gave their first Reuben Award for On line comic strips Other awards focus exclusively on webcomics The Web Cartoonists Choice Awards consist of a number of awards that were handed out annually from to The Clickburg Webcomic Awards also known as the Clickies has been handed out annually since at the Stripdagen Haarlem comic festival The awards require the recipient to be active in the Benelux countries with the exception of one international award Webcomics in print edit Further information List of webcomics in print Some webcomics such as Helen Sweetheart of the Internet Macanudo Van Von Hunter and Diesel Sweeties have been syndicated and published on daily newspapers comics pages Others such as The Perry Bible Fellowship and PartiallyClips have been published in smaller alternative newspapers or printed in magazines such as The Order of the Stick in Dragon Magazine and Get Your War On in Rolling Stone Several cartoonists like Phil and Kaja Foglio of Girl Genius have stopped publishing traditional comic books and instead serialise their content as a webcomic to reach a larger audience Often the webcomic is later published in the form of trade paperback collections In August Scott McCloud s Reinventing Comics half of which consisted of a treatise on webcomics was published Though sometimes controversial McCloud was one of the first advocates of digital comics and remains an influential figure in the webcomics field His theories have sometimes led to debates about where webcomics should go and what precisely they are McCloud s early advocacy of micropayments has also been a source of debate In June Universal Press Syndicate editorial cartoonist Ted Rall focused on webcomics for the third volume of the Attitude The New Subversive Cartoonists series and included comics such as The Perry Bible Fellowship Cat and Girl and A Lesson Is Learned But The Damage Is Irreversible

In Brad Guigar Dave Kellett Scott Kurtz and Kris Straub released How to Make Webcomics published by Image Comics The book covered many practical matters of making money through webcomics including website design publishing and merchandising Non anglophone webcomics edit Comics in short and long form have also been published online in languages other than English For example in Joscha Sauer started the German only nichtlustig de translation not funny and published a free daily black humour cartoon His work quickly became well known in Germany and gave him confidence to keep submitting to publishers until Carlsen Verlag offered him a contract in From then on he published his comics in an annual book sales of which comprise his income Qahera which features a hijab clad superheroine is written in English and translated into colloquial Egyptian Arabic The website Webcomics fr offers a free hosting service for artists and encourages them to publish their work under a Creative Commons Licence Webtoon edit South Korea has a well developed manhwa style webcomic format known as webtoon Webtoons are usually hosted on major South Korean web portals such as Naver and Daum which make webtoons one of the most popular styles of comic in Korean culture A large number of webtoon artists can earn basic income due to these web portals having massive userbases and advertising revenues citation needed See also edit Comics portal Internet portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Webcomics Wikinews has related news Wikimedia fundraiser highlights webcomic community s frustration with Wikipedia guidelines Comic book creator Digital comic An American comic book is a thin typically page periodical containing primarily comics content While the form originated in American comic books first gained popularity after the publication of Action Comics which included the debut of the superhero Superman This was followed by a superhero boom that lasted until the end of World War II After the war while superheroes were marginalized the comic book industry rapidly expanded and genres such as horror crime and romance became popular The s saw a gradual decline due to a shift away from print media in the wake of television and the impact of the Comics Code Authority The late s and the s saw a superhero revival and superheroes remain the dominant character archetype in the st century Since the later th century comic books have gained note as collectable items Comic shops cater to fans and particularly valuable issues have fetched in excess of a million dollars Systems of grading comic books have emerged with plastic sleeves bags and cardboard backing boards available to maintain the condition of comic books Contents Format Making comics Independent and alternative comics History Proto comic books and the Platinum Age The Funnies and Funnies on Parade Famous Funnies and New Fun Superheroes and the Golden Age The Comics Code Silver Age of Comic Books Underground comix Bronze Age of Comic Books The Modern Age See also References Notes Works cited Further reading External links Format edit Standard comics are inches cm × inches cm and about pages long Making comics edit While comics can be the work of a single creator the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists There may be a separate writer and artist or there may be separate artists for the characters and backgrounds Particularly in superhero comic books the art may be divided between a penciller who lays out the artwork in pencil an inker who finishes the artwork in ink a colorist a letterer who adds the captions and speech balloons The process begins with the creator coming up with an idea or concept then working it into a plot and story and finalizing the preliminary writing with a script After the art production letters are placed on the page and an editor may have the final say before the comic is sent to the printer The creative team the writers and artists may work with a comic book publisher for help with marketing advertising and other logistics A distributor like Diamond Comic Distributors the largest in the U S helps to distribute the finished product to retailers Another part of the process involved in successful comics is the interaction between the readers fans and the creator s Fan art and letters to the editor were commonly printed in the back of the book until the early st century when various Internet forms started to replace them Independent and alternative comics edit Main article Alternative comics Comic specialty stores did help encourage several waves of independently produced comics beginning in the mid s Some of the early example of these generally referred to as independent or alternative comics such as Big Apple Comix continued somewhat in the tradition of underground comics while others such as Star Reach resembled the output of mainstream publishers in format and genre but were published by smaller artist owned ventures or by a single artist a few notably RAW represented experimental attempts to bring comics closer to the world of fine art citation needed The small press scene continued to grow and diversify with a number of small publishers in the s changing the format and distribution of their books to more closely