033 588 Sweden Stockholm Europe N59.3328 E18.0645 15 Switzerland Bern Europe N46.9480 E7.4481 513 Ukraine Kiev Europe N50.4422 E30.5367 168 United Kingdom Edinburgh Europe N55.9518 W3.1834 492,680 47 United Kingdom London Europe N51.5002 W0.1262 14 Afghanistan Kabul Asia N34.5155 E69.1952 1807 Armenia Yerevan Asia N40.1596 E44.5090 1032 Azerbaijan Baku Asia N40.3834 E49.8932 1 Bahrain Manama Asia N26.1921 E50.5354 6 Bangladesh Dhaka Asia N23.7106 E90.3978 3 Burma (Myanmar) Pyinmana Asia N19.7378 E96.2083 77 Cambodia Phnom Penh Asia N11.5434 E104.8984 15 China Beijing Asia N39.9056 E116.3958 63 Georgia Tbilisi Asia N41.7010 E44.7930 451 India New Delhi Asia N28.6353 E77.2250 210 India Bangalore Asia N12.9833 E77.5833 920 Indonesia Jakarta Asia S6.1862 E106.8063 3 Iran Tehran Asia N35.7117 E51.4070 1235 Iraq Baghdad Asia N33.3157 E44.3922 40 Israel Jerusalem Asia N31.7857 E35.2007 580 Japan Tokyo Asia N35.6785 E139.6823 17 Jordan Amman Asia N34.11 E21.41 1094 Kazakhstan Astana Asia N51.1796 E71.4475 338 Kuwait Kuwait City Asia N29.3721 E47.9824 5 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Asia N42.8679 E74.5984 771 Laos Vientiane Asia N17.9689 E102.6137 148 Lebanon Beirut Asia N33.8872 E35.5134 55 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Asia N3.1502 E101.7077 60 Mongolia Ulan Bator Asia N47.9138 E106.9220 1284 Nepal Kathmandu Asia N27.7058 E85.3157 1298 North Korea Pyongyang Asia N39.0187 E125.7468 6 Oman Masqat Asia N23.6086 E58.5922 68 Pakistan Islamabad Asia N33.6751 E73.0946 507 Philippines Manila Asia N14.5790 E120.9726 7 Qatar Doha Asia N25.2948 E51.5082 13 Saudi Arabia Riyadh Asia N24.6748 E46.6977 624 Singapore Singapore Asia N1.2894 E103.8500 0 South Korea Seoul Asia N37.5139 E126.9828 33 Sri Lanka Colombo Asia N6.9155 E79.8572 4 Syria Damascus Asia N33.5158 E36.2939 691 Taiwan Kaohsiung Asia N22.6333 E120.2667 9 Taiwan Taipei Asia N25.0338 E121.5645 5 Tajikistan Dushanbe Asia N38.5737 E68.7738 789 Thailand Bangkok Asia N13.7573 E100.5020 1 Tibet (CN) Lhasa Asia N29.3900 E91.0700 3490 Timor-Leste (East Timor) Dili Asia S8.5662 E125.5880 11 Turkey Ankara Asia N39.9439 E32.8560 938 Turkmenistan Ashgabat Asia N37.9509 E58.3794 215 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Asia N24.4764 E54.3705 13 Uzbekistan Tashkent Asia N41.3193 E69.2481 459 Vietnam Hanoi Asia N21.0341 E105.8372 25 Yemen Sana'a Asia N15.3556 E44.2081 2253 Argentina Buenos Aires Americas S34.6118 W58.4173 10 Bahamas Nassau (on New Providence) Americas N25.0661 W77.3390 2 Barbados Americas Bolivia La Paz Americas S19.0421 W65.2559 3812 Bolivia Sucre Americas S19.0500 W65.2500 2810 Brazil Brasília Americas S15.7801 W47.9292 1079 Brazil São Paulo Americas S23.55 W46.6333 760 Canada Calgary Americas N51.05 E114.05 1046 Canada Edmonton Americas N53.53333 W113.5000 643 Canada Ottawa Americas N45.4235 W75.6979 74 Chile Santiago Americas S33.4691 W70.6420 521 Colombia Bogota Americas N4.6473 W74.0962 2619 Costa Rica San Jose Americas N9.9402 W84.1002 1146 Cuba Havana Americas N23.1333 W82.3667 4 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Americas N18.4790 W69.8908 0 Ecuador Quito Americas S0.2295 W78.5243 2850 El Salvador San Salvador Americas N13.7034 W89.2073 658 Guatemala Guatemala City Americas N14.6248 W90.5328 1529 Guyana Georgetown Americas N6.8046 W58.1548 0 Haiti Port-au-Prince Americas N18.5392 W72.3288 98 Honduras Tegucigalpa Americas N14.0821 W87.2063 980 Jamaica Kingston Americas N17.9927 W76.7920 53 Mexico Mexico City Americas N19.4271 W99.1276 2216 Nicaragua Managua Americas N12.1475 W86.2734 75 Panama Panama City Americas N8.9943 W79.5188 0 Paraguay Asuncion Americas S25.3005 W57.6362 54 Peru Cusco Americas S13.5250 W71.9722 3399 Peru Lima Americas S12.0931 W77.0465 107 Suriname Paramaribo Americas N5.8232 W55.1679 1 United States Denver Americas N39.7392 W104.9847 1610 United States New York City Americas N40.7077 W74.0035 10 United States Washington D.C Americas N38.8921 W77.0241 2 Uruguay Montevideo Americas S34.8941 W56.0675 43 Venezuela Caracas Americas N10.4961 W66.8983 909 French Guiana (FR) Cayenne Americas N4.9346 W52.3303 32 Greenland (DK) Nuuk Americas N64.1836 W51.7214 0 Guadeloupe (FR) Basse-Terre Americas N15.9985 W61.7220 0 Martinique (FR) Fort-de-France Americas N14.5997 W61.0760 0 Montserrat (UK) Plymouth (destroyed by volcano) Americas N16.6802 W62.2014 114 Netherlands Antilles (NL) Willemstad (on Curaçao) Americas N12.1034 W68.9335 0 Puerto Rico (US) San Juan Americas N18.4500 W66.0667 3 St. Pierre and Miquelon (FR) Saint-Pierre (on St. Pierre) Americas N46.7878 W56.1968 0 Turks- and Caicos Islands (UK) Cockburn Town (on Grand Turk) Americas N21.4608 W71.1363 0 United States Virgin Islands (US) Charlotte Amalie (on St. Thomas) Americas N18.3405 W64.9326 0 Algeria Alger /Algiers Africa N36.7755 E3.0597 0 Angola Luanda Africa S8.8159 E13.2306 6 Benin Porto-Novo Africa N6.4779 E2.6323 38 Botswana Gaborone Africa S24.6570 E25.9089 1014 Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Africa N12.3569 W1.5352 305 Burundi Bujumbura Africa S3.3818 E29.3622 794 Cameroon Yaounde Africa N3.8612 E11.5217 726 Cape Verde Praia (on Sao Tiago) Africa N14.9195 W23.5153 0 Central African Republic Bangui Africa N4.3621 E18.5873 369 Chad N'djamena Africa N12.1121 E15.0355 298 Comoros Moroni (on Njazidja) Africa S11.7004 E43.2412 110 Congo Brazzaville Africa S4.2767 E15.2662 155 Congo (Democratic Republic) Kinshasa Africa S4.3369 E15.3271 240 Côte d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro Africa N6.8067 W5.2728 217 Djibouti Djibouti Africa N11.5806 E43.1425 0 Egypt Al Qahirah / Cairo Africa N30.0571 E31.2272 22 Equatorial Guinea Malabo (on Bioko) Africa N3.7523 E8.7741 107 Eritrea Asmara Africa N15.3315 E38.9183 2363 Ethiopia Addis Ababa / Addis Abeba Africa N9.0084 E38.7575 2362 Gabon Libreville Africa N0.3858 E9.4496 0 Gambia Banjul Africa N13.4399 W16.6775 0 Ghana Accra Africa N5.5401 W0.2074 98 Guinea Conakry Africa N9.5370 W13.6785 0 Guinea-Bissau Bissau Africa N11.8598 W15.5875 0 Kenya Nairobi Africa S1.2762 E36.7965 1728 Lesotho Maseru Africa S29.2976 E27.4854 1673 Liberia Monrovia Africa N6.3106 W10.8047 0 Libya Tarabulus / Tripoli Africa N32.8830 E13.1897 6 Madagascar Antananarivo Africa S18.9201 E47.5237 1288 Malawi Lilongwe Africa S13.9899 E33.7703 1024 Mali Bamako Africa N12.6530 W7.9864 349 Mauritania Nouakchott Africa N18.0669 W15.9900 6 Mauritius Port Louis Africa S20.1654 E57.4896 134 Morocco Rabat Africa N33.9905 W6.8704 53 Mozambique Maputo Africa S25.9686 E32.5804 63 Namibia Windhoek Africa S22.5749 E17.0805 1721 Niger Niamey Africa N13.5164 E2.1157 207 Nigeria Abuja Africa N9.0580 E7.4891 777 Rwanda Kigali Africa S1.9441 E30.0619 1567 São Tomé and Príncipe Sao Tome (on Sao Tome) Africa N0.3360 E6.7311 141 Senegal Dakar Africa N14.6953 W17.4439 37 Seychelles Victoria (on Mahe) Africa S4.6167 E55.4500 0 Sierra Leone Freetown Africa N8.4697 W13.2659 76 Somalia Muqdisho / Mogadishu Africa N2.0411 E45.3426 28 South Africa Pretoria Africa S25.7463 E28.1876 1271 Sudan Al Khartum / Khartoum Africa N15.6331 E32.5330 377 Swaziland Mbabane Africa S26.3186 E31.1410 1243 Tanzania Dodoma Africa S6.1670 E35.7497 1148 Togo Lome Africa N6.1228 E1.2255 63 Tunisia Tunis Africa N36.8117 E10.1761 0 Uganda Kampala Africa N0.3133 E32.5714 1202 Zambia Lusaka Africa S15.4145 E28.2809 1270 Zimbabwe Harare Africa S17.8227 E31.0496 1480 Mayotte (FR) Mamoudzou Africa S12.7806 E45.2278 0 Reunion (FR) Saint Denis Africa S20.8732 This list of the highest cities in the world includes only cities with a population greater than 100,000 inhabitants and an average height above sea level over 6,700 feet (2,042 m). For other settlements, see List of highest cities in the world or List of highest towns by country. Average Height Town / City Country Population Est. Year 13,615 feet (4,150 m) El Alto Bolivia 1,184,942 2014 13,420 feet (4,090 m) Potosí Bolivia 170,000 2007[1] 12,585 feet (3,836 m) Shigatse China 117,000 2013[2] 12,549 feet (3,825 m) Juliaca Peru 225,146 2007[3] 12,531 feet (3,819 m) Puno Peru 120,229 2007[3] 12,159 feet (3,706 m) Oruro Bolivia 250,700 2011 12,002 feet (3,658 m) Lhasa China 373,000 2009 11,942 feet (3,640 m) La Paz Bolivia 845,480 2010 11,151 feet (3,399 m) Cusco Peru 358,052 2011 10,013 feet (3,052 m) Huancayo Peru 425,000 2012[4] 10,006 feet (3,050 m) Huaraz Peru 135,000 2011[4] 9,510 feet (2,899 m) Tulcán Ecuador 103,100 2012 9,508 feet (2,898 m) Ipiales Colombia 123,341 2010[5] 9,350 feet (2,850 m) Quito Ecuador 2,239,191 2010 9,252 feet (2,820 m) Tunja Colombia 171,082 2010[6] 9,216 feet (2,809 m) Golmud China 205,700 2011 9,153 feet (2,790 m) Sucre Bolivia 300,000 2007 9,068 feet (2,764 m) Riobamba Ecuador 161,788 2010 9,009 feet (2,746 m) Ayacucho Peru 151,019 2011 8,923 feet (2,720 m) Cajamarca Peru 283,767 2011 8,921 feet (2,719 m) Sacaba Bolivia 127,700 2006 8,736 feet (2,663 m) Toluca de Lerdo Mexico 819,561 2010[7] 8,700 feet (2,652 m) Zipaquirá Colombia 112,069 2010[8] 8,596 feet (2,620 m) Bogotá Colombia 7,363,782 2005[9] 8,563 feet (2,610 m) Metepec Mexico 206,005 2005 8,530 feet (2,600 m) Chía Colombia 111,998 2010[10] 8,484 feet (2,586 m) Facatativá Colombia 119,849 2005[11] 8,432 feet (2,570 m) Cochabamba Bolivia 618,376 2010 8,428 feet (2,569 m) Sogamoso Colombia 115,564 2010[12] 8,415 feet (2,565 m) Soacha Colombia 455,992 2010[13] 8,400 feet (2,560 m) Kangding China 100,000 2011 8,366 feet (2,550 m) Cuenca Ecuador 331,888 2010[14] 8,300 feet (2,530 m) Duitama Colombia 110,418 2010[15] 8,290 feet (2,527 m) San Juan de Pasto Colombia 411,706 2010[16] 8,203 feet (2,500 m) Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2,738,248 2005 8,203 feet (2,500 m) Ambato Ecuador 178,538 2010[14] 8,202 feet (2,500 m) Lerma Mexico 105,578 2010 8,189 feet (2,496 m) Zacatecas Mexico 138,176 2010 This article lists the most populous cities in the world defined according to a concept of city proper. A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government.