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Video Nurse Shanna Video Nurse Missy One Size Fits All Video Playback Fast Forward Video Lara Pornogothic Video Grayle Rocco y los siete magníficos Video Kathy The Good the Bad & the Wicked Video Wicked Sex Party Video Deep Seven Video Dangerous Tides Video Satyr Video Sophie Wicked Covergirls Video Nurse Sadie Video Nurse Missy Bodyslammin' Down and Dirty Video Calamity Jane Video Calamity Jane Calamity Jane Video Calamity Jane Eyes of Desire Video Flashpoint Video Jane Video Girl I Love Lesbians Video L A Fashion Girls Video Ms Betch Takin It Outside Video The Best by Private The Fetish Collection Video The Best by Private Gang Bang Video Anal Openings and Face Soakings Video Bad Wives Video Guy's Secretary Betrayal Butt Banged Naughty Nurses Video Cirque du sex Video Cirque du sex Video Club Hades Video Dirty Bob's Xcellent Adventures Video Flipside Video Freshman Fantasies Video Gangbang Girl Video Generation Sex Volume One The Gallery Video Guide to Private Dancing Video Jenna's Built for Speed Video Last Little Whorehouse Video Nasty Girls Video Not the Lovin' Kind Video Opposites Attract Video Paradise Video Philmore Butts Taking Care of Business Video Private Gold Hawaiian Ecstasy Video Sinister Sister Video Sodomania Slop Shots Video Takin' It to the Limit Bruce and Bionca's Favorite Scenes Video The Bridal Shower Video The Decoy Video The Psychosexuals Video as Missy Gritos de satisfacción Video The Nurse Video Technician Fisher Pon joyas en mi sexo Video Deep Inside Juli Ashton Video Orgy Scene Safari anal Video Anal Talisman Video Prostitución y orgías en el hospital Video Qué pasa tigresa Video Ejecutivas sexualmente agresivas Video Carnaval de pasiones Video Mistress Deep Inside Missy Video Heart & Soul Video Heat Video In Cold Sweat Video Las amantes del frenesí y la lujuria Video Liquid Lust Video Rocky El regreso Taboo Video Tails of Perversity Video Takin' It to the Limit No Holes Barred Video Thrust Fault Video Violation of Jill Kelly Video Adam and Eve's House Party Video Airotica Video Ticket Agent Anal Alley Video Anal Inquisition Video Anal Jeopardy Video Anal Professor Video Anal Savage Video Asses Galore From LA to Brazil with Love Video Best Butte in the West Video Beyond Reality Stand Erect Video Borrowed Bodies Video Buttslammers Asshole to Asshole Video Chasey Saves the World Video Lisa Cirque du sex Video Concrete Heat Video Corn Hole Patrol Deep Dish Booty Pie Video English Class Video Everybody Wants Some Video Exotic Car Models Video Filth Video Forbidden Cravings Video Frendz Video Gangbang Girl Video Girls at Work Video Hard Evidence Video Blonde with Jason Brown Interview with a Vibrator Video Jenna Ink Video Lethal Affairs Video Malibu Ass Blasters Video My Ass Video Nektar Video No Fear Video Philmore Butts One Wild Ride Video Planet X Video Private Stories Blue Girls Video Roller Babes Video Sex Freaks Video Catwoman # Shocking Truth Video Sinboy Video Smoke and Mirrors Video The Attendant Video The Stranger Video Tight Spot Video Torrid Tales Video Amanda Triple X Video Venom Video Vibrating Vixens Video Where the Girls Sweat Not the Sequel Video Whore'n Video Young Girls Do Sweet Meat Video Chupa chupa no pares Video Túnel de lavado limpieza de bajos Video Mary Jeanette Prime Choice Video American Tushy Video Anal Fever Video Anal Island Video Ass Lovers Special Video Cellar Dweller Video Complete and Total Anal Workout Video Conquest Video Barroom wench # Dark Encounters Video Destápame otra vez Video Gold Diggers Video Guilty as Sin Video Heist Video Blonde Hooker Immortal Lust Video Independence Night Video Introducing Alexis Video Love Exchange Video Pussyman Video Raw Footage Video Skin Dive Video Doris Worthington Southern Comfort Video Talk Dirty to Me Part Video Violation of Missy Video Fuck Video Anal Anarchy Video Anal Interrogation Video Best Butte in the West Video Bitches in Heat Pt Locked in the Basement Video Borderline Video Lola Born B Wild Video Harder She Craved Video Head First Video In the Fast Lane Video Kink Police Chronicles Video Lust & Money Video Malibu Madam Video Mixed Up Marriage Video Night Play Video No Man's Land Video Patent Leather Video Ariel Reckless Encounters Video I Pervert Video Captain Organ Video as Nikole Lace Welcome to the Cathouse Girls Who Take It Up the Ass Video Assgasms Video Dreams of Your Bod Video I Love Lesbians Too Video Sodomania Slop Shots Video Bottom Dweller The Final Voyage Video Buttman's Butt Freak Video Where the Girls Sweat Not the Sequel Video Anal Heartbreaker Video Anal Intruder Video Anal Plaything Video as Nikole Lace Anal Senorita Video as Nikole Lace Anal Senorita Video as Nikole Lace Attitude Video Bad Girls Jayebird Video as Nikole Lace Bed & Breakfast Video Bordello Video Valise as Nikole Lace Caught in the Act Video Peter's Mistress Corporate Assets Video Cyberanal Video Deep Cheeks Video as Nikole Lace Generation X Video as Nikole Lace Gorgeous Video as Nikole Lace Gypsy Queen Video Hard Copies Hollywood Lesbians Video as Nikole Lace Little Girl Blue Video Lusty Lawyers Video Politix Video Sodomania Video Strip Search Video Tailz from da Hood Video The Girl with the Heart Shaped Tattoo Video The Last Act Video Unmistakably You Video Darla Derriere Kristarrah Knight Kristarrah Knight as Kristarah Knight Nicole Lace Nicole Lace My Friend's Hot Mom Video Never Ending Tits Video All Girl Pussy Party Video as Hunter Skott Horny Housewives in Heat Video My Friends Hot Mom Video No Man's Land Video Older Women and Younger Women Video Trouble X Video Cock Crazy Quickies Video I Crave Sex Video Juggernauts Video Lesbian Big Boob Bangeroo Video M I L F Money Video M i l t f Video White Trash Whore Video Wtit in Boobsville Video as Hunter Skott Devil Girl Becoming Video as Hunter Scott The Oral Adventures of Craven Moorehead # Video as Hunter Liars Club Video as Hunter Skott Mad Jaxxx Beyond Thunderboobs Video as Hunter Scott Tits Video Big Fat F N Tits Video Titty Mania Video All About Ass Video as Hunter Skott Lower Extremities Video Big Fat F N Tits Video The Adventures of Mammary Man and Jugg Woman Video Milk Maiden as Hunter Scott Action Sports Sex Video Big Boob Bukkake Video as Hunter Skott Girls Home Alone Video Stop My Ass Is on Fire Video as Hunter Scott Watcher Video as Hunter Skott Getting Personal Video Millennium Video as Bridgette Munroe Klimaxx No Man's Land Video Twice in a Lifetime Video Pierced Shaved and Anal Video Body Language Girls Who Dig Girls Video House on Chasey Lane Video Nude Awakenings Video Rolling Thunder Video Bridgette The Temple of Poon Video Torrid Tales Video Virginia Where the Girls Sweat Not the Sequel Video All the Way In Video A Is for Asia Video Anal Alley Cat Video Anal Interrogation Video Beeping Miss Buffy Video Borderline Video Hooker Circus Sluts Video Conjugal Visits Video Dream Reamin' Video Fantasy Inc Video Fire & Ice Caught in the Act Video Gangbusters Video Induced Pleasure Video Lady's Choice Video as Bridgett Monroe Legal Briefs Video Little Girl Lost Video Midget Goes Hawaiian Video Trixie Phantasm Video The Prisoner Pussyman Feeding Frenzy Video Road Kill Video So Nice Sonya Ski Sluts Video The Big One Video The Comix Video as Bridgette The Horny Housewife Video Whackers Video Girls of the Athletic Dept Video Snatch Masters Video Swedish Erotica Shave Tails Video Casanova Video Maid Racquel on Fire WPINK TV Video Secret Fantasies Video Trick Tracey Video Officer Jane Hamilton as Brigitte Monroe Spellbound Mega Splash Peter North Video Swap Desire Video as Bridgett Monroe La venganza de Zara Marla as Brigitte Monroe Secret Dreams Video as Paulina Downs Trick Tracy Tracy Loves Dick Video Jane as Brigitte Monroe Vegas Blackjack Pump Video The Exhibitionist Video as Brigitte Monroe and Nasty Video Vanessa as Brigitte Monroe Anal Nation Black Stockings Video as Brigitte Monroe Candy Ass Club Head Video as Bridget Monroe Confessions of Christy Dr Thorpe's Nurse Double Dicked MILFs Video Mothers & Sons Video Forbidden Lovers Video Mother Nonsex Role My Friend's Hot Mom Video Hot Mom Mother Lovers Society Video Erica Mother Loves Society Part Three Video Chante as Tara Moon Erica Lauren Erica Lauren Mia Mia Mother Daughter Exchange Club Video Scene Lesbian PsychoDramas Video Older Woman Tied TV Series MILF Doctor Bound and Gagged in the Storage Room MILF Wife Tied Up and Sock Stuffed in the Closet MILF in Trouble NO You Are Not Going to Shove Those in My Mouthmmph MILF in Trouble Left Tied Up with Her Pantyhose & Panties Down Thanks for the Mammaries Video Mother Daughter Exchange Club Video Scene Scene Women Seeking Women Big Natural Breast Edition Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video Mother Daughter Exchange Club Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video Net Skirts Video Mother Daughter Exchange Club Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video Mother Daughter Exchange Club Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video Mother Daughter Exchange Club Video There's Something Wrong with Mommy Video Granny Cocksuckers Video Over the Hill Nymphos Video Cum to Mommy Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video Mother Daughter Exchange Club Video Lesbian Mentors Older Women Younger Girls Video Scene Three Mommy Is a MILF Video Mothers Teaching Daughters How to Suck Cock Video Scene Five Lesbian Hospital Video Oh No There's a Negro in My Mom Video Mother Daughter Exchange Club Part Video Cougars & Cuckolds Video Kick Ass Chicks Strap On Fun Video Mom's Baking Brownies Video Momma Knows Best Video Grandma Likes Pussy Video Her First Older Woman Video Mother Daughter Exchange Club Part Video Nicole Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video Women Seeking Women Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video Women Seeking Women Video Desperate Housewhores Cybersex MILFs Video II Desperate Housewives Video I Fucked You & Yo Mama Video M I L F Internal Video MILF Blown Video Milfs Lovin' Milfs Video Mommy Fucks Best Video as Nicole My Friend's Hot Mom Video Punished by Mommy Video Wanna Fuck My Daughter Gotta Fuck Me First Video Watching Momma Video Backdoor Grannies Video Wrinkled Pussy Party Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video as Nicole It's a Mommy Thing Video Women Seeking Women Video as Nicole Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video as Nicole Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video as Nicole Lesbian Bridal Stories Video as Nicole It's a Mommy Thing Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video as Nicole Women Seeking Women Video as Nicole MILF Gang Bang Video Nasty Girls Masturbating Video Seven Days in May, a novel depicting a foiled military coup in the US, is published. A movie follows and reaches theater screens in 1964 with an all-star cast.