resemble non comics publishing The minicomics form an extremely informal version of self publishing arose in the s and became increasingly popular among artists in the s despite reaching an even more limited audience than the small presses History edit Main article History of American comics Proto comic books and the Platinum Age edit The Yellow Kid in McFadden s Flats The development of the modern American comic book happened in stages Publishers had collected comic strips in hardcover book form as early as with The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck a collection of English language newspaper inserts originally published in Europe as the book Histoire de M Vieux Bois The G W Dillingham Company published the first known proto comic book magazine in the U S The Yellow Kid in McFadden s Flats in A hardcover book it reprinted material — primarily the October to January sequence titled McFadden s Row of Flats — from cartoonist Richard F Outcault s newspaper comic strip Hogan s Alley starring the Yellow Kid The page square bound black and white publication which also includes introductory text by E W Townsend measured × inches and sold for cents The neologism comic book appears on the back cover Despite the publication of a series of related Hearst comics soon afterward the first monthly proto comic book Embee Distributing Company s Comic Monthly did not appear until Produced in an ½ by inch format it reprinted black and white newspaper comic strips and lasted a year Comic Monthly Jan The Funnies and Funnies on Parade edit In Dell Publishing founded by George T Delacorte Jr published The Funnies described by the Library of Congress as a short lived newspaper tabloid insert and not to be confused with Dell s comic book series of the same name Historian Ron Goulart describes the page four color periodical as more a Sunday comic section without the rest of the newspaper than a true comic book But it did offer all original material and was sold on newsstands The Funnies ran for issues published Saturdays through October In salesperson Maxwell Gaines sales manager Harry I Wildenberg and owner George Janosik of the Waterbury Connecticut company Eastern Color Printing – which printed among other things Sunday paper comic strip sections – produced Funnies on Parade as a way to keep their presses running Like The Funnies but only eight pages this appeared as a newsprint magazine Rather than using original material however it reprinted in color several comic strips licensed from the McNaught Syndicate and the McClure Syndicate These included such popular strips as cartoonist Al Smith s Mutt and Jeff Ham Fisher s Joe Palooka and Percy Crosby s Skippy Eastern Color neither sold this periodical nor made it available on newsstands but rather sent it out free as a promotional item to consumers who mailed in coupons clipped from Procter Gamble soap and toiletries products The company printed copies The promotion proved a success and Eastern Color that year produced similar periodicals for Canada Dry soft drinks Kinney Shoes Wheatena cereal and others with print runs of from to Famous Funnies and New Fun edit Eastern Color Press Famous Funnies A Carnival of Comics Eastern Color Printing Also in Gaines and Wildenberg collaborated with Dell to publish the page Famous Funnies A Carnival of Comics which historians consider the first true American comic book Goulart for example calls it the cornerstone for one of the most lucrative branches of magazine publishing Distribution took place through the Woolworth s department store chain though it remains unclear whether it was sold or given away the cover displays no price but Goulart refers either metaphorically or literally to sticking a ten cent pricetag sic on the comic books When Delacorte declined to continue with Famous Funnies A Carnival of Comics Eastern Color on its own published Famous Funnies cover dated July a page giant selling for ¢ Distributed to newsstands by the mammoth American News Company it proved a hit with readers during the cash strapped Great Depression selling percent of its print although putting Eastern Color more than in the red That quickly changed with the book turning a profit each issue starting with Famous Funnies would eventually run issues inspire imitators and largely launch a new mass medium Famous Funnies July Cover art by Jon Mayes When the supply of available existing comic strips began to dwindle early comic books began to include a small amount of new original material in comic strip format Inevitably a comic book of all original material with no comic strip reprints debuted Fledgling publisher Malcolm Wheeler Nicholson founded National Allied Publications which would evolve into DC Comics to release New Fun Feb This came out as a tabloid sized inch by inch page magazine with a card stock non glossy cover An anthology it mixed humor features such as the funny animal comic Pelion and Ossa and the college set Jigger and Ginger with such dramatic fare as the Western strip Jack Woods and the yellow peril adventure Barry O Neill featuring a Fu Manchu styled villain Fang Gow Issue Oct brought the comic book debut of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster the future creators of Superman who began their careers with the musketeer swashbuckler Henri Duval doing the first two installments before turning it over to others and under the pseudonyms Leger and Reuths the supernatural crimefighter adventure Doctor Occult Superheroes and the Golden Age edit Main article Golden Age of Comic Books In after Wheeler Nicholson s partner Harry Donenfeld had ousted him National Allied editor Vin Sullivan pulled a Siegel Shuster creation from the slush pile and used it as the cover feature but only as a backup story in Action Comics June The duo s alien hero Superman dressed in a cape and colorful tights The costume influenced by Flash Gordon s attire from evoked circus aerial performers and circus strongmen and Superman became the archetype of the superheroes that would follow Action would become the American comic book with the second largest number of issues next to Dell Comics Four Color with over issues published as of update citation needed Action Comics June The debut of Superman Cover art by Joe Shuster Siegel and Shuster s Superman influenced by the pulp fiction stories and by the legend of the Golem of Prague citation needed had superhuman strength speed and other abilities and lived day to day in his secret identity as a mild mannered reporter named Clark Kent Within two years most comic book companies had started publishing large lines of superhero titles and Superman has gone on to become one of the world s most recognizable characters citation needed The period from the late s through roughly the end of the s is referred to by comic book experts as the Golden Age of comic books It featured extremely large print runs with Action Comics and Captain Marvel selling over half a million copies a month each comics provided very popular cheap entertainment during World War II especially among soldiers but with erratic quality in stories art and printing In the early s over