[1][2][3] Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs.[4] World Urbanization Prospects, a UN publication, defines population of a city proper as "the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority." The book continues to say that "city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives."[4] This definition does not give an accurate picture of the urban area or metropolitan area of cities. Using this strictly administrative definition, many cities will be included on this list that are smaller than their urban area. However, many Chinese cities included govern territories that extend well beyond the traditional "city proper" into suburban and rural areas.[5] Contents [hide] 1 Cities proper by population 2 Notes 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Cities proper by population[edit] This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries. Please observe the definition of the list when adding or editing entries. Rank City Image Population Definition Total area (km²) Population density (/km²) Country 1 Shanghai PudongSkyline-pjt (cropped).jpg 24,150,000[6] Municipality[7][8] 6,340.5 3,809 China 2 Karachi Karachi sky line.jpg 23,500,000[9] Metropolitan Corporation[10] 3,527 6,663 Pakistan 3 Lagos Lagos Island.jpg 21,324,000[11] Local Government Area 1,171.28[12] 18,206 Nigeria 4 Delhi LotusDelhi.jpg 16,787,941[13] National Capital Territory 1,483 11,320 India 5 Istanbul Halic.png 14,377,019[14] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[15] 5,461[16] 2,633 Turkey 6 Toky o S k y s c r a p e r s o f S h i n j u k u 2 0 0 9 J a n u a r y ( r e v i s e d ) . j p g 1 3 , 2 9 7 , 6 2 9 [ 1 7 ] C i t y p r e f e c t u r e 2 , 1 8 9 [ 1 8 ] 6 , 0 7 5 J a p a n 7 T i a n j i n «pi_%mè•9 9 wm³l Yof. j p g 1 2 , 9 3 8 , 2 2 4 [ 1 9 ] M u n i c i p a l i t y [ 2 0 ] 4 , 0 3 7 [ 2 1 ] 2 , 3 1 4 C h i n a 8 G u a n g z h o u G u a n g z h o u s k y l i n e . j p g 1 2 , 7 0 0 , 8 0 0 [ 2 2 ] S u b - p r o v i n c i a l C i t y [23] 2,089.53 4,722 China 9 Mumbai Mumbai Skyline at Night.jpg 12,478,447[24] Municipal Corporation[25] 603.4 20,680 India 10 Moscow IBC Moscow, Jun2015.jpg 12,197,596[26] Federal City[27][28] 2,510.12[29] 4,859 Russia 11 São Paulo Ponte estaiada Octavio Frias - Sao Paulo.jpg 11,895,893[30] Municipality City[31] 1,521.11 7,821 Brazil 12 Beijing View of Beijing.jpg 11,716,620[32] Core districts[33] 1,368.3 8,563 China 13 Shenzhen Shenzhen CBD and River.jpg 10,467,400[34] Sub-provincial City 1,991.64[35] 5,256 China 14 Seoul View of YangJe-Cheon.jpg 10,369,593[36] Special City 605.21[37] 17,134 South Korea 15 Lahore Kalma Underpass1.jpg 10,052,000[38] City District 1,772[38] 5,673 Pakistan 16 Jakarta Jakarta City Skyline.jpg 9,988,329[39] Capital Region – Five Kota[40] 664.12 15,040 Indonesia 17 Kinshasa Kinshasa-Gombe, from CCIC.JPG 9,735,000[41][42][full citation needed] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[43] 1,117.62[44] 8,710 Democratic Republic of the Congo 18 Cairo Kairo 001.jpg 9,278,441[45] Governorate[46] 3,085.1[47] 3,008 Egypt 19 Mexico City Ciudad.de.Mexico.City.Distrito.Federal.DF.Paseo.Reforma.Skyline.jpg 8,874,724[48] Federal District 1,485.49[49] 5,974 Mexico 20 Lima City of Lima, Peru.jpg 8,693,387[50] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[51] 2,672.3 3,253 Peru 21 New York City LowerManhattanSept2013.png 8,491,079[52] City[53] 783.84 10,833 United States 22 Bengaluru UB City.jpg 8,425,970[24] Municipal Corporation 709.5[54] 11,876 India 23 London Canary Wharf Skyline 2, London UK - Oct 2012.jpg 8,416,500[55] Greater London Authority[56] 1,572.15 5,362 United Kingdom 24 Bangkok The Baiyoke Tower II in Bangkok, Thailand.jpg 8,280,925[57] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[58] 1,568.74 5,279 Thailand 25 Dongguan Dongguan -03.jpg 8,220,207[59] Prefecture-level City 2,469.4 3,329 China 25 Chongqing SkylineOfChongqing.jpg 8,189,800[a] Central Chongqing[b] Municipality 5,473[c] 1,496 China 26 Nanjing Nanjingpanorama001.jpg 8,187,828[64] Sub-provincial City 4,713.85 1,737 China 27 Tehran North Tehran Towers.jpg 8,154,051[65] City Municipality[66] 686[67] 11,886 Iran 28 Shenyang Shenyang Qingnian Street.JPG 8,106,171[68] Sub-provincial City 12,942 626 China 29 Bogotá Centro-Internacional-Bogotá.jpg 7,776,845[69] Capital District[70] 859.11[71][72] 9,052 Colombia 3 0 H o C h i M i n h C i t y M Ù t k h ú c s ô n g S à i G ò n . J P G 7 , 6 8 1 , 7 0 0 [ 7 3 ] M e t r o p o l i t a n M u n i c i p a l i t y - P r o v i n c e 2 , 0 9 5 . 6 [ 7 4 ] 3 , 6 6 6 V i e t n a m 3 1 N i n g b o J u n c t u r e o f t h r e e m a i n r i v e r s i n N i n g b o C h i n a . j p g 7 , 6 0 5 , 6 8 9 [ 7 5 ] S u b - p r o v i n c i a l c i t y 9 , 8 1 6 . 2 3 7 7 5 C h i n a 3 2 H o n g K o n g H o n g K o ng view from The Peak 01.jpg 7,298,600[76] Special Administrative Region[77] 1,104.43[78] 6,608 China 33 Baghdad Haifa street, as seen from the medical city hospital across the tigres.jpg 7,180,889[79] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[80] 4,555[81] 1,576 Iraq 3 4 C h a n g s h a T h e H u á n g x + n g L ù C o m m e r c i a l P e d e s t r i a n S t r e e t i n C h a n g s h a . j p g 7 , 0 4 4 , 1 1 8 P r e f e c t u r e - l e v e l C i t y [ 8 2 ] 1 1 , 8 1 9 5 9 6 C h i n a 3 5 D h a k a D h a k a - s k y l i n e - a y m a s h . j p g 6 , 9 7 0 , 1 0 5 [ 8 3 ] C i t y C o r p o r a t i o n 1 5 3 . 8 4 [ 8 4 ] 4 5 , 3 0 7 B a n g l a d e s h 3 6 W u h a n W u h a n S k y l i n e . j p g 6 , 8 8 6 , 2 53[85] Sub-provincial City[86] 1,327.61[87] 5,187 China 37 Hyderabad MindSpace campus in Hyderabad, India.jpg 6,809,970[24] Municipal Corporation 621.48[88] 10,958 India 38 Hanoi Hanoi Cityscape.jpg 6,844,100[73] Metropolitan Municipality-Province 3,323.6[74] 2,059 Vietnam 39 Faisalabad Clock Tower Faisalabad by Usman Nadeem.jpg 6,480,765[89] City District 237 27,145 Pakistan 39 Rio de Janeiro Vista aérea Centro do Rio de Janeiro RJ.jpg 6,429,923[90] Municipality City 1,200.27[91] 5,357 Brazil 40 Foshan Downtown of Guicheng.jpg 6,151,622[92][93] Prefecture-level City 2,034.62[94] 3,023 China 41 Santiago Santiago de Chile.jpg 5,743,719[95] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[96] 1,249.9 4,595 Chile 42 Riyadh Riyadh 1337.jpg 5,676,621[97] Municipality City[98] 1,233.98[99] 4,600 Saudi Arabia 43 Ahmedabad Amdavad Aerial.jpg 5,570,585[24] Municipal Corporation 475 11,728 India 44 Singapore Singapore CBD skyline from Esplanade at dusk.jpg 5,535,000[100] City State 719.1[100] 7,697 Singapore 45 Shantou China-shantou03.jpg 5,391,028[101] Prefecture-level City 2,064.42 2,611 China 46 Yangon Downtown Yangon (2006).jpg 5,214,000[102] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[103] 598.75[104] 8,708 Myanmar 47 Saint Petersburg Petersburg-square.jpg 5,191,690[105] Federal City 1,439[29] 3,608 Russia 50 Chennai Chennai India.jpg 4,792,949[106] Municipal Corporation[107] 426.51[108] 11,238 India 51 Abidjan Plateau Centre-est.jpg 4,765,000[41] Department/City District 2,119[109] 2,249 Ivory Coast 52 Chengdu 4,741,929[110] Sub-provincial City 421[110] 11,263 China 53 Alexandria Alexandria - Egypt.jpg 4,616,625[111] Governorate 2,300[112][113] 2,007 Egypt 54 Kolkata Victoria Memorial Kolkata panorama.jpg 4,486,679[24] Municipal Corporation 200.7 22,355 India 48 Ankara Ankara and mosque wza.jpg 4,470,800[114] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[115] 1,910.92[116][117] 2,340 Turkey 55 Xi'an 1 xian china wild goose pagoda view.JPG 4,467,837[118] Sub-provincial City[119] 832.17 5,369 China 56 Surat GauravPath1.jpg 4,462,002[24] Municipal Corporation 326.515[120] 13,666 India 57 Johannesburg Johannesburg CBD.jpg 4,434,827[121] Municipality City 1,644.98 2,696 South Africa 58 Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam aerial.jpg 4,364,541[122] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[123] 1,631.12[124] 2,676 Tanzania 59 Suzhou Panmen Scenic Area 1.jpg 4,327,066[125] Prefecture-level City[126] 1,649.72[127] 2,623 China Buenos Aires (/ È b w e j n Y s È [ Y r i Ð z / o r / È a j r j s / , [ 3 ] S p a n i s h : [ È b w e n o s È a i ~ e s ] ) i s t h e c a p i t a l a n d l a r g e s t c i t y o f A r g e n t i n a , a n d t h e s e c o n d - l a r g e s t m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i n S o u t h A m e r i c a . [ 4 ] I t i s l o c a t e d o n t h e w e s t e r n s h o r e o f t h e e s t u a r y o f t h e R í o d e l a P l a t a , o n t h e c o n t i n ent's southeastern coast. The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around fifteen and a half million.[1]