[157] 1963[edit] Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique is published. The modern feminist movement is born.[158] Bob Fass begins the long-running, late night Radio Unnameable program on WBAI-FM in New York City, a listener-supported station that is later remembered as "the pulse of the movement" by Wavy Gravy.[159][160][161] April: Chandler Laughlin organizes a Native American Church peyote ceremony, a precursor to The Red Dog Experience. April–May: Birmingham Campaign: Civil Rights activists trained by James Bevel are attacked by police in Birmingham, Alabama. Similar events occur at various locations across the deep south throughout the spring and summer. May: The first organized Vietnam War protests occur in England and Australia. May 1: Undercover Bunny: Gloria Steinem's Playboy Club exposé appears in Show Magazine.[158] June 10: A Strategy of Peace: JFK delivers a powerful commencement speech at American University.[162] June 11: Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc self-immolates in Saigon. AP photographer Malcolm Browne's coverage of the horrific event reportedly motivates JFK to increase US troop strength in the developing Vietnam conflict.[163][164] June 12: NAACP Field Secretary Medgar Evers is assassinated in Jackson, MS.[165] June 17: The US Supreme Court rules public school-sponsored Bible reading unconstitutional.[166][167] July 26–28: The now-legendary Newport Folk Festival features Bob Dylan and fellow protest singers Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, Phil Ochs, and Peter, Paul & Mary.[168][169] August 28: Martin Luther King, Jr. gives his landmark "I Have a Dream" speech before 200,000 on the Mall in Washington, DC during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.[170] September 24: The US Senate ratifies The Partial Test Ban Treaty as signed by the US and USSR, ending testing of nuclear weapons under water, in the atmosphere, and in space by the superpowers.[171] September 26: The US Senate debates a report that folk music is being infiltrated by communism. Two senators speak and conclude it is "American," dismissing the report.[172] October 27: 225,000 students in Chicago schools boycott classes in protest at ongoing segregation. October 31: Harvard University is scandalized by disclosure that students have engaged in on-campus "sex orgies."[173] November 2: South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is assassinated in Saigon.[174] November 22: US President John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, TX. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in as 36th President of the US.[175] November 24: Suspected JFK assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is himself murdered by Jack Ruby under lax police security in Dallas, thereby creating doubt for many, and opening the door to myriad conspiracy theories concerning the Kennedy Assassination and the veracity of later government findings.[176] 1964[edit] January: The Holy Modal Rounders' version of "Hesitation Blues" marks the first reference to the term psychedelic in music.[177] January 8: LBJ's State of the Union address features a declaration of "War on Poverty".[178][179] January 13: The Times They Are A-Changin': Bob Dylan's 3rd album is released and the title track is soon considered to be the most prophetic and relevant American protest song of the era. Dylan disagrees, saying the song "is a feeling."[180][181] January 23: 24th Amendment ratified: US Congress and states are prohibited from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of poll or other forms of tax.[182] January 27: Defense Secretary Robert McNamara states that there are now 15,000 US troops in South Vietnam, and that most will be withdrawn by the end of 1965. February 1: I Want to Hold Your Hand: The Beatles achieve their first hit #1 on Billboard with a 7-week run on top. Beatlemania has spread to the US, and the monumental British Invasion of UK music begins.[183][184] February 7–22: The Beatles make their first US visit and appear on The Ed Sullivan Show. The February 9 telecast is seen by over 73 million, the largest TV audience to date in the US.[185] February 21–24: Students at Maryland State College protesting a segregated restaurant are fought by police. February 25–26: Tens of thousands of school students in Boston and Chicago skip classes in protest of segregation. March 16: 25% of school students in New York City strike to protest segregation. April 4: Beatles singles occupy the top 5 slots on the Billboard Hot 100. It's an unprecedented, and never repeated, chart achievement.[186] April 20: Approximately 85% of black students in Cleveland boycott classes to protest segregation.[187] May: Appearance of the Faire Free Press (later the Los Angeles Free Press), earliest of many "underground" US newspapers of the counterculture era. May: San Francisco Sheraton Palace Hotel sit-ins result in arrests of University of California, Berkeley students protesting racially discriminatory Bay area hiring practices.[188] May 7: President Johnson first refers to "the Great Society" in a speech in Athens, OH. May 12: The first public draft-card burning is reported in New York City. June 14: Ken Kesey and the drug-drenched Merry Pranksters depart California in the repurposed school bus "Further" en route to the 1964 World's Fair in Queens, NY. June 22: "I Know it When I See it": The US Supreme Court overturns the obscenity conviction of an Ohio theater operator. Although local obscenity battles continue to the present, the decision clears the way for the commercial exhibition of sexually-explicit film material in the US.[189][190][191] July 2: The Civil Rights Act is signed by President Johnson. Racial segregation in public places and race-based employment discrimination are now banned under federal law. July: The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopts radio non-duplication rules: FM must broadcast original content, not simply simulcasts of AM sister stations. Soon, FM DJs are free to play the music of the generation without regard to chart status.[192][193] August 2: War Dance: the spurious Gulf of Tonkin Incidents off the coast of Vietnam lead to the nearly unanimous passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution by the US Congress on August 7, giving the president unprecedented broad authority to engage in full "conventional" military escalation in Southeast Asia without a formal declaration of war.[194] October 1: The Free Speech Movement begins with a student sit-in at the University of California, Berkeley.[195][196][197] October 14: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wins the Nobel Peace Prize.[198] October 25: Bad Boys The Rolling Stones appear on Ed Sullivan and create so much audience disruption that Sullivan bans the "lewd" group from his show. The Stones are back, however, in future years.[184] November 3: Sitting President Lyndon B. Johnson is elected President of the US in his own right, defeating Republican Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater in a landslide.[199] November 4: Comedian Lenny Bruce is convicted on obscenity charges in New York City. Bruce is soon sentenced to a workhouse.[200] December 2: In a now-famous speech during another Berkeley sit-in, student Mario Savio tells supporters of the Free Speech Movement to "put your bodies upon the gears."[201][202] 1965[edit] February 8: Aerial bombing of North Vietnam by the US commences. February 9–15: Thousands demonstrate against the US attacks on North Vietnam at the US Embassies in Moscow, Budapest, Jakarta, and Sofia. February 21: Malcolm X is assassinated in New York City. March: The "Filthy Speech Rally" at Berkeley.[203][204] March 6: Regular US troops engage in combat in Vietnam for the first time. March 7–25: The SCLC stages the watershed Selma to Montgomery marches, initiated and initially organized by James Bevel. March 16: Alice Herz, age 82, self-immolates in Detroit, MI in protest of Vietnam escalation. Herz dies 10 days later.[205] March 24–25: The first major "Teach-in" is held by the SDS in Ann Arbor, MI. 3000 attend. March 25: For Your Love: Already a guitar legend, blues purist Eric Clapton quits The Yardbirds after release of the proto-psychedelic hit. Clapton recommends Jimmy Page to fill his spot. Page passes (though he later joins the group), but suggests Jeff Beck, who accepts.