percent of girls and boys from seven to seventeen read comic books MLJ s Pep Comics debuted as a superhero science fiction and adventure anthology but after the title introduced the teen humor feature Archie in the feature s popularity would soon eclipse all other MLJ properties leading the publisher to rename itself Archie Comics Following the end of World War II the popularity of superheroes greatly diminished while the comic book industry itself expanded A few well established characters such as Superman Batman and Wonder Woman continued to sell but DC cancelled series starring the Flash and Green Lantern and converted All American Comics and All Star Comics to Western titles and Star Spangled Comics to a war title The publisher also launched such science fiction titles as Strange Adventures and Mystery in Space Timely Comics cancelled its Captain America Human Torch and Sub Mariner series briefly reviving the characters in only to cancel them shortly thereafter and to focus on horror science fiction teen humor romance and Western genres Romance comics became established with Prize Comics Young Romance and Young Love produced by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby those titles popularity lead to an explosion of romance comics form many publishers Dell s comic books accounted for a third of all North American sales in the early s Its titles averaged a circulation of copies each issue with Walt Disney s Comics and Stories peaking with a circulation of three million in Eleven of the top best selling comic books at the time were Dell titles Out of publishers active in Dell Atlas Marvel DC and Archie were the major players sales wise By this time former big time players Fawcett and Fiction house had ceased publishing Circulation peaked out in when issues of various comics were published with total circulation at about one billion note After the number of individual releases dropped every year for the rest of the decade with the biggest losses coming in – These rapid losses followed the introduction of the Comics Code Authority in the wake of Senate hearings on juvenile delinquency While there was only a drop in the number of releases between and circulation plummeted by an estimated – The cause of the decrease is not entirely certain Television had come to provide competition with comic books or the rise of conservative values that came with the election of Dwight Eisenhower The Comics Code Authority a self censoring body founded to curb juvenile delinquency believed to be influenced by crime and horror comics has been targeted as the culprit though sales had begun to drop the year before it was founded The major publishers were largely unaffected by the drop but smaller publishers like EC the prime target of the CCA stopped publishing crime and horror titles and had to focus on other areas By the s output stabilized at about releases per year The dominant comic book genres of the post CCA s were funny animals humor romance television properties and Westerns Detective fantasy teen and war comics were also popular while adventure superheroes and comic strip reprints were in decline with Famous Funnies seeing its last issue in The Comics Code edit Main article Comics Code Authority In the late s and early s horror and true crime comics flourished many containing graphic violence and gore EC Comics was a particularly successful publisher of these genres and was singled out by psychiatrist Fredric Wertham in his book Seduction of the Innocent in The book was concerned with what he perceived as sadistic and homosexual undertones in horror comics and in superhero comics respectively and it raised public anxiety about comics Soon moral crusaders blamed comic books as a cause of poor grades juvenile delinquency drug use note This led the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency to take an interest in comic books April–June Schools and parent groups held public comic book burnings and some cities banned comic books In the wake of these events many comics publishers most notably National and Archie founded the Comics Code Authority in and drafted the Comics Code intended as the most stringent code in existence for any communications media A Comic Code Seal of Approval soon appeared on virtually every comic book carried on newsstands EC after experimenting with less controversial comic books dropped its comics line to focus on the satiric Mad — a comic book that changed to magazine format in order to circumvent the Code Silver Age of Comic Books edit Main article Silver Age of Comic Books Showcase Oct the launch of comics Silver Age Cover art by Carmine Infantino and Joe Kubert DC started a revival in superhero comics in with the October revival of The Flash in Showcase Many comics historians peg this as the beginning of the Silver Age of American comic books although Marvel had started reviving some of its old superheroes as early as The new Flash is taken symbolically as the beginning of a new era although his success was not immediate It took two years for the Flash to receive his own title and Showcase itself was only a bimonthly title though one that was to introduce a large number of enduring characters By the slowly building superhero revival had become clear to DC s competitors Archie jumped on board that year and Charlton joined the bandwagon in In writer editor Stan Lee and artist co plotter Jack Kirby created the Fantastic Four for Marvel Comics With an innovation that changed the comic book industry The Fantastic Four initiated a naturalistic style of superheroes with human failings fears and inner demons heroes who squabbled and worried about the likes of rent money In contrast to the super heroic do gooder archetypes of established superheroes at the time this ushered in a revolution With dynamic artwork by Kirby Steve Ditko Don Heck and others complementing Lee s colorful catchy prose the new style became very popular among college students who could identify with the angsty and irreverent nature of characters like Spider Man X Men and the Fantastic Four This was a time of massive social upheaval that birthed a new generation of hipper and more countercultural young people who found a voice in these books Marvel was initially restricted in the number of titles it could produce as its books were distributed by rival National a situation not alleviated until the late s citation needed The Fantastic Four Nov Cover art by Jack Kirby While the creators of comics were given credit in the early days of comic books this all but vanished during the s and s Comic books were produced by comic book companies rather than individual creators EC being a notable exception a company that not only credited its creative teams but also featured creators biographies Even comic books by revered and collectable artists like Carl Barks were not known by their creators names—Disney comics like Barks were signed Walt Disney In the s DC and then Marvel began to include writer and artist credits on the comics that they published Other notable companies included the American Comics Group ACG the low budget Charlton where many professionals such