The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province's capital; rather, it is an autonomous district.[5] In 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province.[6] The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores; both are now neighborhoods of the city. The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Autonomous City of Buenos Aires). Its citizens first elected a Chief of Government (i.e. Mayor) in 1996; before, the Mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic. The Battle of the River Plate took place in waters by Buenos Aires in December 1939, making it the first naval battle in the Second World War, and the first one of Battle of the Atlantic Buenos Aires is, along with Mexico City and São Paulo, one of the three Latin American cities considered an 'alpha city' by the study GaWC5.[7] Buenos Aires' quality of life was ranked 81st in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012, with its per capita income among the three highest in the region.[8][9] It is the most visited city in South America (ahead of Rio de Janeiro) and the second most visited city across Spanish Latin America (behind Mexico City).[10] It is also one of the most important, largest and most populous of South American capitals, often referred to as the Paris of Americas.[11] Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination,[12] and is known for its European-style architecture[13] and rich cultural life,[14] with the highest concentration of theaters in the world.[15] Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.[16] People from Buenos Aires are referred to as porteños (people of the port).[17] The city is the birthplace of the current pope, Francis (former Archbishop of Buenos Aires), and of Queen Máxima of the Netherlands. Buenos Aires defines itself as a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Also, several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture and the dialect spoken in the city and in some other parts of the country. This is because in the last 150 years the city, and the country in general, has been a major recipient of millions of immigrants from around the world, especially from Europe, Asia and Latin America, making it a melting pot where several ethnic groups live together and being considered as one of the most diverse cities in Latin America.[18] Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Colonial times 2.2 War of independence 2.3 Modern history 3 Government and politics 3.1 Government structure 3.2 Recent political history 3.3 National representation 4 Demographics 4.1 Census data 4.2 Districts 5 Urban problems 5.1 Population origin 5.2 Religion 6 Geography 6.1 Climate 7 Economy 7.1 Port 7.2 Services 7.3 Manufacturing 7.4 Government finances 8 Culture 8.1 Language 8.2 Tango 8.3 Orchestra 8.4 Entertainment 8.5 Cinema 8.6 Art 8.7 Museums 8.8 Fashion 9 Cityscape 9.1 Architecture 10 Education 10.1 Primary education 10.2 Secondary education 10.3 University education 11 Tourism 11.1 Notable streets 11.2 Neighborhoods 11.3 Parks 11.4 Landmarks 11.5 Shopping centers 11.6 Theatre 11.7 Coffee shops 11.8 Libraries 12 Transport 12.1 Local roads and personal transport 12.1.1 Cycling 12.2 Local public transport 12.2.1 Commuter rail 12.2.2 Underground 12.2.3 Tramways 12.2.4 Buses 12.2.5 Taxis 12.3 Intercity transport 12.3.1 Ferries 12.4 Airports 13 Security 14 Sports 15 Notable people 16 International relations 16.1 World rankings 16.2 Twin towns and sister cities 16.3 Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities 16.4 Partner city 17 See also 18 References 18.1 Sources 18.2 Notes 19 Further reading 20 External links Etymology[edit] Main article: Names of Buenos Aires Aldus verthoont hem de stadt Buenos Ayrros geleegen in Rio de la Plata, painting by a Dutch sailor who anchored at the port around 1628. The original name was given by the Spanish sailors that arrived in the River de la Plata, by the blessings of the "Santa Maria de los Buenos Aires", the "Holy Virgin Mary of the Good Winds" that gave them the good winds to reach the coast of what is today the city of Buenos Aires.[19] In the first foundation of Buenos Aires, Pedro de Mendoza called the city "Holy Mary of the Fair Winds", a name chosen by the chaplain of Mendoza's expedition, a devotee of the Virgin of Buen Ayre. Mendoza’s settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in 1541.[19] For many years, the name was attributed to Sancho del Campo, who is said to have exclaimed: How fair are the winds of this land!, as he arrived. But Eduardo Madero, in 1882 after conducting extensive research in Spanish archives, ultimately concluded that the name was closely linked with the devotion of the sailors to Our Lady of Buen Ayre.[20] A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción (now the capital of Paraguay). Garay preserved the name chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire ("City of the Most Holy Trinity a n d P o r t o f S a i n t M a r y o f t h e F a i r W i n d s " ) . T h e s h o r t f o r m " B u e n o s A i r e s " b e c a m e t h e c o m m o n u s a g e d u r i n g t h e 1 7 t h c e n t u r y . [ 2 1 ] T h e u s u a l a b b r e v i a t i o n f o r B u e n o s A i r e s i n S p a n i s h i s B s . A s . [ 2 2 ] I t i s c o m m o n a s w e l l t o r e f e r t o i t a s " B . A . " o r " B A " / Ì b i Ð È e j / bee-ay).[23] The Catalan missionaries and Jesuits that arrived under the Spanish Crown, recorded under the archives of Aragonese when they conquered Cagliari, Sardinia from the Pisans in 1324, they established their headquarters on top of a hill that overlooked the city.[24] The hill was known to them as Buen Ayre (or "Bonaria" in the local language), as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city (the castle area), which is adjacent to swampland. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill. In 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea. The statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked the "Fair Winds" to aid them in their navigation and prevent shipwrecks. A sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be later erected in Seville.[24] History[edit] See also: Timeline of Buenos Aires Colonial times[edit] Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires. Depiction of Juan de Garay and the second founding of Buenos Aires, 1580 The May Revolution was a turning point in the politics of Buenos Aires. Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata in 1516. His expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay. The city of Buenos Aires was first established as Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre[25] (literally "City of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Fair Winds") after Our Lady of Bonaria (Patroness Saint of Sardinia) on 2 February 1536 by a Spanish expedition led by Pedro de Mendoza. The settlement founded by Mendoza was located in what is today the San Telmo district of Buenos Aires, south of the city center. More attacks by the indigenous people forced the settlers away, and in 1542 the site was abandoned.[26][27] A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción (now the capital of Paraguay). He dubbed the settlement "Santísima Trinidad" and its port became "Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires."[21] From its earliest days, Buenos Aires depended primarily on trade. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Spanish ships were menaced by pirates, so they developed a complex system where ships with military protection were dispatched to Central America, cross the land, from there to Lima, Peru and from it to the inner cities of the viceroyalty. Because of this, products took a very long time to arrive in Buenos Aires, and the taxes generated by the transport made them prohibitive. This scheme frustrated the traders of Buenos Aires, and a thriving contraband industry developed. This also instilled a deep resentment in porteños towards the Spanish authorities.