[206][207] Spring: Don't trust anyone over 30: Berkeley grad student and Free Speech activist Jack Weinberg's quip is quoted in paraphrase, inadvertently creating a key catchphrase of the generation.[208] April: Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison are given LSD without their knowledge by their dentist at a UK dinner party.[209] April: US combat troops in Vietnam total 25,000. April 17: The first major anti-Vietnam War rally in the US is organized by the SDS in Washington, DC. 25,000 attend. Joan Baez, Judy Collins, and Phil Ochs perform. May: Owsley Stanley returns to the Bay Area with the first large batch of LSD for sale as a recreational drug.[210][211] May 17: Hunter S. Thompson's article The Motorcycle Gangs: Losers and Outsiders appears in The Nation. A book soon follows. May: Draft card burnings take place at University of California, Berkeley. A coffin is marched to the Berkeley draft board, and President Johnson is hanged in effigy. Jerry Rubin forms the Vietnam Day Committee[212] with Abbie Hoffman and others during these events.[213] June–August: Red Dog Experience comes into full flower at Virginia City, Nevada's Red Dog Saloon - full-fledged "hippie" identity takes shape. June 7: Griswold v. Connecticut: The US Supreme Court rules that Constitutional privacy guarantees trump a Connecticut statute banning use of contraceptives by married couples. "Comstock-era" laws are likewise now moot in other states. In 1972, the court rules that protections apply to unmarried couples as well.[214][215][216] June 11: International Poetry Incarnation: Notables including Allen Ginsburg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Michael Horovitz and William S. Burroughs participate in a breakthrough event for the UK Underground, Royal Albert Hall, London.[217] June 11: The Beatles are awarded as Members of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) by the Queen for their contributions to British commerce. The myth that they smoked marijuana in a palace bathroom after the investiture ceremony is later debunked by George Harrison. Paul McCartney is knighted by the Queen in 1997, a year after producer George Martin.[218][219] July 25: Bob Dylan "goes electric" and is booed at the Newport Folk Festival. July 30: Medicare is signed into law in the US, giving seniors a healthcare safety net. August 6: The Voting Rights Act is signed into law in the US; "Literacy tests", poll taxes and other local schemes to prevent voting by blacks are newly or further banned under federal law. August 11: Watts: 6 days of massive race riots erupt in Los Angeles: 35 dead, 1000 buildings damaged or destroyed. Meanwhile, smaller riots occur in Chicago. August 24: She Said She Said: The Beatles briefly rest in Laurel Canyon near the end of their grueling American tour. Unable to leave their rented home, they invite local company, including the The Byrds, Peter Fonda, Joan Baez, and Peggy Lipton. Lennon writes a song, which appears on Revolver in 1966.[220][221][222] August 31: The ban on the burning of draft cards is signed into law in the US. September 5: The word hippie is used in print by San Francisco writer Michael Fallon, helping popularise use of the term in the media, although the tag was seen earlier in a 2 Heir presumptive 2.1 Second World War 2.2 Marriage and family 3 Reign 3.1 Accession and coronation 3.2 Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth 3.3 Acceleration of decolonisation 3.4 Silver Jubilee 3.5 1980s 3.6 1990s 3.7 Golden Jubilee 3.8 Diamond Jubilee and beyond 4 Public perception and character 4.1 Finances 5 Titles, styles, honours and arms 5.1 Titles and styles 5.2 Arms 6 Issue 7 Ancestry 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Early life Elizabeth as a thoughtful-looking toddler with curly, fair hair Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929 Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair.[2] She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[3][c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[5] Called "Lilibet" by her close family,[6] based on what she called herself at first,[7] she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[8] Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as "Crawfie".[9] Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music.[10] Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family.[11] The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.[12] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[13] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[14] Heir presumptive Elizabeth as a rosy-cheeked young girl with blue eyes and fair hair Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by Philip de László, 1933 During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young, and many assumed that he would marry and have children of his own.[15] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[16] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.[17] Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[18] and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[19] A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so that she could socialise with girls her own age.[20] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[19] In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when her parents had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought her too young to undertake public tours.[21] Elizabeth "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[22] They corresponded regularly,[22] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.[21] Second World War In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham[23] that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[24] Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[25] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[26] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[27] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[28] She stated: We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well.[28] Elizabeth in Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945 Princess Elizabeth (left, in uniform) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with (left to right) her mother Queen Elizabeth, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, King George VI, and Princess Margaret, 8 May 1945 In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[29] As she approached her 18th birthday, the law was changed so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[30] In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873.[31] She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.[32][33] At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[34] During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war.[35] Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. The idea was supported by the Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison, but rejected by the King because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[36] In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[37] In 1947, Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong.[38] Marriage and family Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and 1937.[39] They are second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip and they began to exchange letters.[40] Their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[41] The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[42] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[43] Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun".[44] In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[45] Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[46] Just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[47] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world.[48] Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell.[49] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[50] The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.[51] Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[52] A second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950.[53] Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949,[48] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardamanga, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.[54] Reign Accession and coronation Elizabeth in crown and robes next to her husband in military uniform Coronation portrait of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, June 1953 Coronation of Elizabeth II Main article: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.[55] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen.[56] Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course".[57] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[58] She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.[59] With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[60] In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[61] Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[62] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[63] Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[64] In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They were divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.[65] Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died.[66] The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[67][d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries:[71] English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.