as Dick Giordano got their start Dell Gold Key Harvey Comics home of the Harvey cartoon characters Casper the Friendly Ghost and non animated others Richie Rich and Tower best known for T H U N D E R Agents citation needed Underground comix edit Main article Underground comix Sex drugs and rock n roll were featured as the anti authoritarian underground comix saw made waves in following the publication of Robert Crumb s irregularly published Zap Comix Frank Stack had published The Adventures of Jesus as far back as and there had been a trickle of such publications until Crumb s success What had started as a self publishing scene soon grew into a minor industry with Print Mint Kitchen Sink Last Gasp and Apex Novelties among the more well known publishers These comix were often extremely graphic and largely distributed in head shops that flourished in the countercultural era Legal issues and paper shortages led to a decline in underground comix output from its peak The death knell was sounded in when the passage of anti paraphernalia laws led to the closing of most head shops which throttled underground comix distribution Its readership also dried up as the hippie movement itself petered out around the mid s Some underground cartoonists stayed in comics however—Robert Crumb and Art Spiegelman would become two of the leading lights of the alternative comics era and Bill Griffith would take to comic strips citation needed Bronze Age of Comic Books edit Main article Bronze Age of Comic Books Wizard originally used the phrase Bronze Age in to denote the Modern Horror age But as of update historians and fans use Bronze Age to describe the period of American mainstream comics history that begins with a period of concentrated changes to comic books circa Unlike the Golden Silver Age transition the Silver Bronze transition involved many continually published books making the transition less sharp not every book entered the Bronze Age at the same time citation needed Changes commonly considered citation needed to mark the transition between Silver and Bronze ages include A reshuffling of popular creators including the retirement of Mort Weisinger editor of the Superman books and the movement of Jack Kirby to DC A boom in non superhero and borderline superhero comics such as Conan the Barbarian Tomb of Dracula Kamandi Swamp Thing Man Thing Ghost Rider and the revived Doctor Strange and Phantom Stranger Relevant comics which attempted to address serious social issues such as the drug abuse issues of The Amazing Spider Man and Green Lantern Green Arrow The Comics Code Authority s first update in — prompted by Stan Lee s defiance of the code for a story on narcotics at the behest of the United States Department of Health Education and Welfare Revamping of several popular characters including a return to a Batman of a darker nature closer to the original late s conception a reinvention of Superman for the s with the landmark story Kryptonite Nevermore and a temporary non powered era for Wonder Woman all initiated by author Denny O Neil The death of major characters such as Spider Man s girlfriend Gwen Stacy the Doom Patrol and several members of the Legion of Super Heroes The Modern Age edit Main article Modern Age of Comic Books The development direct market distribution system in the s coincided with the appearance of comic book specialty stores across North America These specialty stores were a haven for more distinct voices and stories but they also marginalized comics in the public eye Serialized comic stories became longer and more complex requiring readers to buy more issues to finish a story Between and comic book prices rose sharply because of a combination of factors a nationwide paper shortage increasing production values and the minimal profit incentive for stores to stock comic books due to the small unit price of an individual comic book relative to a magazine citation needed In the mid to late s two series published by DC Comics Batman The Dark Knight Returns and Watchmen had a profound impact upon the American comic book industry Their popularity along with mainstream media attention


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elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

and critical acclaim combined with changing social tastes led to a considerably darker tone in comic books during the s nicknamed by fans as the grim and gritty era The growing popularity of antiheroes such as Wolverine and the Punisher exemplified this change as did the darker tone of some independent publishers such as First Comics Dark Horse Comics and founded in the s Image Comics This tendency towards darkness and nihilism was manifested in DC s production of heavily promoted comic book stories such as A Death in the Family in the Batman series in which The Joker brutally murdered Batman s sidekick Robin while at Marvel the continuing popularity of the various X Men books led to storylines involving the genocide of superpowered mutants in allegorical stories about religious and ethnic persecution Although a speculator boom in the early s temporarily increased specialty store sales — collectors invested in multiple copies of a single comic to sell at a profit later — these booms ended in a collectibles glut and comic sales declined sharply in the mid s leading to the demise of many hundreds of stores In the s fewer comics sell in North America than at any time in their publishing history citation needed The large superhero oriented publishers like Marvel and DC are still often referred to as the mainstream of comics and are still considered a mass medium like in previous decades citation needed While the actual publications are no longer as widespread however licensing and merchandising have made many comic book characters aside from such perennials as Superman and Batman citation needed In particular several movies and videogames based on comic book characters have been released and such heavily promoted events as Spider Man s wedding the death of Superman and the death of Captain America received widespread media coverage citation needed In addition published formats like the graphic novel and the related trade paperback enabled the comic book to gain some respectability as literature As a result these formats are now common in book retail and the collections of public libraries See also edit United States portal Comics portal Cartoon Comic book archive Comic book therapy Comics studies Comics vocabulary Comparison of image viewers Digital comics History of American comics List of comic book publishing companies List of films based on English language comics List of years in comics Digital illustration List of webcomics Mobile comic Sprite comic Webserial Epistemological Letters Free will theorem Fundamental Fysiks Group Dylan Horrocks is a cartoonist born in in Auckland New Zealand He is best known for his graphic novel Hicksville and his scripts for the Batgirl comic book series His works are published by the University of Auckland student magazine Craccum Australia s Fox Comics the American Fantagraphics Books the current affairs magazine New Zealand