[25] Sensing these feelings, Charles III of Spain progressively eased the trade restrictions and finally declared Buenos Aires an open port in the late 18th century. The capture of Porto Bello by British forces also fueled the need to foster commerce via the Atlantic route, to the detriment of Lima-based trade. One of his rulings was to split a region from the Viceroyalty of Perú and create instead the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, with Buenos Aires as the capital. However, Charles's placating actions did not have the desired effect, and the porteños, some of them versed in the ideology of the French Revolution, became even more convinced of the need for independence from Spain. War of independence[edit] See also: Argentine War of Independence This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) Casa Rosada in a painting of 1910, this view of the back (now Parque Colón). During the British invasions of the Río de la Plata, British forces attacked Buenos Aires twice. In 1806 the British successfully invaded Buenos Aires, but an army from Montevideo led by Santiago de Liniers defeated them. In the brief period of British rule, the viceroy Rafael Sobremonte managed to escape to Córdoba and designated this city as capital. Buenos Aires became the capital again after its liberation, but Sobremonte could not resume his duties as viceroy. Santiago de Liniers, chosen as new viceroy, prepared the city against a possible new British attack and repelled the attempted invasion of 1807. The militarization generated in society changed the balance of power favorably for the criollos (in contrast to peninsulars), as well as the development of the Peninsular War in Spain. An attempt by the peninsular merchant Martín de Álzaga to remove Liniers and replace him with a Junta was defeated by the criollo armies. However, by 1810 it would be those same armies who would support a new revolutionary attempt, successfully removing the new viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros. This is known as the May Revolution, which is now celebrated as a national holiday. This event started the Argentine War of Independence, and many armies left Buenos Aires to fight the diverse strongholds of royalist resistance, with varying levels of success. The government was held first by two Juntas of many members, then by two triumvirates, and finally by a unipersonal office, the Supreme Director. Formal independence from Spain was declared in 1816, at the Congress of Tucumán. Buenos Aires managed to endure the whole Spanish American wars of independence without falling again under royalist rule. Snow in Plaza de Mayo, 1918. Avenida 9 de Julio, 1936. Historically, Buenos Aires has been Argentina's main venue for liberal, free-trade and foreign ideas, while many of the provinces, especially to the north-west, advocated a more nationalistic and Catholic approach to political and social issues. Much of the internal tension in Argentina's history, starting with the centralist-federalist conflicts of the 19th century, can be traced back to these contrasting views. In the months immediately following 25 May Revolution, Buenos Aires sent a number of military envoys to the provinces with the intention of obtaining their approval. Many of these missions ended in violent clashes, and the enterprise fuelled tensions between the capital and the provinces. In the 19th century the city was blockaded twice by naval forces: by the French from 1838 to 1840, and later by an Anglo-French expedition from 1845 to 1848. Both blockades failed to force the city into submission, and the foreign powers eventually desisted from their demands. Modern history[edit] Subte, the subway has historically been characterized by artistic works in its stations. Torre Monumental, clock tower located in the barrio (district) of Retiro. File:Buenos Aires Yesterday.webm Buenos Aires, street and aerial images. Archival footage. During most of the 19th century, the political status of the city remained a sensitive subject. It was already capital of Buenos Aires Province, and between 1853 and 1860 it was the capital of the seceded State of Buenos Aires. The issue was fought out more than once on the battlefield, until the matter was finally settled in 1880 when the city was federalized and became the seat of government, with its Mayor appointed by the President. The Casa Rosada became the seat of the President.[21] Health conditions in poor areas were negative, with high rates of tuberculosis. Public-health physicians and politicians typically blamed both the poor themselves and their ramshackle tenement houses (conventillos) for the spread of the dreaded disease. People ignored public-health campaigns to limit the spread of contagious diseases, such as the prohibition of spitting on the streets, the strict guidelines to care for infants and young children, and quarantines that separated families from ill loved ones.[28] In addition to the wealth generated by the Buenos Aires Customs and the fertile pampas, railroad development in the second half of the 19th century increased the economic power of Buenos Aires as raw materials flowed into its factories. A leading destination for immigrants from Europe, particularly Italy and Spain, from 1880 to 1930 Buenos Aires became a multicultural city that ranked itself with the major European capitals. The Colón Theater became one of the world's top opera venues, and the city became the regional capital of radio, television, cinema, and theatre. The city's main avenues were built during those years, and the dawn of the 20th century saw the construction of South America's then-tallest buildings and the first underground system. A second construction boom from 1945 to 1980 reshaped downtown and much of the city. Buenos Aires also attracted migrants from Argentina's provinces and neighboring countries. Shanty towns (villas miseria) started growing around the city's industrial areas during the 1930s, leading to pervasive social problems and social contrasts with the largely upwardly mobile Buenos Aires population. These laborers became the political base of Peronism, which emerged in Buenos Aires during the pivotal demonstration of 17 October 1945, at the Plaza de Mayo.[29] Industrial workers of the Greater Buenos Aires industrial belt have been Peronism's main support base ever since, and Plaza de Mayo became the site for demonstrations and many of the country's political events; on 16 June 1955, however, a splinter faction of the Navy bombed the Plaza de Mayo area, killing 364 civilians (see Bombing of Plaza de Mayo). This was the only time the city was attacked from the air, and the event was followed by a military uprising which deposed President Perón, three months later (see Revolución Libertadora). Puerto Madero at night. In the 1970s the city suffered from the fighting between left-wing revolutionary movements (Montoneros, E.R.P. and F.A.R.) and the right-wing paramilitary group Triple A, supported by Isabel Perón, who became president of Argentina in 1974 after Juan Perón's death. The March 1976 coup, led by General Jorge Videla, only escalated this conflict; the "Dirty War" resulted in 30,000 desaparecidos (people kidnapped and killed by the military during the years of the junta).[30] The silent marches of their mothers (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo) are a well-known image of Argentines suffering during those times. The dictatorship's appointed mayor, Osvaldo Cacciatore, also drew up plans for a network of freeways intended to relieve the city's acute traffic gridlock. The plan, however, called for a seemingly indiscriminate razing of residential areas and, though only three of the eight planned were put up at the time, they were mostly obtrusive raised freeways that continue to blight a number of formerly comfortable neighborhoods to this day. The city was visited by Pope John Paul II twice: in 1982, and a second visit in 1987, which gathered some of the largest crowds in the city's history. The return of democracy in 1983 coincided with a cultural revival, and the 1990s saw an economic revival, particularly in the construction and financial sectors. On 17 March 1992 a bomb exploded in the Israeli Embassy, killing 29 and injuring 242. Another explosion, on 18 July 1994 destroyed a building housing several Jewish organizations, killing 85 and injuring many more, these incidents marked the beginning of Middle Eastern terrorism to South America. Following a 1993 agreement, the Argentine Constitution was amended to give Buenos Aires autonomy and rescinding, among other things, the president's right to appoint the city's mayor (as had been the case since 1880). On 30 June 1996, voters in Buenos Aires chose their first elected mayor (Chief of Government). On 30 December 2004 a fire at the República Cromagnon nightclub killed almost 200 people, one of the greatest non-natural tragedies in Argentine history. On 22 February 2012, a train crashed at Once Station. Fifty-one people were killed and more than 700 were injured;[31] the dead and seriously injured were in the first two carriages,[32] which was packed with people who had moved to the front of the train to be near the station exit on arrival. Government and politics[edit] Government structure[edit] Mayor Mauricio Macri in the chamber of the Buenos Aires Legislature. The Executive is held by the Chief of Government (Spanish: Jefe de Gobierno), elected for a four-year term together with a Deputy Chief of Government, who presides over the 60-member Buenos Aires City Legislature. Each member of the Legislature is elected for a four-year term; half of the legislature is renewed every two years. Elections use the D'Hondt method of proportional representation. The Judicial branch is composed of the Supreme Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justicia), the Magistrate's Council (Consejo de la Magistratura), the Public Ministry, and other City Courts. The Article 61 of the 1996 Constitution of the City of Buenos Aires states that "Suffrage is free, equal, secret, universal, compulsory and non-accumulative. Resident aliens enjoy this same right, with its corresponding obligations, on equal terms with Argentine citizens registered in the district, under the terms established by law."