[72] Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth Further information: Historical development of the Commonwealth realms, from the Queen's accession The Commonwealth realms (pink) and their territories and protectorates (red) at the beginning of Elizabeth II's reign A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume. Elizabeth II and Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference, Windsor Castle From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[73] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[74] Spanning 1953–54, the Queen and her husband embarked on a six-month around-the-world tour. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[75] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[76] Throughout her reign, the Queen has undertaken state visits to foreign countries and tours of Commonwealth ones and she is the most widely travelled head of state.[77] In 1956, French Prime Minister Guy Mollet and British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor of the European Union.[78] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[79] The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[80] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[81] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[82] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[83] Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


abby-lane abby-rode abigail-clayton ada-tauler addie-juniper addison-cain adele-wiesenthal adeline-lange adeline-pollicina adriana-amante adrianna-laurenti adrianna-russo agnes agnes-ardant agnes-zalontai aimee-addison aisha-sun aja aleena-ferari alessandra-schiavo aletta-ocean alexandra-nice alexandria-cass alexa-parks alex-dane alex-foxe alexia-knight alexis-devell alexis-firestone alexis-greco alexis-payne alexis-x alex-storm alex-white aliana-love alice-springs alicia-alighatti alicia-monet alicia-rio alicyn-sterling alighiera-olena ali-moore aline-santos alissa-ashley allysin-chaynes alysin-embers alyssa-love alyssa-reece amanda-addams amanda-blake amanda-blue amanda-jane-adams amanda-rae amanda-stone amanda-tyler amber-hunt amberlina-lynn amber-lynn amber-michaels amber-peach amber-wild amber-woods ambrosia-fox amia-miley ami-rodgers amy-allison amy-brooke amy-rose amy-starz anastasia-christ anastasia-sands andrea-adams andrea-brittian andrea-lange andrea-true andy angel 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carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove 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Anal Group Sex Video The Art of Double Penetration Video The Contestants Video Stewardess # Throat Yogurt Video x # The Leather and Lace Gang Bang Video Assploitations Video Babes in Pornland British Babes Video Compulsion Video Deep Throat This Video Don't Tell Video Four X Four Video I Like It Black and Deep in My Ass Video Internal Cumbustion Video Streetheat Video Erotique Video Cumstains Video Young Sluts Inc Video Porn Star Video as Ashley Lang Service Animals Video Guy Cream Pie Video Back Evil Video Top Guns Video Ashley Blow Me Sandwich Video Ashley Cum Dumpsters Video Hot Showers Video as Ashley No Man's Land Video and Nasty Interracial Video Black Sticks White Trick Video All Natural Video Anal Instinct Video Anal Kinksters Video Ass Slaves Video Ass Stretchers Video ATM Machine Video Barely Legal Video as Ashley Beautiful Video Club Patron Bizarre Peroxide Tales Video Black on White Crime Video Butt a bang Video College Cunts Video Cum Dumpsters Video Cum Dumpsters Video Double Stuffed Video Dripping Wet Pink Video Extreme Penetrations Video Fetish I Know Your Dreams Video Flirts Video Fresh Meat Video Gangbang Girl Video Hot Rods Video Illumination Video Inter racial Love Stories Video Into Dreams Video Kelly the Coed Video Kung Fu Girls Video Lessons in Lust Video Mandy The Perfect Gift Video Mayhem Massacre Video Naked Hollywood Lights Camera Action Video Naughty Bottoms Video Nut Busters Video Pussy Patrol Video Race Mixers Video Screw My Wife Please She's So Naughty Video Search and Destroy Video Sex Illusions Video Shane's World Video Sole Sistas Video Soloerotica Video Sticky Side Up Video Still Talkin' 'bout White Chix Video Stuffed Hard Video Ten Little Piggies Video The Pussy Is Not Enough Video The Voyeur Video Total Babe Video Total Exposure Video V Eight Video Wicked Sex Party Video Wild on Sex Video Women in Uniform Video A Group Thing Video Ashley All About Ass Video Anal Addicts Video Anal Assault Video Breakin' 'Em in Video British Glam Sluts Video Cum Dumpsters Video DP's and Orgies Video Erotic Intentions Video Fast Times at Deep Crack High Video as Ashley Gang Bang Video Hard Days at the Orifice Video as Amy Ball Initiations Video Ashley Long Iron Maidens Video Little Lace Panties Video Nasty Nymphos Video Perverted Stories Video Pump Friction Video Royal Reamers Video The Finger Club # Video Un Natural Sex Video Young and Anal Video A Train Video Lewd Conduct Video Ashley The Lust Detective Video as Ashley Morgan Anal Excursions Video as Ashley Blue Spring Chickens Video Fours Up Video Cum Swapping Sluts Video Ashley on # Video Amateur CFNM TV Series Blowjob Homework Legs Wide Open Video Fuck the Cook Video Fuck the Librarians Video st Time Getting DP'd Vol Video Big Butt Attack Video Seventeen's Playground Video Sporty Teens Video as Monica Dick Feasting Video Fist Flush Video My Sexy Kittens Video as Monica Junge Mösen lieben echte Männer Video Sexy Room Service Video Tamed Teens Video Young Harlots Finishing School Video Maximum Video My Sexy Kittens Video as Monica My Sexy Kittens Video as Monica Private Movies Sex Secrets of the Yeti Video Seventeen's Playground Video Xcalibur Los caballeros del sexo Video Village girl DP Fanatics Video Vertical Sex Limit Video Barely Anal Virgins Video Boots Camp Video as Monica Gang Bang Darlings Video Anetta Keys as Cindy Sweet Jeny Jeny Nika Blond Nika Blond as Nika Katerina Katerina as Katarina Sunny Jay Sunny Jay Lesbian Obsession Video Myth Magic & Mystery Lesbian Sex Video as Anetta All Venus No Penis Video as Aneta Keys Fetish Debutantes Vol Video Lesbian Fantasies Video Private Best of Castings Video as Anete Keys The Perfectionist Video Maidservant The Perfectionist Video Maidservant II Touch Me Video Anetta Video as Anetta Girls Licking Each Others Feet & Pussy Video Lesbian Liaisons Video as Aneta Keys Moonelight Video Wild Waves Video My Sexy Kittens Video as Dominique My Sexy Kittens Video as Dominique My Sexy Kittens Video as Dominique Pink on Pink Video Private Lesbian Girl Girl Studio Video as Aneta Keys Private Lesbian Girl Girl Studio Video as Aneta Keys Private Movies Porn in the City Video as Aneta Keys Sporty Teens Video as Dominique Sporty Teens Video as Dominique Lesbian Trainer Video Clit Club Video Camilla Velma Dobry Velma Dobry George George Best of Sex in Paris Video Ashes to Ashes Lust to Dust Video Double Parked Video De Virginized Teen Ass Video Private A M Video The Best by Private Ass to Mouth Video The Private Story of Monika Sweetheart Video Bolero Video Super Model Sluts Video Fino a farmi male Video Cleopatra II The Legend of Eros Video Anal Addiction Video Lustful Mind Video Perras amaestradas Video Cleopatra Video Cleopatra's Handmaiden The Best by Private I Want to Fuck You Onboard Video L'amore sporco di Valeria Azzurra Private Tropical Tequila Bum Bum Video Private Black Label Private Café Video Private Movies Fallen Angel Video Private Tropical Paradise Island Video Private Movies The Keys of Pleasure Video Private Tropical Caribbean Vacation Video Private X treme Calling a Gigolo Video Il settimo paradiso Video La truffa Video Serena Lusty Legs Video Paris Pigalle Boulevard du Vice Video Pickup Babes Video as Sandra Private Tropical Tropical Heat Video Victoria Sacro e profano Video Una vita in vendita Video Young & Wild Video salopes à enculer Video on # Video Anal Fever Video Fiore di carne Video Laboratory Girl Offertes à tout Video The Best by Private Anal Furies Video Il ruffiano Video Rocco Animal Trainer Video Virtualia Episode Six Lost in Sex Video Reverse Gang Bang Video Debauchery Video Private Movies Pleasure Island Video True Anal Stories Video Alucinaciones de un ejecutivo Video Angelmania Video Ass to Mouth Video Colti in fallo Video Dolce vita à la française Video Double Parked Impounded Video Era mia madre Video Mother North Pole # Video Private Gold Living in Sin Video Rocco Super Moto Hard Video Chattes à défoncer Video Blowjob Adventures of Dr Fellatio Video Blowjob Adventures of Dr Fellatio Video Cock Smokers Czech Mates Video Dirty Little Cocksuckers Video Laura Angel Chris Charming Chris Charming Conny Dachs Conny Dachs Philippe Dean Philippe Dean Nathalie Dune Nathalie Dune Helen Duval Helen Duval Karma Karma MILF Goddesses Video Gapa & svälj Video Cravin' MILF Video Teen Drip Video Kelly's Lost Movie Video North Pole # Video Private A M Video Spinal Tap Video The Girls of Amateur Pages Video Thicka Than a Snicka Video European Mail Order Brides Video Big Mouthfuls Volume Video Big Natural Breasts Video Lesbian Swirl Fest Video Out Numbered Video Perras amaestradas Video Suor Ubalda Video Mammary Mayhem Video Hardest Scenes Video Angelmania Video Big Tit Brotha Lovers Video Pussy Patrol Video Seducida y abandonada Video Una vita in vendita Video Operación Casting Video Carla Svensk lusta Video as Karma Rosenberg Amazonen im Sperma Rausch Video Blutjunge Verführerinnen Video Das Superweib Video Die Fraueninsel Video Die Töchter des Fischers Video as Karma February 25–28: Students riot, occupy campus buildings, etc. at SUNY Buffalo, NY. March 6: Greenwich Village townhouse explosion: 3 members of the Weather Underground are killed while assembling a bomb in New York City. March 26: The documentary film Woodstock is released. April 1: Jerry Rubin guest appears the Phil Donahue Show and lambastes Donahue for his conservative appearance. April 7: California Governor Ronald Reagan is quoted on college campus student unrest: "If it takes a blood bath, let's get it over with." April 7: X-Rated Midnight Cowboy wins 3 Oscars including Best Picture in Hollywood.