Listener from to Black Eye Comics Vertigo and in Drawn and Quarterly He currently serialises new work online at hicksvillecomics com Contents Early life Career Activism Displays Awards and fellowship References External links Early life edit In an interview with Comics Bulletin Horrocks claimed that his first words were Donald Duck Career edit A Dylan Horrocks cartoon on the subject of internet piracy drawn in a similar style to Pickle and Milo s Week Horrocks has been involved in the New Zealand comic scene since the mid s when he co founded Razor with Cornelius Stone and had his work published in the University of Auckland student magazine Craccum Later in the decade he began to get international recognition having work published by Australia s Fox Comics and the American Fantagraphics Books He then moved to the United Kingdom where he self published several mini comics and co founded Le Roquet a comics annual Upon returning to New Zealand in the mid s Horrocks had a half page strip called Milo s Week in the current affairs magazine New Zealand Listener from to He also produced Pickle published by Black Eye Comics in which the Hicksville story originally appeared Hicksville was published in book form in achieving considerable critical success French Spanish and Italian editions have since been published In the last decade Horrocks has written and drawn a wide range of projects including scripts for Vertigo s Hunter The Age of Magic and the Batgirl series and Atlas published by Drawn and Quarterly He currently serialises new work online at hicksvillecomics com Activism edit Further information New Zealand Internet Blackout and Entertainment industry In support of the New Zealand Internet Blackout Horrocks released a cartoon satirizing the position of corporations in the entertainment industry This comic was displayed on piracy s flagship torrent site The Pirate Bay for a few days before the Spectrial Displays edit Horrocks work has been displayed at the Auckland Art Gallery and Wellington s City Gallery Awards and fellowship edit In Hicksville won an Eisner Award for Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition and the same year Atlas was nominated for the Harvey Award for Best Single Issue or Story in In he was appointed University of Auckland Creative New Zealand Literary Fellow GHZ experiment Hidden variable theory Local hidden variable theory Loopholes in Bell test experiments Leggett inequality Leggett–Garg inequality Measurement in quantum mechanics Mott problem Normally distributed and uncorrelated does not imply independent PBR theorem Quantum entanglement Quantum mechanical Bell test prediction Renninger negative result experiment The Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa Creative New Zealand previously the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council is the national arts development agency of the New Zealand government investing in artists and arts organisations offering capability building programmes and developing markets and audiences for New Zealand arts domestically and internationally Its funding consists of approximately central government funding and the remaining amount from the Lotteries Commission Creative New Zealand distributes around million each year in contestable funding to support projects that develop New Zealand arts Funding is available for artists community groups and arts organisations Creative New Zealand funds projects across art forms including theatre dance music literature visual art craft object art media art and pan art form festivals Contents Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa Bill Contestable Funding Maori Arts Pacific Arts Arts Organisations Creative Communities Scheme Film Artist Residencies Craft Object Art Fellowship Creative New Zealand and the National University of Samoa Artist in Residence Arts Pasifika Awards Special recognition award Senior Pacific Artist Award Contemporary Pacific Art Award Pacific Heritage Art Award Iosefa Enari Memorial Award Emerging Pacific Artist References External links Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa Bill edit The Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa Bill the Bill was referred to the Government Administration Committee for consideration following its introduction to the House on June and its First Reading in the House on August This Bill replaces the Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa Act the Act The primary purpose of the Bill is to streamline the governance structure of the Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa Creative New Zealand CNZ established by the Act by replacing it with one unitary board The board is to be known as the Arts Council and will replace the current Arts Council and the three boards it governs the Arts Board Te Waka Toi and the Pacific Arts Committee Contestable Funding edit Creative New Zealand distributes arts grants through contestable funding rounds to support projects that develop New Zealand arts In Creative New Zealand introduced Arts Development Investments to replace its Recurrently Funded Organisations funding Arts Development Investments provide funding for extended periods for established artists arts practitioners groups and arts organisations Maori Arts edit Main article Te Waka Toi awards Creative New Zealand supports Maori arts through its Arts Board and Te Waka Toi board which provide funding for Maori artists and organisations Toi Ake is a special funding initiative tailored to iwi tribe hapu sub tribe and whakapapa genealogy oriented groups to focus on cultivating and retaining traditional and contemporary Maori arts Pacific Arts edit The Pacific Arts Committee provides funding for Pacific Island artists community groups and arts organisations The committee also funds the annual Pacific Arts Awards including the Iosefa Enari Memorial Award and artist residencies in Samoa and the Cook Islands It has also funded festivals such as Pasifika a free annual festival of Polynesian arts crafts and performances in Auckland The Arts Council supports a contingent of Pacific Island artists from New Zealand to attend the Festival of Pacific Arts held every four years Creative New Zealand funds Tautai an organisation promoting contemporary Pacific Island visual artists such as Fatu Feu u painter and sculptor Johnny Penisula multi media artist Shigeyuki Kihara and printmaker painter and sculptor Michel Tuffery Arts Organisations edit Creative New Zealand provides funding for many New Zealand arts organisations including the New Zealand Opera Playmarket Chamber Music New Zealand New Zealand Book Council Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra Arts Access Aotearoa and Taki Rua theatre company Creative Communities Scheme edit Creative New Zealand administers a fund called the Creative Communities Scheme CCS CCS funding coordinators sit within local councils and receive biannual grants to be directed to local arts projects Film edit The Independent Filmmakers Fund is a partnership between Creative New Zealand and the New Zealand Film Commission to support established and emerging filmmakers It replaced the