[33] Legally, the city has less autonomy than the Provinces. In June 1996, shortly before the City's first Executive elections were held, the Argentine National Congress issued the National Law 24.588 (known as Ley Cafiero, after the Senator who advanced the project) by which the authority over the 25,000-strong Argentine Federal Police and the responsibility over the federal institutions residing at the City (e.g., National Supreme Court of Justice buildings) would not be transferred from the National Government to the Autonomous City Government until a new consensus could be reached at the National Congress. Furthermore, it declared that the Port of Buenos Aires, along with some other places, would remain under constituted federal authorities.[34] As of 2011, the deployment of the Metropolitan Police of Buenos Aires is ongoing.[35] Beginning in 2007, the city has embarked on a new decentralization scheme, creating new Communes (comunas) which are to be managed by elected committees of seven members each. Recent political history[edit] From left to right: Diego Santilli, Horacio Rodríguez Larreta, Mauricio Macri and María Eugenia Vidal In 1996, following the 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution, the city held its first mayoral elections under the new statutes, with the mayor's title formally changed to "Head of Government". The winner was Fernando de la Rúa, who would later become President of Argentina from 1999 to 2001. De la Rúa's successor, Aníbal Ibarra, won two popular elections, but was impeached (and ultimately deposed on 6 March 2006) as a result of the fire at the República Cromagnon nightclub. Jorge Telerman, who had been the acting mayor, was invested with the office. In the 2007 elections, Mauricio Macri of the Republican Proposal (PRO) party won the second-round of voting over Daniel Filmus of the Frente para la Victoria (FPV) party, taking office on 9 December 2007. In 2011, the elections went to a second round with 60.96% of the vote for PRO, compared to 39.04% for FPV, thus re-electing Macri as mayor of the city with María Eugenia Vidal as Deputy Mayor.[36] The 2015 elections were the first to use an electronic voting system in the city, similar to the one used in Salta Province.[37] In these elections held on 5 July 2015, Macri stepped down as mayor and pursue his presidential bid and Horacio Rodríguez Larreta took his place as the mayoral candidate for PRO. In the first round of voting, FPV's Mariano Recalde obtained 21.78% of the vote, while Martín Lousteau of the ECO party obtained 25.59% and Larreta obtained 45.55%, meaning that the elections went to a second round since PRO was unable to secure the majority required for victory.[38] The second round was held on 19 July 2015 and Larreta obtained 51.6% of the vote, followed closely by Lousteau with 48.4%, thus PRO won the elections for a third term with Larreta as Mayor and Diego Santilli as deputy. In these elections, PRO was stronger in the wealthier neighbourhoods of northern Buenos Aires, while ECO was stronger in the south of the city.[39] National representation[edit] Buenos Aires is represented in the Argentine Senate by three senators (as of 2013, Gabriela Michetti, Diego Santilli and Fernando Solanas).[40] The people of Buenos Aires also elect 25 national deputies to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies. Demographics[edit] Population since 1740 See also: Demographics of Argentina Census data[edit] Buenos Aires map.jpg In the census of 2010 there were 2,891,082 people residing in the city.[41] The population of Greater Buenos Aires was 3,147,638 according to 2010 census data.[42] The population density in Buenos Aires proper was 13,680 inhabitants per square kilometer (34,800 per mi2), but only about 2,400 per km2 (6,100 per mi2) in the suburbs.[citation needed] The population of Buenos Aires proper has hovered around 3 million since 1947, due to low birth rates and a slow migration to the suburbs. The surrounding districts have, however, expanded over fivefold (to around 10 million) since then.[41] The 2001 census showed a relatively aged population: with 17% under the age of fifteen and 22% over sixty, the people of Buenos Aires have an age structure similar to those in most European cities. They are older than Argentines as a whole (of whom 28% were under 15, and 14% over 60).[43] Two-thirds of the city's residents live in apartment buildings and 30% in single-family homes; 4% live in sub-standard housing.[44] Measured in terms of income, the city's poverty rate was 8.4% in 2007 and, including the metro area, 20.6%.[45] Other studies estimate that 4 million people in the metropolitan Buenos Aires area live in poverty.[46] The city's resident labor force of 1.2 million in 2001 was mostly employed in the services sector, particularly social services (25%), commerce and tourism (20%) and business and financial services (17%); despite the city's role as Argentina's capital, public administration employed only 6%. Manufacturing still employed 10%.[44] Districts[edit] Main article: Barrios of Buenos Aires The city is divided into 48 barrios or, districts, for administrative purposes.[47] The division was originally based on Catholic parroquias (parishes), but has undergone a series of changes since the 1940s. A newer scheme has divided the city into 15 comunas (communes).[48] Urban problems[edit] Villa 31 or Padre Mugica is a villa miseria in the Retiro district. Villas miserias range from small groups of precarious houses to larger, more organised communities with thousands of residents. In rural areas, the houses in the villas miserias might be made of mud and wood. Villas miseria are found around and inside the large cities of Buenos Aires, Rosario, Córdoba and Mendoza, among others. The villas draw people from several backgrounds. Some are local citizens who have fallen from an already precarious economic position. In most cases, a villa miseria is populated by the children and grandchildren of the original settlers, who have been unable to improve their economic status. In addition, Buenos Aires does not have enough green space. On average it has below 2 m2 (22 sq ft) of green space per person, ten times less than New York, seven times less than Madrid and five times less than Paris. The World Health Organization (WHO), in its concern for public health, produced a document on the subject stating that every city should have a minimum of 9 m2 (97 sq ft) of green space per person. An optimal amount would sit between 10 and 15 m2 (161 sq ft) per person.[49][50] Population origin[edit] See also: Immigration in Argentina The Immigrants' Hotel, constructed in 1906, received and assisted the thousands of immigrants arriving to the city. The hotel is now a National Museum. The majority of porteños have European origins, with Italian, German and Spanish descent being the most common, from the Calabrian, Ligurian, Piedmont, Lombardy, Sicily and Campania regions of Italy and from the Andalusian, Galician, Asturian, and Basque regions of Spain.[51][52] Unrestricted waves of European immigrants to Argentina starting in the mid-19th century significantly increased the country's population, even causing the number of porteños to triple between 1887 and 1915 from 500,000 to 1.5 million.[53] Other significant European origins include Scottish, Norwegian, Polish, French, Portuguese, Swedish, Greek, Czech, Croatian, Dutch, Russian, Serbian, English, Hungarian and Bulgarian. In the 1980s and 1990s, there was a small wave of immigration from Romania and Ukraine.[54] There is a minority of old criollo stock, dating back to the Spanish colonial days. The Criollo and Spanish-aboriginal (mestizo) population in the city has increased mostly as a result of immigration from the inner provinces and from other countries such as neighboring Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile and Peru, since the second half of the 20th century. The Jewish community in Greater Buenos Aires numbers around 250,000, and is the largest in Latin America. Most are of Northern, Western, Central, and Eastern European Ashkenazi origin, primarily Swedish, Dutch, Polish, German, and Russian Jews, with a significant Sephardic minority, mostly made up of Syrian Jews and Lebanese Jews.[55] Important Lebanese, Georgians, Syrian and Armenian communities have had a significant presence in commerce and civic life since the beginning of the 20th century. Most East Asian immigration in Buenos Aires comes from China. Chinese immigration is the fourth largest in Argentina, with the vast majority of them living in Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area.