[434][435] April 10: Paul McCartney, when promoting his first solo album, announces that the Beatles have disbanded. April 15: 100,000 gather on Boston Common to protest Vietnam War; about 500 radicals attempt to seize microphone, disrupting meeting. April 22: The first Earth Day is held. April 30: President Nixon reveals secret US military operations in Cambodia. May 1–3: 13,000 people take part in peaceful demonstrations at Yale University in support of defendants in the New Haven Black Panther trials. May 2: Students at Kent State University protesting the spread of the war into Cambodia burn the ROTC building to the ground. Ohio Governor Jim Rhodes calls in the National Guard at the request of Kent's Mayor.[436] May 4: In what is perhaps the greatest tragedy of the stateside anti-war protest movement, poorly-trained soldiers of the Ohio National Guard are set loose into confrontation with - and open fire on - unarmed students at Kent State University leaving 4 dead and nine wounded, including Dean Kahler, who was paralyzed.[437] May 5: The International Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty takes effect. May 6: Student Strike of 1970: Many colleges across the US shut down in protest of the war and Kent State events. May 8: Hard Hat Riot: Construction workers confront anti-war demonstrators, Wall St., New York City. They march again May 11. On May 20, 100,000 construction workers and longshoremen demonstrate in favor of administration war policy at New York City Hall. May 9: 100,000 rally against war in Washington, DC. At 4:15am, President Nixon defies Secret Service security, and leaves the White House to meet and chat with astonished protesters camping out at the Lincoln Memorial.[438][439][440] May 14: Jackson State killings: Police kill two and injure 11 during violent student demonstrations at Jackson State College, MS. This is two days after six African-American men were fatally shot in the back for violating curfew in Augusta by the Georgia National Guard. May 19: Student riot at Fresno State University. May 21: 5,000 National Guard troops occupy Ohio State University following violence. June 11: Daniel Berrigan is arrested by the FBI for kidnapping/bombing conspiracy. June 12: Major League Baseball pitching star Dock Ellis takes LSD and throws a no-hitter. Ellis later quits drugs, becomes a recovery counselor, and expresses deep regret over drug abuse during his entire playing career.[441][442] June 13: President Nixon appoints the President's Commission on Campus Unrest. The report issued in September finds a direct correlation between the unrest and the level of US military involvement in Indochina. June 15: The US Supreme Court confirms conscientious objector protection on moral grounds. June 22: The US voting age is lowered to 18. This is soon challenged and overturned in the Supreme Court, leading to the swift adoption of the 26th Amendment on June 1, 1971 guaranteeing suffrage at 18. June 27–28: Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, UK, featuring Hot Tuna, Fleetwood Mac, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd and many more. July: Huston Plan: A broad, cross-agency scheme for illegal domestic surveillance of anti-war figures is concocted by a White House staffer, and accepted but then quickly quashed by President Nixon. Elements of the plan were, however, allegedly implemented in any event.[443][444][445] August 6: Riot police evacuate Disneyland in Anaheim, CA after a few hundred Yippies stage a protest. August 17: Communist activist Angela Davis appears on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list after a firearm purchased in her name is linked to a murder plot involving a judge. August 24: The Sterling Hall Bombing at the University of Wisconsin in Madison by anti-war activists kills physics researcher Robert Fassnacht. Four others are severely injured, and millions of dollars in damages occur.[446] August 26: Women's Strike for Equality: 50 years after US women's suffrage, 20,000 celebrate and march in New York City, demanding true equality for women in American life.[447] August 26–31: 600,000+ attend Third Isle of Wight Festival. Over fifty acts including The Who, Hendrix, Miles Davis, The Doors, Ten Years After, ELP, Joni Mitchell, and Jethro Tull. August 29–30: Rioting and violence erupts at Chicano Moratorium anti-war rally in Los Angeles; reporter Rubén Salazar is killed by a tear gas shell. September: Jesus Christ Superstar: The Christian Rock Opera debuts as an album. It later becomes a smash on Broadway and on film.[448] September 12: Timothy Leary escapes prison with help from the Weather Underground, and joins Eldridge Cleaver in Algiers. September 16: London: Apolitical hard rock act Led Zeppelin end the Beatles' 8-year run as Melody Maker's world #1 group of the year. September 18: Exceptionally influential musician Jimi Hendrix dies from complications of a probable drug overdose at age 27 in London. September 19: Pilton Pop, Blues & Folk Festival, the first ever Glastonbury Festival, features T-Rex and is attended by 1,500 people. October: The Female Eunuch: Germaine Greer's pro-feminist bestseller is published.[449] October: Keith Stroup founds NORML, a group working to end marijuana prohibition, in Washington, DC. October 4: Janis Joplin, rock's first female superstar, dies as the result of an apparent accidental heroin overdose at age 27 in Los Angeles. October 13: Political activist Angela Davis is arrested on kidnapping, murder, and conspiracy charges. October 26: Doonesbury debuts as a syndicated comic strip, acknowledges the counterculture, and continues to chronicle events into the 21st century.[450] October 29: President Nixon is pelted with eggs by an unfriendly crowd of 2000 after giving a speech in San Jose, CA. November 7: Jerry Rubin appears live on The David Frost Show and tries to pass a joint to the talkshow host, the signal for Yippies in the audience to rush the stage and protest. December 6: The Maysles Brothers release their film documentary of Altamont: Gimme Shelter. December 21: Elvis Presley arrives unannounced at the White House. The King meets and is photographed with President Nixon. They discuss patriotism, hippies, and the war on drugs.[451][452] December: Paul McCartney sues to dissolve the Beatles. 1971[edit] January 2: The ban on cigarette advertising on US TV and radio takes effect.[453] January 12: Styled after the UK TV hit Till Death Us Do Part, the long-running US smash All in the Family debuts with Rob Reiner as Michael Stivic, the counterculture's college-educated answer to the working-class Archie Bunker.[454][455] January 31: Police fire on a peace march in Los Angeles, killing one. February 4: A military induction center in Oakland, CA is bombed. February 4–8: Rioting in Wilmington, NC leaves 2 dead. February 13: An induction center in Atlanta, GA is bombed. February 21: The UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed in Vienna, with the intention of controlling psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics at the international level.[122] March 1: The US Capitol building is bombed by war protesters; no injuries, but extensive damage results. March 5: The FCC says that it can penalize radio stations for playing music that seems to glorify or promote illegal drug usage. March 8: The Fight of the Century: Conscientious Objector and counterculture hero Muhammad Ali loses to default symbol of the pro-war right Joe Frazier at Madison Square Garden, NYC, in what is widely considered to be the greatest heavyweight fight in boxing history.[456][457][458] March 11: Rioting at University of Puerto Rico leaves 3 dead. April 23: Vietnam veterans protest against the war at the US Capitol in Washington, DC, throw their medals on the steps, and testify to US war crimes. April 24: 500,000 protesters rally at US Capitol to petition for an end to the war; 200,000 rally against the war in San Francisco. May 3: Over 12,000 anti-war protesters are arrested on the third day of the 1971 May Day Protests in Washington, DC. May 10: Attorney General John N. Mitchell compares the anti-war protesters to Nazis, and on May 13, calls them Communists. May 17: The play Godspell opens in New York, depicting Jesus and his disciples in a contemporary, countercultural milieu. May 21: Marvin Gaye releases the socially conscious album What's Going On.[422][459] May 31: US military personnel in London petition at US Embassy against the Vietnam War. June 13: Pentagon Papers: The New York Times publishes the first excerpt of illegally leaked secret US military documents detailing US intervention in Indochina since 1945. A Federal Court injunction on June 15 temporarily stops the releases.