former Screen Innovation Production Fund SIPF Artist Residencies edit Creative New Zealand funds several artist residencies including the Berlin Writers Residency and the Creative New Zealand and the National University of Samoa Artist in Residence programme Craft Object Art Fellowship edit The Creative New Zealand Craft Object Art Fellowship is the largest fellowship in New Zealand available in the craft object art field It is open to mid career and senior New Zealand practitioners curators and writers across a wide variety of media including jewellers weavers ceramicists furniture makers and designers Initiated in the award was originally offered annually and in became biennial Awards are made on an application basis and recipients are required to complete a project over a month period Recipients of the Craft Object Art Fellowship Textile artist Malcolm Harrison Ceramicist Peter Lange Jeweller and carver Rangi Kipa Ceramics historian Moyra Elliott Ceramicist Baye Riddell Glass artist Garry Nash Creative New Zealand and the National University of Samoa Artist in Residence edit Established by the former Pacific Arts Committee of Creative New Zealand in this residency enables a New Zealand resident Pacific artist to develop their work Recipients of the residency Nathaniel Lees Jim Vivieaere Fiona Collins Tiffany Singh Vahine Collective Lonnie Hutchinson Lily Aita and Niki Hastings McFall Lemi Ponifasio Shigeyuki Kihara Arts Pasifika Awards edit Established in these awards recognise excellence in Pacific Arts in New Zealand Special recognition award edit Introduced Sean Mallon Parris Goebel Senior Pacific Artist Award edit Jonathan Lemalu Lemi Ponifasio Annie Crummer Misa Emma Kesha Sopolemalama Filipe Tohi Igelese Ete Justine Simei Barton Jim Vivieaere Opetia Foa ai Te Vaka Nathaniel Lees Albert Wendt Johnny Penisula Contemporary Pacific Art Award edit Victor Rodger Ema Tavola Janet Lilo Michel Tuffery M N Z M Shigeyuki Kihara Diana Fuemana Nina Nawalowalo Sima Urale John Ioane Lemi Ponifasio MAU Dance Filipe Tohi Richard Shortland Cooper Pacific Heritage Art Award edit Introduced Atafu Tokelau Community Group Mary Ama and the Mamas Kalameli Ihaia Alefosio O Mata Tokelau Dance Group Falepipi he Mafola Niuean Women Weavers Group Enuamanu Maruarua Atiu Society Dr Okusi Mahina Tau Fuata Niue Mafi Malaga III Kepueli Vaomotou Iosefa Enari Memorial Award edit Main article Iosefa Enari Memorial Award Emerging Pacific Artist edit Suli Moa Justin Haiu Kulimoe anga Stone Maka Visesio Siasau Poulima Salima Linda Tuafale Tanoa I WakaUra Dance Group Tusiata Avia Miria George Lonnie Hutchinson Shigeyuki Kihara Shigeyuki Kihara is a contemporary artist and the first New Zealander to hold a solo exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art New York Titled Shigeyuki Kihara Living Photographs the exhibition opened from October to February Kihara s self portrait photographs in the exhibitions included nudes in provocative poses that portrayed colonial images of Polynesian women as sexual objects Kihara is also a fa afafine the rd gender of Samoa Born in Samoa Kihara s mother is Samoan and her father Japanese Kihara immigrated to New Zealand at the age of sixteen to further her studies She trained in fashion design at Wellington Polytech now Massey University In while still a student Kihara s Graffiti Dress – Bombacific was purchased by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Te Papa Lucian Michael Freud OM CH lu si n fr d December – July was a German born British painter Known chiefly for his thickly impastoed portrait and figure paintings he was widely considered the pre eminent British artist of his time His works are noted for their psychological penetration and their often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model Contents Early life and family Early career Mature style Later career Art market Personal life Selected solo exhibitions

See also Notes References Further reading External links Early life and family edit Born in Berlin Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother Lucie née Brasch and an Austrian Jewish father Ernst L Freud an architect He was a grandson of Sigmund Freud and elder brother of the broadcaster writer and politician Clement Freud thus uncle of Emma and Matthew Freud and the younger brother of Stephan Gabriel Freud He moved with his family to St John s Wood London in to escape the rise of Nazism He became a British subject in having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes Devon and later Bryanston School for a year before being expelled due to disruptive behaviour Early career edit Freud briefly studied at the Central School of Art in London and from to with greater success at Cedric Morris East Anglian School of Painting and Drawing in Dedham relocated in to Benton End a house near Hadleigh Suffolk He also attended Goldsmiths College part of the University of London in – He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in before being invalided out of service in In the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower It was published the following year by Editions Poetry London and comprised among other drawings a stuffed zebra and a palm tree Both subjects reappeared in The Painter s Room on display at Freud s first solo exhibition in at the Alex Reid Lefevre Gallery In the summer of he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swift s studio In late Freud and Lady Caroline Blackwood eloped to Paris where they married in He otherwise lived and worked in London for the rest of his life Freud was part of a group of figurative artists that American artist Ronald Kitaj later named The School of London This was more a loose collection of individual artists who knew each other some intimately and were working in London at the same time in the figurative style but during the boom years of abstract painting The group was led by figures such as Francis Bacon and Freud and included Frank Auerbach Michael Andrews Leon Kossoff Robert Colquhoun Robert MacBryde Reginald Gray and Kitaj himself He was a visiting tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from to Mature style edit Girl with a white dog – Tate Gallery Portrait of Freud s first wife Kitty Garman the daughter of Jacob Epstein and Kathleen GarmanFreud s early paintings which are mostly very small are often associated with German Expressionism an influence he tended to deny and Surrealism in depicting people plants and animals in unusual juxtapositions Some very early works anticipate the varied flesh tones of his mature style for example Cedric Morris National Museum of Wales but after the end of the war he developed a thinly painted very precise linear style with muted colours best known in his self portrait Man with Thistle Tate and a series of large eyed portraits of his first wife Kitty Garman such as Girl with a Kitten Tate These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoked Early Netherlandish painting From the s he began to work in portraiture often nudes though his first full length nude was not painted until to the almost complete exclusion of everything else and by the middle