[56] In the 1980s, most of them were from Taiwan, but since the 1990s the majority of Chinese immigrants come from the continental province of Fujian.[56] The mainland Chinese who came from Fujian mainly installed supermarkets throughout the city and the suburbs; these supermarkets are so common that, in average, there is one every two and a half blocks and are simply referred to as el chino ("the Chinese").[56][57] Japanese immigrants are mostly from the Okinawa Prefecture. They started the dry cleaning business in Argentina, an activity that is considered idiosyncratic to the Japanese immigrants in Buenos Aires.[58] Korean Immigration occurred after the division of Korea; they mainly settled in Flores and Once.[59] Religion[edit] Most inhabitants are Roman Catholic, though studies in recent decades found that fewer than 20% are practicing.[60] Buenos Aires is the seat of a Roman Catholic metropolitan archbishop (the Catholic primate of Argentina), currently Archbishop Mario Poli. His predecessor, Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio, was elected to the Papacy as Pope Francis on 13 March 2013. There are Protestant, Orthodox Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormon, and Buddhist minorities. The city is home to the largest mosque in South America.[61] Also, irreligion in Buenos Aires is higher than in other parts of the country, with about a 18.0% of the porteños declaring themselves as either atheist or agnostic.[62] Geography[edit] The city coastline Buenos Aires and Río de La Plata The limits of Buenos Aires proper are determined in the eastern part and north-east by the Rio de la Plata, in the southern part and southeast by the Riachuelo and to the northwest, west and Southwest by General Paz Avenue, a 24 km (15 mi) long highway that separates the province of Buenos Aires from the 203 km2 (78 sq mi) that form the city. The city of Buenos Aires lies in the pampa region, except for some zones like the Buenos Aires Ecological Reserve, the Boca Juniors (football) Club "sports city", Jorge Newbery Airport, the Puerto Madero neighborhood and the main port itself; these were all built on reclaimed land along the coasts of the Rio de la Plata (the world's widest river).[63][64][65] The region was formerly crossed by different creeks and lagoons, some of which were refilled and others tubed. Among the most important creeks are Maldonado, Vega, Medrano, Cildañez and White. In 1908 many creeks were channelled and rectified, as floods were damaging the city's infrastructure. Starting in 1919, most creeks were enclosed. Notably, the Maldonado was tubed in 1954, and runs below Juan B. Justo Avenue. Climate[edit] Further information: Climate of Argentina Buenos Aires has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with very hot and humid summers and mild winters.[66] The warmest month is January, with a daily average of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F). Most days see temperatures in the 28 to 31 °C (82 to 88 °F) with nights between 16 to 21 °C (61 to 70 °F). Heat waves from Brazil can push temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F), yet the city is subject to cold fronts that bring short periods of pleasant weather and crisp nights. Relative humidity is 64–70% in the summer, so the heat index is higher than the true air temperature. The highest temperature ever recorded was 43.3 °C (110 °F) on 29 January 1957.[67] Spring (September to middle October) and autumn (since middle April to middle June) are generally mild and volatile, with averages temperatures of around 17 °C (63 °F) and frequent thunderstorms, especially during the spring. Winters are temperate, though suburban areas often experience frost from May to August, as opposed to downtown Buenos Aires, which experiences the phenomenon only some times per season. Relative humidity averages in the upper 70s%, which means the city is noted for its moderate to heavy fogs during autumn and winter.[68] July is the coolest month, with an average temperature of 10.9 °C (51.6 °F). Cold spells originating from Antarctica occur almost every year, and combined with the high wintertime humidity, conditions in winter may feel much cooler than the measured temperature. Most days peak reach 12 to 20 °C (54 to 68 °F) and drop to 3 to 8 °C (37 to 46 °F) at night. Southerly winds may keep temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few days, whereas northerly winds may bring temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) for a few days; these va r i a t i o n s a r e n o r m a l . T h e l o w e s t t e m p e r a t u r e e v e r r e c o r d e d i n c e n t r a l B u e n o s A i r e s ( B u e n o s A i r e s C e n t r a l O b s e r v a t o r y ) w a s "5 . 4 ° C ( 2 2 ° F ) o n 9 J u l y 1 9 1 8 . [ 6 9 ] T h e s n o w i s v e r y r a r e i n t h e c i t y : t h e l a s t s n o w f a l l o c c u r r e d o n 9 J u l y 2 0 0 7 w h e n , d u r i n g t h e c o l dest winter in Argentina in almost 30 years, severe snowfalls and blizzards hit the country. It was the first major snowfall in the city in 89 years.[70][71] On 17 July 2010, in the midst of another cold winter, flurries struck the southern reaches of Buenos Aires, but not the central parts as occurred in 2007 or 1918. Spring is very windy and variable: there may be heat waves with temperatures of 35 °C (95 °F) even in early October. Severe thunderstorms are likely between September and December. The city receives 1,214.6 mm (48 in) of rainfall per year.[72] Rain can be expected at any time of year and hailstorms are not unusual. [show]Climate data for Buenos Aires Central Observatory (normals 2001–2010) Economy[edit] See also: Economy of Argentina Headquarters of the Banco de la Nación Argentina, the country's national bank. Catalinas Norte, an important business complex. Buenos Aires is the financial, industrial, and commercial hub of Argentina. The economy in the city proper alone, measured by Gross Geographic Product (adjusted for purchasing power), totaled US$84.7 billion (US$34,200 per capita) in 2011[75] and amounts to nearly a quarter of Argentina's as a whole.[76] Metro Buenos Aires, according to one well-quoted study, constitutes the 13th largest economy among the world's cities.[77] The Buenos Aires Human Development Index (0.923 in 1998) is likewise high by international standards.[78] Port[edit] Main article: Port of Buenos Aires The port of Buenos Aires is one of the busiest in South America; navigable rivers by way of the Rio de la Plata connect the port to north-east Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. As a result, it serves as the distribution hub for a vast area of the south-eastern region of the continent. The Port of Buenos Aires handles over 11 million revenue tons annually,[79] and Dock Sud, just south of the city proper, handles another 17 million metric tons.[80] Tax collection related to the port has caused many political problems in the past, including a conflict in 2008 that led to protests and a strike in the agricultural sector after the government raised export tariffs.[81] Services[edit] The city's services sector is diversified and well-developed by international standards, and accounts for 76% of its economy (compared to 59% for all of Argentina's).[82] Advertising, in particular, plays a prominent role in the export of services at home and abroad. The financial and real-estate services sector is the largest, however, and contributes to 31% of the city's economy. Finance (about a third of this) in Buenos Aires is especially important to Argentina's banking system, accounting for nearly half the nation's bank deposits and lending.[82] Nearly 300 hotels and another 300 hostels and bed & breakfasts are licensed for Tourism in Buenos Aires, and nearly half the rooms available were in four-star establishments or higher.[83] Manufacturing[edit] Manufacturing is, nevertheless, still prominent in the city's economy (16%) and, concentrated mainly in the southern part of the city. It benefits as much from high local purchasing power and a large local supply of skilled labor as it does from its relationship to massive agriculture and industry just outside the city limits. Construction activity in Buenos Aires has historically been among the most accurate indicators of national economic fortunes (see table at right), and since 2006 around 3 million m² (32 million ft²) of construction has been authorized annually.