[460] June 18: The Washington Post publishes excerpts from the Pentagon Papers, halted by court order the following day. June 20–24 : 'Glastonbury Fayre', the second Glastonbury Festival, features David Bowie, Traffic, Fairport Convention, and the first incarnation of the "Pyramid Stage". June 22: The Boston Globe publishes Pentagon Papers excerpts; this is halted by injunction on the 23rd and the newspapers are impounded. June 28: Muhammad Ali's conviction for draft resistance is unanimously overturned by the US Supreme Court in Washington, DC. June 28: President Nixon releases all 47 volumes of Pentagon Papers to Congress. June 30: Supreme Court rules 6-3 that newspapers have a right to publish the Pentagon Papers. The Times and Post resume publication the following day. July 3: Jim Morrison, founding member of The Doors, dies of a probable heroin overdose at age 27 in Paris.[461] August 1: Concert for Bangladesh: George Harrison and friends including Ravi Shankar, Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton, Leon Russell, Billy Preston and Bob Dylan stage a landmark charity event in New York. Popular albums and a film follow, and the shows become a model for huge rock benefits such as Live Aid.[462] August 18: Attorney General Mitchell announces there will be no Federal investigation of the 1970 Kent State shootings. August: Cheech & Chong's eponymous first album is released. September 3: Burglars operating under the direction of White House officials break in to the office of Daniel Ellsburg's psychiatrist in a botched attempt to find files to discredit the Pentagon Papers leaker.[463] September 9: Attica: Prisoners take control, hold hostages, and riot at Attica State Prison, NY. 39 die before prisoner demands are met and order is restored. September 15: Greenpeace is founded in Vancouver, BC. October: est, the controversial self-improvement training program holds its first conference in San Francisco.[464] October 8: Three FBI informants reveal on PBS that they were paid to infiltrate anti-war groups and instigate them to commit violent acts which could be prosecuted. October 19–23: Rioting in Memphis leaves one dead. October 29: Guitar phenomenon Duane Allman of the Allman Brothers Band is killed in a motorcycle accident in Macon, GA at age 24. November 10: Berkeley, CA City Council votes to provide sanctuary to all military deserters. November: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Hunter S. Thompson's drug-drenched indictment of 1960s counterculture, is published in Rolling Stone in 2 parts. December 10: John Sinclair Freedom Rally: John Lennon and other notables perform and speak at Crisler Arena in Ann Arbor to protest the treatment of Sinclair, who gave two pot joints to an undercover cop and was sentenced to 10 years in prison.[465] December 26–28: 15 Vietnam veterans occupy the Statue of Liberty to protest the war. December 28: Anti-war veterans attempt takeover of Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. 80 are arrested. December: Feminism comes of age: Gloria Steinem's Ms. Magazine is first published as an insert in New York Magazine. The first standalone issue arrives the following month. Stephen Gaskin establishes "The Farm" hippie commune in Tennessee. Saul Alinsky's Rules for Radicals is published.[466] Abbie Hoffman's Steal This Book is published. The Anarchist Cookbook is published. Our Bodies, Ourselves is published.[467] 1972[edit] February 1: The Needle and the Damage Done: Neil Young releases a moving musical testimonial of friends lost to deadly narcotics during the era. Growth of heroin use flattens out in the 1970s, but is considered "hip" and explodes again within unindoctrinated generations in the 1990s and beyond.[468][469] March: The Nixon administration begins deportation proceedings against John Lennon, on the pretext of his 1968 marijuana charge in London.[470] March 22: The National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, appointed by President Nixon, finds "little danger" in cannabis, recommending abolition of all criminal penalties for possession. April 16: Facing heavy ground losses, US forces resume the bombing of Northern Vietnam. April 17–18: Students at University of Maryland protesting the bombing battle with police and National Guard are sent in. April 22: Large anti-war marches in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. May 2: US FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover dies at 77 after nearly 50 years of virtually unchallenged control over the principal federal law enforcement agency.[471] May 19: Weather Underground bomb at the Pentagon causes damage but no injuries. May 21–22: 15,000 demonstrate in Washington against the war. June 4: Angela Davis is acquitted on all counts in her weapons trial. June 12: John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band releases the politically charged double album Some Time in New York City. June 17: The Watergate burglars are arrested in Washington, DC. July 28: Actress Jane Fonda visits North Vietnam. Fonda's return incites outrage when a photograph[472] of her seated on an enemy anti-aircraft gun is published, and she insists that POWs held captive have not been tortured or brainwashed by the communists. Fonda continues to apologize for her controversial visit to the present.[473][474] July: The first Rainbow Gathering of the Tribes is held over 4 days in Colorado, US. October 26: October Surprise?: US National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger tells a White House press conference that "we believe that peace is at hand."[475] November 2–8: About 500 protesters from the American Indian Movement take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington. November 7: Republican Richard Nixon is re-elected in a landslide over progressive democrat Senator George McGovern. November 16: Police kill 2 students during campus rioting at Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. November 21: A Federal Appeals Court overturns the conviction of the "Chicago 7" members. December 18–29: US Operation Linebacker II becomes most intensive bombing campaign of the war. The Joy of Sex: Unthinkable a decade earlier, the widely read sex manual for the liberated 1970s is published and openly displayed in mainstream bookstores. Michael X, a self-styled black revolutionary and civil rights activist in 1960s London, is convicted of murder. He was executed by hanging in Spain in 1975. 1973[edit] January 1: Bangladeshis burn down the US Information Service in Dacca in protest of the bombing of North Vietnam. January 2: Aerial bombing of North Vietnam resumes after a 36-hour New Year's truce. January 4: Forty neutral member nations of the UN formally protest the US bombing campaign. January 5: Canada's Parliament votes unanimously to condemn US bombing actions and calls for them to cease. January 10: Anti-war demonstrators attack US consulate in Lyons, France, and burn down the library of America House in Frankfurt, West Germany. January 15: Anti-war protesters occupy US consulate in Amsterdam. January 15: President Nixon suspends the bombing, citing progress in the Peace talks with Hanoi. West German Chancellor Willy Brandt warns Nixon that US relations with Western Europe are at risk.[476] January 22: Former US President Lyndon B. Johnson dies of cancer at his Texas ranch. January 22: The US Supreme Court rules on Roe v. Wade, effectively legalizing abortion.[477][478] January 28: US combat military involvement in Vietnam ends with a ceasefire, and commencement of withdrawal as called for under the Paris Peace Accords.[479] February 27 – May 8: Wounded Knee incident: Native American activists occupy the town of Wounded Knee, SD; 2 protesters and 1 US Marshal are killed during a lengthy standoff.[480] March: The first military draftees who are not subsequently called to service are selected, unceremoniously ending the Vietnam era of conscription in the US. March 8: Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, a founding member of the Grateful Dead, dies of a gastrointestinal hemorrhage at age 27 in Corte Madera, CA.[481] March 29: Last US combat troops leave Vietnam as US POWs have been released. May 17: The Senate Watergate Committee begins televised hearings on the ever-growing Watergate scandal implicating the President for gross abuses of power. July 1: The Drug Enforcement Administration supplants the BNDD.[482] July 28: Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, NY draws 600,000 to see the Grateful Dead, the Band, and the Allman Brothers - the largest such gathering in the US since Woodstock.[483] August 15: All US military involvement in Indochina conflict officially ends under the Case–Church Amendment. October 10: Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns. President Nixon names Congressman Gerald R. Ford of Michigan to replace Agnew on October 12.[484] October 23: Congress begins to consider articles of impeachment against Nixon. November 14: Greece: Students at Athens Polytechnic strike against the military junta. Tanks roll the 17th and at least 24 die.[485] November 17: At a session with 400 AP editors, President Nixon states, "People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got."[486] 1974[edit] Saddled by a decade of drug-related legal problems, Timothy Leary reportedly becomes an informant for the FBI.