of the decade developed a much more free style using large hogs hair brushes with an intense concentration of the texture and colour of flesh and much thicker paint including impasto Girl with a white dog – Tate is an example of a transitional work in this process sharing many characteristics with paintings before and after it with relatively tight brushwork and a middling size and viewpoint With this technique he would often clean his brush after each stroke when painting flesh so that the colour remained constantly variable He also started to paint standing up which continued until old age when he switched to a high chair The colours of non flesh areas in these paintings are typically muted while the flesh becomes increasingly highly and variably coloured By about Freud had established the style that he would use with some changes for the rest of his career The portraits in the new style often used an over life size scale from the start but were mostly relatively small heads or half lengths Later portraits were often very much larger and appealed to galleries and collectors In his late career he often followed a portrait by producing an etching of the subject in a different pose drawing directly onto the plate with the sitter in his view Benefits Supervisor Sleeping a very large portrait of Big Sue Tilley see below showing his handling of flesh tones and a typical high viewpointFreud s portraits often depict only the sitter sometimes sprawled naked on the floor or on a bed or alternatively juxtaposed with something else as in Girl With a White Dog – and Naked Man With Rat – According to Edward Chaney The distinctive recumbent manner in which Freud poses so many of his sitters suggests the conscious or unconscious influence both of his grandfather s psychoanalytical couch and of the Egyptian mummy his dreaming figures clothed or nude staring into space until if ever brought back to health and or consciousness The particular application of this supine pose to freaks friends wives mistresses dogs daughters and mother alike the latter regularly depicted after her suicide attempt and eventually literally mummy like in death tends to support this hypothesis The use of animals in his compositions is widespread and often he features a pet and its owner Other examples of portraits with both animals and people in Freud s work include Guy and Speck – Eli and David – and Double Portrait – He had a special passion for horses having enjoyed riding at school in Dartington where he sometimes slept in the stables His portraits solely of horses include Grey Gelding Skewbald Mare and Mare Eating Hay Houseplants often not in peak condition featured prominently in some portraits especially in the s and Freud also produced a number of paintings purely of plants Other regular features included mattresses in earlier works and huge piles of the linen rags with which he used to clean his brushes in later ones Some portraits especially in the s have very carefully painted views of London roofscapes seen through the studio windows Freud s subjects who needed to make a very large and uncertain commitment of their time were often the people in his life friends family fellow painters lovers children He said The subject matter is autobiographical it s all to do with hope and memory and sensuality and involvement really However the titles were mostly anonymous and the identity of the sitter not always disclosed the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire had a portrait of one of Freud s daughters as a baby for several years before he mentioned who the model was In the s Freud spent hours on a series of paintings of his mother about which art historian Lawrence Gowing observed it is more than years since a painter showed as directly and as visually his relationship with his mother And that was Rembrandt Painting from life Freud was apt to spend a great deal of time with one subject and demanded the model s presence even while working on the background of the portrait A nude completed in required sixteen months of work with the model posing all but four evenings during that time with each session averaging five hours the painting took approximately hours to complete A rapport with his models was necessary and while at work Freud was characterised as an outstanding raconteur and mimic Regarding the difficulty in deciding when a painting is completed Freud said that he feels he s finished when he gets the impression he s working on somebody else s painting Paintings were divided into day paintings done in natural light and night paintings done under artificial light and the sessions and lighting were never mixed It was Freud s practice to begin a painting by first drawing in charcoal on the canvas He then applied paint to a small area of the canvas and gradually worked outward from that point For a new sitter he often started with the head as a means of getting to know the person then painted the rest of the figure eventually returning to the head as his comprehension of the model deepened A section of canvas was intentionally left bare until the painting was finished as a reminder that the work was in progress The finished painting is an accumulation of richly worked layers of pigment as well as months of intense observation In art critic Martin Gayford s book Man with a Blue Scarf On Sitting for a Portrait by Lucian Freud Gayford chronicled the forty days he spent with Lucian Freud while sitting for his portrait Gayford surmised that Freud sought to capture his model s individuality by as Gayford named it his omnivorous gaze Gayford also mentions that his final portrait seemed to reveal secrets—ageing ugliness faults—that I imagine I am hiding from the world – suggesting how sharp and penetrating Freud s gaze is Later career edit I paint people Freud said not because of what they are like not exactly in spite of what they are like but how they happen to be Freud painted fellow artists including Frank Auerbach and Francis Bacon He produced a series of portraits of the performance artist Leigh Bowery and also painted Henrietta Moraes a muse to many Soho artists A series of huge nude portraits from the mid s depicted the very large Sue Tilley or Big Sue some using her job title of Benefits Supervisor in the title of the painting as in his portrait Benefits Supervisor Sleeping which in May was sold by Christie s in New York for million setting a world record auction price for a living artist Freud s most consistent model in his later years was his studio assistant and friend David Dawson the subject of his final unfinished work Towards the end of his life he did a nude portrait of model Kate Moss Freud was one of the best known British artists working in a representational style and was shortlisted for the Turner Prize in After Cézanne – National Gallery of AustraliaHis painting After Cézanne notable because of its unusual shape was purchased by the National Gallery of Australia for million The top left section of this painting has been grafted on to the main section below and closer inspection reveals a horizontal line where these two sections were joined In Abbot Hall