[82] Meat, dairy, grain, tobacco, wool and leather products are processed or manufactured in the Buenos Aires metro area. Other leading industries are automobile manufacturing, oil refining, metalworking, machine building and the production of textiles, chemicals, clothing and beverages. Government finances[edit] The city's budget, per Mayor Macri's 2011 proposal, will include US$6 billion in revenues and US$6.3 billion in expenditures. The city relies on local income and capital gains taxes for 61% of its revenues, while federal revenue sharing will contribute 11%, property taxes, 9%, and vehicle taxes, 6%. Other revenues include user fees, fines and gambling duties. The city devotes 26% of its budget to education, 22% for health, 17% for public services and infrastructure, 16% for social welfare and culture, 12% in administrative costs and 4% for law enforcement. Buenos Aires maintains low debt levels and its service requires less than 3% of the budget.[84] Culture[edit] Kirchner Cultural Centre located in Buenos Aires, it is the largest of Latin America,[85][86] and the third worldwide.[87] Strongly influenced by European culture, Buenos Aires is sometimes referred to as the "Paris of South America".[25][88] The city has the busiest live theatre industry in Latin America, with scores of theaters and productions.[89] In fact, every weekend, there are about 300 active theatres with plays, a number that places the city as 1st worldwide, more than either London, New York or Paris, cultural Meccas in themselves. The number of cultural festivals with more than 10 sites and 5 years of existence also places the city as 2nd worldwide, after Edinburgh.[90] Buenos Aires is the site of the Teatro Colón, an internationally rated opera house.[91] There are several symphony orchestras and choral societies. The city has numerous museums related to history, fine arts, modern arts, decorative arts, popular arts, sacred art, arts and crafts, theatre and popular music, as well as the preserved homes of noted art collectors, writers, composers and artists. The city is home to hundreds of bookstores, public libraries and cultural associations (it is sometimes called "the city of books"), as well as the largest concentration of active theatres in Latin America. It has a world-famous zoo and botanical garden, a large number of landscaped parks and squares, as well as churches and places of worship of many denominations, many of which are architecturally noteworthy.[91] Every April in the city, the Buenos Aires International Book Fair is celebrated; it is one of the top five book fairs in the world, oriented to the general public as well as to the literary community . With one bookstore per 4,000 residents, the city of Buenos Aires has the highest concentration of bookstores per capita than any other city in the world and more bookstores than the entire country of Mexico, which has over 100 million inhabitants.[90] "La Noche de los Museos"[92] (Night of Museums) also takes place every November. On this day, most of the museums of the city are open all night long. In 2014, the event attracted over 850,000 visitors to the city's more than 200 museums, a record figure.[90] Buenos Aires is also very active in street art, with major murals everywhere in the city. Language[edit] See also: Belgranodeutsch and cocoliche El Ateneo Grand Splendid bookstore was voted the second most beautiful in the world. Known as Rioplatense Spanish, Buenos Aires' Spanish (as that of other cities like Rosario and Montevideo, Uruguay) is characterised by voseo, yeísmo and aspiration of s in various contexts. It is heavily influenced by the dialects of Spanish spoken in Andalusia and Murcia. A phonetic study conducted by the Laboratory for Sensory Investigations of CONICET and the University of Toronto showed that the prosody of porteño is closer to the Neapolitan language of Italy than to any other spoken language.[93] In the early 20th century, Argentina absorbed millions of immigrants, many of them Italians, who spoke mostly in their local dialects (mainly Neapolitan, Sicilian and Genoese). Their adoption of Spanish was gradual, creating a pidgin of Italian dialects and Spanish that was called cocoliche. Its usage declined around the 1950s. Many Spanish immigrants were from Galicia, and Spaniards are still generically referred to in Argentina as gallegos (Galicians). Galician language, cuisine and culture had a major presence in the city for most of the 20th century. In recent years, descendants of Galician immigrants have led a mini-boom in Celtic music (which also highlighted the Welsh traditions of Patagonia). Yiddish was commonly heard in Buenos Aires, especially in the Balvanera garment district and in Villa Crespo until the 1960s. Most of the newer immigrants learn Spanish quickly and assimilate into city life. The Lunfardo argot originated within the prison population, and in time spread to all porteños. Lunfardo uses words from Italian dialects, from Brazilian Portuguese, from African and Caribbean languages and even from English. Lunfardo employs humorous tricks such as inverting the syllables within a word (vesre). Today, Lunfardo is mostly heard in tango lyrics;[94] the slang of the younger generations has been evolving away from it. Tango[edit] See also: History of Tango Tango dancers in San Telmo. Tango music's birthplace is in Argentina. Its sensual dance moves were not seen as respectable until adopted by the Parisian high society in the 1920s, and then all over the world. In Buenos Aires, tango-dancing schools (known as academias) were usually men-only establishments. On 30 September 2009, UNESCO's Intergovernmental Committee of Intangible Heritage declared tango part of the world's cultural heritage, making Argentina eligible to receive financial assistance in safeguarding this cultural treasure for future generations.[95] Orchestra[edit] The National Symphony Orchestra performs Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 2 at the University of Buenos Aires Law School. The Buenos Aires Philharmonic is an Argentine orchestra based in Buenos Aires. Founded in 1946, it is based in the renowned Colón Theatre, and is considered one of the more prestigious orchestras in its nation and Latin America, and has received several honours in 60 years of history. Its local counterpart in the national aegis is the Argentine National Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra's Music Director is Mexican Enrique Diemecke. The Buenos Aires Philharmonic has had three successful tours of special relevance: in 1992, 1994 and 1996. These tours have included stops in Germany, England, Spain, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium and Austria, and has performed in such prestigious venues as the Berliner Philharmonie, the Barbican Centre in London (one of the most famous cultural centers in Europe, also home to the London Symphony Orchestra), and the Concertgebouw of Amsterdam (home to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam). The orchestra frequently tours nationally and in the surrounding countries of Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. Philharmonic associations had, by then, a long tradition in Argentina, and could be traced in Buenos Aires to the 1822 formation of the Academy of Music and of the Philharmonic Association, the following year. These orchestras struggled under the instability prevailing during the years of the Argentine Confederation, however, and their performances were only sporadic. The German Argentine community helped advance the medium with the founding a number of choral societies between 1852 and 1863, notably Concordia, Germania and the Deutsche Sing-Akademie, and these were complementted by the Buenos Aires Orchestral Society (1876) and the Musical Mutual Society (1894). The latter ultimately formed the first orchestral guild in Argentina, the Orchestra Professionals' Association (APO), in 1919.[96] Entertainment[edit] Rock Festival in Mary Weiss Stadium The city also plays host to musical festivals, some of the largest of which are Quilmes Rock, Creamfields BA, Ultra Music Festival and the Buenos Aires Jazz Festival. Several important international rock singers and groups have participated of the festival Quilmes Rock, along with some of the most notable Argentine rock stars. Former participanting bands included Die Toten Hosen, The Wailers, The Offspring, Gustavo Cerati, Los Ratones Paranoicos, Divididos, Memphis, Bersuit Vergarabat, Café Tacuba, Babasónicos, Attaque 77, Los Pericos, Luis Alberto Spinetta, Mancha de Rolando, Intoxicados, El Otro Yo and several others. Creamfields BA was the first Creamfields festival to be organised outside of Cream's hometown of Liverpool, but the move to Buenos Aires was seen as a risky one as it coincided with Argentina falling into the worst economic crisis in its history. Thus, it was uncertain how an event of such magnitude would be profitable in a country with severe economic problems. Creamfields Buenos Aires is organised annually. Jazz festivals had been organized intermittently in Buenos Aires and a number of other Argentine cities, such as Rosario, La Plata and Avellaneda, during the 1990s.[97] Defying conventional wisdom during the depths of a severe economic crisis, the city of Buenos Aires announced a new, upocoming Buenos Aires Jazz Festival in July 2002. This first event was held on 6–20 August and was free to the public. Featuring mostly local artists, notably Pablo Ziegler and Dino Saluzzi, it was held in three locations: Thelonious, Notorious, and The Casual Bar.