[487] January 3: A Federal judge dismisses charges against 12 members of the Weathermen involved in the October 1969 "Days of Rage". This is a timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1968, a nonviolent freedom movement to gain legal equality and enforcement of constitutional rights for African Americans. The goals of the movement included securing equal protection of the laws, ending legally established racial discrimination, and gaining equal access to public facilities, education reform, fair housing, and the ability to vote. 1954 May 3 – In Hernandez v. Texas, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States are entitled to equal protection under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. May 17 – In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans. and in Bolling v. Sharpe, the U.S. Supreme Court rules against the "separate but equal" doctrine, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson and saying that segregation of public schools is unconstitutional. July 30 – At a special meeting in Jackson, Mississippi called by Governor Hugh White, T.R.M. Howard of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, along with nearly one hundred other black leaders, publicly refuse to support a segregationist plan to maintain "separate but equal" in exchange for a crash program to increase spending on black schools. September 2 – In Montgomery, Alabama, 23 black children are prevented from attending all-white elementary schools, defying the recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling. September 7 – The District of Columbia ends segregated education; Baltimore, Maryland follows suit on September 8 September 15 – Protests by white parents in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia force schools to postpone desegregation another year. September 16 – Mississippi abolishes all public schools with an amendment to its State Constitution; private segregation academies are founded for white students. September 30 – Integration of a high school in Milford, Delaware collapses when white students boycott classes. October 4 – Student demonstrations take place against integration of Washington, DC public schools. October 19 – Federal judge upholds an Oklahoma law requiring African-American candidates to be identified on voting ballots as "negro". October 30 – Desegregation of U.S. Armed Forces said to be complete. Frankie Muse Freeman is the lead attorney for the landmark NAACP case Davis et al. v. the St. Louis Housing Authority, which ended legal racial discrimination in the city's public housing. Constance Baker Motley was an attorney for NAACP: it was unusual to have two women attorneys leading such a high-profile case. 1955 January 15 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs Executive Order 10590, establishing the President's Committee on Government Policy to enforce a nondiscrimination policy in Federal employment. January 20 – Demonstrators from CORE and Morgan State University stage a successful sit-in to desegregate Read's Drug Store in Baltimore, Maryland April 5 – Mississippi passes a law penalizing white students by jail and fines who attend school with blacks . May 7 – NAACP and Regional Council of Negro Leadership activist Reverend George W. Lee is killed in Belzoni, Mississippi. May 31 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in "Brown II" that desegregation must occur with "all deliberate speed". June 8 – University of Oklahoma decides to allow black students. June 23 – Virginia governor and Board of Education decide to continue segregated schools into 1956. June 29 – The NAACP wins a U.S. Supreme Court suit which orders the University of Alabama to admit Autherine Lucy. July 11 – Georgia Board of Education orders that any teacher supporting integration be fired. July 14 – A Federal Appeals Court overturns segregation on Columbia, SC buses. August 1 – Georgia Board of Education fires all black teachers who are members of the NAACP. August 13 – Regional Council of Negro Leadership registration activist Lamar Smith is murdered in Brookhaven, Mississippi. August 28 – Teenager Emmett Till is killed for whistling at a white woman in Money, Mississippi. November 7 – The Interstate Commerce Commission bans bus segregation in interstate travel in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company. On the same day, the U.S. Supreme Court bans segregation on public parks and playgrounds. The governor of Georgia responds that his state would "get out of the park business" rather than allow playgrounds to be desegregated. December 1 – Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus, starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This occurs nine months after 15-year-old high school student Claudette Colvin became the first to refuse to give up her seat. Colvin's was the legal case which eventually ended the practice in Montgomery. Roy Wilkins becomes the NAACP executive secretary. 1956 January 9 – Virginia voters and representatives decide to fund private schools with state money to maintain segregation. January 16 – FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover writes a rare open letter of complaint directed to civil rights leader Dr. T.R.M. Howard after Howard charged in a speech that the "FBI can pick up pieces of a fallen airplane on the slopes of a Colorado mountain and find the man who caused the crash, but they can't find a white man when he kills a Negro in the South." [1] January 24 – Governors of Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia agree to block integration of schools. February 1 – Virginia legislature passes a resolution that the U.S. Supreme Court integration decision was an "illegal encroachment". February 3 – Autherine Lucy is admitted to the University of Alabama. Whites riot for days, and she is suspended. Later, she is expelled for her part in filing legal action against the university. February 24 – The policy of Massive Resistance is declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. from Virginia. February/March – The Southern Manifesto, opposing integration of schools, is drafted and signed by members of the Congressional delegations of Southern states, including 19 senators and 81 members of the House of Representatives, notably the entire delegations of the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia. On March 12, it is released to the press. February 13 – Wilmington, Delaware school board decides to end segregation. February 22 – Ninety black leaders in Montgomery, Alabama are arrested for leading a bus boycott. February 29 – Mississippi legislature declares U.S. Supreme Court integration decision "invalid" in that state. March 1 – Alabama legislature votes to ask for federal funds to deport blacks to northern states. March 12 – U.S. Supreme Court orders the University of Florida to admit a black law school applicant "without delay". March 22 – King sentenced to fine or jail for instigating Montgomery bus boycott, suspended pending appeal. April 23 – U.S. Supreme Court strikes down segregation on buses nationwide. May 26 – Circuit Judge Walter B. Jones issues an injunction prohibiting the NAACP from operating in Alabama. May 28 – The Tallahassee, Florida bus boycott begins. June 5 – The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) is founded at a mass meeting in Birmingham, Alabama. September 2–11 – Teargas and National Guard used to quell segregationists rioting in Clinton, Tennessee; 12 black students enter high school under Guard protection. Smaller disturbances occur in Mansfield, Texas and Sturgis, Kentucky. September 10 – Two black students are prevented by a mob from entering a junior college in Texarkana, Texas. Schools in Louisville, Kentucky are successfully desegregated. September 12 – Four black children enter an elementary school in Clay, Kentucky under National Guard protection; white students boycott. The school board bars the four again on Sep. 17. October 15 – Integrated athletic or social events are banned in Louisiana. November 13 – In Browder v. Gayle, the U.S. Supreme Court strikes down Alabama laws requiring segregation of buses. This ruling, together with the ICC's 1955 ruling in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach banning "Jim Crow laws" in bus travel among the states, is a landmark in outlawing "Jim Crow" in bus travel. December 20 – Federal marshals enforce the ruling to desegregate bus systems in Montgomery. December 24 – Blacks in Tallahassee, Florida begin defying segregation on city buses. December 25 – The parsonage in Birmingham, Alabama occupied by Fred Shuttlesworth, movement leader, is bombed. Shuttlesworth receives only minor injuries. December 26 – The ACMHR tests the Browder v. Gayle ruling by riding in the white sections of Birmingham city buses. 22 demonstrators are arrested. Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission formed. Director J. Edgar Hoover orders the FBI to begin the COINTELPRO program to investigate and disrupt "dissident" groups within the United States. 