Art Gallery in Kendal mounted a major exhibition of paintings and thirteen etchings covering the whole period of Freud s working life to date The following year the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art presented Lucian Freud Early Works The exhibition comprised around drawings and paintings done between and This was followed by a large retrospective at Tate Britain in During a period from May to December Freud painted Queen Elizabeth II There was criticism of this portrayal of the Queen in some sections of the British media The highest selling tabloid newspaper The Sun was particularly condemnatory describing the portrait as a travesty In a retrospective of Freud s work was held at the Museo Correr in Venice scheduled to coincide with the Biennale In late a collection of Freud s etchings titled Lucian Freud The Painter s Etchings went on display at the Museum of Modern Art Freud died in London on July and on July was buried in Highgate Cemetery Archbishop Rowan Williams officiated at the private funeral Art market edit In Benefits Supervisor Sleeping a portrait of pound civil servant Sue Tilley sold for million – the highest price ever at the time for a work by a living artist On October Freud s Boy s Head a small portrait of Charlie Lumley his neighbour reached at Sotheby s London Contemporary art evening auction making it one of the highlights of the auction autumn season At a Christie s New York auction in Benefits Supervisor Resting sold for million at Christie s an auction record for the artist Personal life edit Freud is rumoured to have fathered as many as forty children although this number is generally accepted as an exaggeration Fourteen children have been identified two from Freud s first marriage and by various mistresses After an affair with Lorna Garman he went on to marry in her niece Kathleen Kitty Epstein daughter of sculptor Jacob Epstein and socialite Kathleen Garman They had two daughters Annie and Annabel Freud and the marriage ended in Kitty Freud later known as Kitty Godley after her marriage in to economist Wynne Godley died in Freud then began an affair with Guinness beer heiress and writer Lady Caroline Blackwood They married in and divorced in She is said to have been the only woman who truly broke his heart After their divorce his friends noticed a change in him he began drinking heavily and getting into fights Francis Bacon became concerned that he was suicidal Freud had additional children by the following women Suzy Boyt born a pupil of Freud s at the Slade art school Alexander Boyt born Rose Boyt born The Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth widely referred to as The Modern was first granted a Charter from the State of Texas in as the Fort Worth Public Library and Art Gallery evolving through several name changes and different facilities in Fort Worth The mission of the museum is collecting presenting and interpreting international developments in post World War II art in all media The current building designed by Japanese architect Tadao Ando was opened to the public on Saturday December The Museum currently showcases up to works of art in its square feet m of gallery space The Modern is located in the city s Cultural District adjacent to the Kimbell Art Museum designed by Louis I Kahn and near the Amon Carter Museum designed by Philip Johnson The building features five long pavilions set into a reflecting pond The structural engineering was provided by Thornton Tomasetti The Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth maintains one of the foremost collections of international modern and contemporary art in the central United States Various movements themes and styles are represented including Abstract Expressionism Color Field painting Pop art and Minimalism as well as aspects of New Image Painting from the s and beyond recent developments in abstraction and figurative sculpture and contemporary movements in photography video and digital imagery The Permanent Collection includes more than works with pieces by Pablo Picasso Anselm Kiefer Robert Motherwell Susan Rothenberg Jackson Pollock Gerhard Richter Richard Serra Andres Serrano Cindy Sherman and Andy Warhol These contemporary works are displayed in Ando s a serene concrete and glass building surrounded by a magnificent reflecting pond The Museum also hosts special exhibitions and provides daily docent led tours Restaurant Galleries View from the deck of the museum looking over the new reflecting pool toward downtown Fort Worth Isabel Boyt born Susie Boyt born Katherine Margaret McAdam – Jane McAdam Freud artist sculptor born Paul Freud born Lucy Freud born David McAdam Freud born Bernardine Coverley a teacher – Bella Freud born a fashion designer Esther Freud born a writer Jacquetta Eliot Countess of St Germans née the Hon Jacquetta Lampson The Hon Francis Michael Eliot born Celia Paul born an artist Frank Paul born an artist Selected solo exhibitions edit Metropolitan Museum of Art New York Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles National Gallery of Scotland Edinburgh Museo Correr Venice Acquavella Galleries New York Irish Museum of Modern Art Dublin Museum of Modern Art New York Gemeentemuseum Den Haag The Hague Centre Georges Pompidou Paris National Portrait Gallery London Fort Worth Modern Fort Worth Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien See also edit External video Lucian Freud Standing by the Rags Smarthistory Freud family Head on a Green Sofa Contents Exhibitions Collections Curator Performance Art The annual Wallace Art Awards are the largest and longest running art awards of their type in New Zealand They were established by Sir James Wallace in Awards are made for contemporary painting sculpture and photography and are run by the James Wallace Charitable Arts Trust Recipients of the Wallace Arts Trust paramount award edit Mark Braunias Jeff Brown Bill Hammond Fata Feu u Jenny Dolezel Peter Stichbury Elizabeth Thomson For other people named Peter Stichbury see Peter Stichbury disambiguation Peter Stichbury born Auckland is a New Zealand artist Stichbury graduated from the Elam School of Fine Arts University of Auckland in He won New Zealand s prestigious Wallace Art Awards the same year Stichbury is primarily a painter but his body of work also spans the mediums of drawing watercolour sculpture and sound based work Stichbury is most renowned for his intricate yet flat portraits of models and modern beauties sourced from contemporary media images Stitchbury often paints a generalised stereotype of a societal group as opposed to the specific character study a traditional portrait painter seeks to achieve Themes and style edit original research Combines startlingly attractive and awkwardly ugly Beauty models and media images Non conventional beauty misfits outsiders and intellectuals Haute couture catwalk culture Pared down s aesthetic Influences edit Modern psychology and sociology alien conspiracy theory popular culture and historical painters including Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres and Lucian Freud English model Lily Donaldson is a favourite subject