[98] Cinema[edit] Main article: Cinema of Argentina See also: Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema in the Parque Centenario. The cinema first appeared in Buenos Aires in 1896. The city has been the centre of the Argentine cinema industry in Argentina for over 100 years since French camera operator Eugene Py directed the pioneering film La Bandera Argentina in 1897. Since then, over 2000 films have been directed and produced within the city, many of them referring to the city in their titles, such as I Was Born in Buenos Aires (1959), Buenas noches, Buenos Aires (1964), and Buenos Aires a la vista (1950). The culture of tango music has been incorporated into many films produced in the city, especially since the 1930s. Many films have starred tango performers such as Hugo del Carril, Tita Merello, Carlos Gardel and Edmundo Rivero. Art[edit] See also: Argentine painting Usina del Arte, one of the most famous cultural centers in the city. Inside of Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires (MALBA) Galileo Galilei planetarium Buenos Aires has a long tradition in visual arts, and it hosts many the most important art galleries, such as APPETITE,[99] Braga Menendez and Ruth Benzacar. Museums, like MALBA and Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires). Cultural centers like Centro Cultural Recoleta. Many events keep the art scene very busy and attract visitors every month. They include hundreds of exhibition openings, gallery nights, art fairs like ArteBA and Expotrastiendas, and La Noche Del Museo. Museums[edit] Museums in Buenos Aires are: Academia Nacional del Tango de la República Argentina Automóvil Club Argentino Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Museum Buenos Aires Cabildo Buenos Aires Museum of Modern Art Casa Argentina del Arte Correo Casa de Moneda de la República Argentina Casa Nacional del Bicentenario Casa Rosada Museo Evita Eduardo Sívori Museum Museo de Arte Español Enrique Larreta Ernesto de la Cárcova Museum of Reproductions and Comparative Sculpture Faena Arts Center Museum of Foreign Debt Fortabat Art Collection Galileo Galilei planetarium Hotel Castelar Hotel de Inmigrantes Museo de Arte Hispanoamericano Isaac Fernández Blanco Juan B. Ambrosetti Museum of Ethnography Sarmiento historic museum Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires (MALBA) Museo Mitre Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes National Historical Museum National Museum of Decorative Arts, Buenos Aires Paz Palace ARA Presidente Sarmiento San Martín National Institute ARA Uruguay The Water Company Palace Fashion[edit] Buenos Aires is an important fashion capital. According to Global Language Monitor, as of 2012 the city ranks third in Latin America after Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.[100] [101] In 2005, Buenos Aires was appointed as the first UNESCO City of Design.[102] The city received this title once again in 2007.[103] Buenos Aires hosts many fashion events. The most important is BAFWEEK that is held twice a year. It's been held since 2001 and is often a good chance for national designers to display their collections.[104] BAAM Argentina Fashion Week, which considers itself the "most prestigious fashion week of the country",[105] is another prominent event which has been named one of the most important fashion weeks worldwide by the World Fashion Organization and World Fashion Week.[106] The neighbourhood of Palermo, mainly the area known as Soho, is where the latest fashion and design trends are presented.[107] An increasing number of young, independent designers are also setting up their own shops in the bohemian neighbourhood of San Telmo, known for its wide variety of markets and antique shops.[107] Recoleta, on the other hand, is the quintessential neighbourhood for exclusive and upscale fashion houses.[107] Cityscape[edit] daytime skyline of a city Panorama of downtown. On the left is the National Congress, and the river and skyscrapers are far in the back of the panorama. Panoramic image of Buenos Aires at night view from Puerto Madero, one of the meeting points for tourists. Architecture[edit] Main article: Architecture of Argentina La Prensa Palace, is the Buenos Aires House of Culture. Paz Palace, Beaux-Arts architecture Buenos Aires architecture is characterized by its eclectic nature, with elements resembling Barcelona, Paris and Madrid. There is a mix, due to immigration, of Colonial, Art Deco, Art Nouveau, Neo-Gothic and French Bourbon styles.[108] Italian and French influences increased after the declaration of independence at the beginning of the 19th century, though the academic style persisted until the first decades of the 20th century. Attempts at renovation took place during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, when European influences penetrated into the country, reflected by several buildings of Buenos Aires such as the Iglesia Santa Felicitas by Ernesto Bunge; the Palace of Justice, the National Congress, all of them by Vittorio Meano, and the Teatro Colón, by Francesco Tamburini and Vittorio Meano. The simplicity of the Rioplatense baroque style can be clearly seen in Buenos Aires through the works of Italian architects such as André Blanqui and Antonio Masella, in the churches of San Ignacio, Nuestra Señora del Pilar, the Cathedral and the Cabildo. In 1912 the Basilica del Santisimo Sacramento was opened to the public. Totally built by the generous donation of Mrs. Mercedes Castellanos de Anchorena, Argentina's most prominent family, the church is an excellent example of French neo-classicism. With extremely high-grade decorations in its interior, the magnificent Mutin-Cavaillé coll organ (the biggest ever installed in an Argentine church with more than four-thousand tubes and four manuals) presided the nave. The altar is full of marble, and was the biggest ever built in South America at that time.[109] In 1919 the construction of Palacio Barolo began. This was South America's tallest building at the time, and was the first Argentine skyscraper built with concrete (1919–1923).[110] The building was equipped with 9 elevators, plus a 20-metre high lobby hall with paintings in the ceiling and Latin phrases embossed in golden bronze letters. A 300,000-candela beacon was installed at the top (110 m), making the building visible even from Uruguay. In 2009 the Barolo Palace went under an exhausive restoration, and the beacon was made operational again. In 1936 the Kavanagh building was inaugurated, with 120 metres height, 12 elevators (provided by Otis) and the world's first central air-conditioning system (provided by north-American company "Carrier"), is still an architectural landmark in Buenos Aires.[111] The architecture of the second half of the 20th century continued to reproduce French neoclassic models, such as the headquarters of the Banco de la Nación Argentina built by Alejandro Bustillo, and the Museo Hispanoamericano de Buenos Aires of Martín Noel. However, since the 1930s the influence of Le Corbusier and European rationalism consolidated in a group of young architects from the University of Tucumán, among whom Amancio Williams stands out. The construction of skyscrapers proliferated in Buenos Aires until the 1950s. Newer modern high-technology buildings by Argentine architects in the last years of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st include the Le Parc Tower by Mario Álvarez, the Torre Fortabat by Sánchez Elía and the Repsol-YPF tower by César Pelli. Education[edit] See also: Education in Argentina Primary education[edit] Primary education comprise grades 1–7. Most primary schools in the city still adhere to the traditional seven-year primary school, but kids can do grades 1–6 if their high schools lasts 6 years, such as ORT Argentina. Secondary education[edit] Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, a public high school in Buenos Aires, and it is one of the most prestigious in Argentina and Latin America. University of Buenos Aires' Law School in Recoleta Secondary education in Argentina is called Polimodal ("polymodal", that is, having multiple modes), since it allows the student to choose his/her orientation. Polimodal is usually 3 years of schooling, although some schools have a fourth year. Before entering the first year of polimodal, students choose an orientation, among these five: Humanities and Social Sciences, Economics and Management of Organizations, Art and Design, Health and Sport and Biology and Natural Sciences. Nevertheless, in Buenos Aires, secondary education consists of 5 years, called from 1st year to 5th year, as opposed to primary education's 1st to 7th grade. Most schools don't require students to choose their orientation, as they study the basic such as maths, biology, art, history and technology, but there are schools that do, whether they are orientated to a certain profession or they have orientations to choose from when they Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player