1957 February 8 – Georgia Senate votes to declare the 14th and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution null and void in that state. February 14 – Southern Christian Leadership Conference is formed; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is named its chairman. April 18 – Florida Senate votes to consider U.S. Supreme Court's desegregation decisions "null and void". May 17 – The Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in Washington, DC is at the time the largest nonviolent demonstration for civil rights. September 2 – Orval Faubus, governor of Arkansas, calls out the National Guard to block integration of Little Rock Central High School. September 6 – Federal judge orders Nashville public schools to integrate immediately. September 15 – New York Times reports that in three years since the decision, there has been minimal progress toward integration in four southern states, and no progress at all in seven. September 24 – President Dwight Eisenhower federalizes the National Guard and also orders US Army troops to ensure Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas is integrated. Federal and National Guard troops escort the Little Rock Nine. September 27 – Civil Rights Act of 1957 signed by President Eisenhower. October 7 – The finance minister of Ghana is refused service at a Dover, Delaware restaurant. President Eisenhower hosts him at the White House to apologize Oct. 10. October 9 – Florida legislature votes to close any school if federal troops are sent to enforce integration. October 31 – Officers of NAACP arrested in Little Rock for failing to comply with a 6.2.4 Chess 6.2.5 Olympics Athletes[edit] Baseball[edit] Ryan Braun, outfielder (Milwaukee Brewers) Ike Davis, first baseman (Oakland Athletics) Ian Kinsler, second baseman (Detroit Tigers) Ryan Lavarnway, catcher (Atlanta Braves) Jason Marquis, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds) Joc Pederson, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers) Kevin Youkilis, first and third baseman Cal Abrams, US, outfielder[2] Rubén Amaro, Jr., US, outfielder, general manager (Philadelphia Phillies)[2] Morrie Arnovich, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Brad Ausmus, US, catcher, All-Star, 3x Gold Glove, manager of the Detroit Tigers[2] José Bautista, Dominican-born, pitcher[2] Robert "Bo" Belinsky, U.S., pitcher. Pitched no-hit game as rookie with Los Angeles Angels in 1962.[3] Moe Berg, US, catcher & shortstop, and spy for US in World War II[2] Ron Blomberg, US, DH/first baseman/outfielder, Major League Baseball's first designated hitter[4] Lou Boudreau, US, shortstop, 8x All-Star, batting title, MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame, manager[2] Ralph Branca, US, pitcher, 3x All-Star[5] Ryan Braun, US, outfielder, 2007 Rookie of the Year, home run champion, 5x All-Star, 5x Silver Slugger, 2011 National League MVP (Milwaukee Brewers)[6] Craig Breslow, US, relief pitcher (Boston Red Sox)[2] Mark Clear, US, relief pitcher, 2x All-Star[7] Andy Cohen, US, second baseman, coach Harry Danning, US, catcher, 4x All-Star[2][8] Ike Davis, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[9] Moe Drabowsky, US, pitcher[10] Harry Eisenstat, US, pitcher[11] Mike Epstein, US, first baseman[2] Harry Feldman, US, pitcher[2] Scott Feldman, US, pitcher (Houston Astros)[2] Gavin Fingleson, South African-born Australian, Olympic silver medalist[12] Nate Freiman, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[13][14] Sam Fuld, US, outfielder (Oakland Athletics)[15] Sid Gordon, US, outfielder & third baseman, 2x All-Star[2] John Grabow, US, relief pitcher[2] Shawn Green, US, right fielder, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove, Silver Slugger[2] Hank Greenberg, US, first baseman & outfielder, 5x All-Star, 4x home run champion, 4x RBI leader, 2x MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Ken Holtzman, US, starting pitcher, 2x All-Star[2] Joe Horlen, US, pitcher, All-Star, ERA leader[2] Gabe Kapler, US, outfielder[2] Ian Kinsler, US, second baseman, 3x All-Star (Detroit Tigers)[16] Sandy Koufax, US, starting pitcher, 6x All-Star, 5x ERA leader, 4x strikeouts leader, 3x Wins leader, 2x W-L% leader, 1 perfect game, MVP, 3x Cy Young Award, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Barry Latman, US, pitcher[11] Ryan Lavarnway, US, catcher (Atlanta Braves)[17] Al Levine, US, relief pitcher[2] Mike Lieberthal, US, catcher, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove[2] Elliott Maddox, US, outfielder & third baseman[2] Jason Marquis, US, starting pitcher, Silver Slugger, All Star (Cincinnati Reds)[2] Erskine Mayer, US, pitcher[2] Bob Melvin, US, catcher & manager of the Oakland Athletics[18] Jon Moscot, US, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds)[19] Jeff Newman, US, catcher & first baseman, All-Star, manager[2] Joc Pederson, US, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers)[20] Barney Pelty, US, pitcher[2] Lipman Pike, US, outfielder, second baseman, & manager, 4x home run champion, RBI leader[2] Kevin Pillar, US, outfielder (Toronto Blue Jays) Aaron Poreda, US, pitcher (Yomiuri Giants)[2] Scott Radinsky, US, relief pitcher[2] Dave Roberts, US, pitcher[2] Saul Rogovin, US, pitcher[2] Al "Flip" Rosen, US, third baseman & first baseman, 4x All-Star, 2x home run champion, 2x RBI leader, MVP[2] Goody Rosen, Canada, outfielder, All-Star[2] Josh Satin, US, second baseman (Cincinnati Reds)[21] Richie Scheinblum, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Scott Schoeneweis, US, pitcher[2] Michael Schwimer, US, relief pitcher (Toronto Blue Jays)[22] Art Shamsky, US, outfielder & first baseman[2] Larry Sherry, US, relief pitcher[2] Norm Sherry, US, catcher & manager[2] Moe "the Rabbi of Swat" Solomon, US, outfielder[2] George Stone, US, outfielder, 1x batting title[23] Steve Stone, US, starting pitcher, All-Star, Cy Young Award[2] Danny Valencia, US, third baseman (Oakland Athletics)[24] Phil "Mickey" Weintraub, US, first baseman & outfielder Josh Whitesell, US, first baseman (Saraperos de Saltillo)[25] Steve Yeager, US, catcher[2] Kevin Youkilis, US, first baseman, third baseman, & left fielder, 3x All-Star, Gold Glove, Hank Aaron Award[2] Josh Zeid, US, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers Basketball[edit] Omri Casspi Jordan Farmar Gal Mekel Jon Scheyer Sam Balter, US, 5' 10" guard, Olympic champion[8][26] Sue Bird, US & Israel, WNBA 5' 9" point guard, 2x Olympic champion, 4x All-Star (Seattle Storm)[27] David Blatt, US & Israel, Israeli Premier League 6' 3.5" point guard, coached Russia National Basketball Team, Israel's Maccabi Tel Aviv to Euroleague Championship, Euroleague Coach of the Year, 4x Israeli Coach of the Year, Head Coach of Cleveland Cavaliers[28][29] David Blu (formerly "Bluthenthal"), US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 7" forward (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[30] Harry Boykoff, US, NBA 6' 10" center[31] Tal Brody, US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 2" shooting guard[8] Larry Brown, US, ABA 5' 9" point guard, 3x All-Star, 3x assists leader, NCAA National Championship coach (1988), NBA coach, Olympic champion, Hall of Fame[8][26] Omri Casspi, Israel, 6' 9" small forward, drafted in 1st round of 2009 NBA Draft (Sacramento Kings)[32] Shay Doron, Israel & US, WNBA 5' 9" guard (New York Liberty)[33] Lior Eliyahu, Israel, 6' 9" power forward, NBA draft 2006 (Orlando Magic; traded to Houston Rockets), playing in the Euroleague (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Jordan Farmar, US, NBA 6' 2" point guard (Los Angeles Clippers)[35] Marty Friedman, US, 5' 7" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Ernie Grunfeld, Romania-born US, NBA 6' 6" guard/forward & GM, Olympic champion[36] Yotam Halperin, Israel, 6' 5" guard, drafted in 2006 NBA draft by Seattle SuperSonics (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Sonny Hertzberg, US, NBA 5' 9" point guard, original NY Knickerbocker[37] Art Heyman, US, NBA 6' 5" forward/guard[37] Nat Holman, US, ABL 5' 11" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Red Holzman, US, BAA & NBA 5' 10" guard, 2x All-Star, & NBA coach, NBA Coach of the Year, Hall of Fame[8] Eban Hyams, India-Israel-Australia, 6' 5" guard formerly of the Australian National Basketball League, Israeli Super League, first ever Indian national to play in ULEB competitions[38] Barry Kramer, first team All-American at NYU in 1963 Joel Kramer, US Phoenix Suns 6'7" forward Sylven Landesberg, US, 6' 6" former UVA shooting guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[39] Rudy LaRusso, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 5x All-Star[40] Nancy Lieberman, US, WNBA player, general manager, & coach, Olympic silver, Hall of Fame[26][41] Gal Mekel, Israel, NBA 6' 3" point guard (Dallas Mavericks)[42] Bernard Opper, US, NBL and ABL 5' 10" guard, All-American at University of Kentucky Donna Orender (née Geils), US, Women's Pro Basketball League 5' 7" point guard, All-Star, current WNBA president[37] Lennie Rosenbluth, US, NBA 6' 4" forward[36] Danny Schayes, US, NBA 6' 11" center/forward (son of Dolph Schayes)[37] Dolph Schayes, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 3x FT% leader, 1x rebound leader, 12x All-Star, Hall of Fame, & coach (father of Danny Schayes)[8] Ossie Schectman, US, NBA 6' 0" guard, scorer of first NBA basket[36] Doron Sheffer, US (college), Maccabi Tel Aviv,Hapoel Jerusalem Jon Scheyer, US, All-American Duke University 6' 5" shooting guard & point guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[43] Barney Sedran, US, Hudson River League & New York State League 5' 4" guard, Hall of Fame[8] Sidney Tannenbaum, US, BAA 6' 0" guard, 2x All-American, left as NYU all-time scorer[8] Alex Tyus, US & Israel, 6' 8" power forward/center (Maccabi Tel Aviv) Neal Walk, US, NBA 6' 10" center[37] Max Zaslofsky, US, NBA 6' 2" guard/forward, 1x FT% leader, 1x points leader, All-Star, ABA coach[8] Bowling[edit] Barry Asher, 10 PBA titles, PBA Hall of Fame[7] Marshall Holman, 22 PBA titles (11th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[44] Mark Roth, 34 PBA titles (5th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[45] Boxing[edit] Yuri Foreman Zab Judah Dmitry Salita Barney Aaron (Young), English-born US lightweight, Hall of Fame[46] Abe Attell ("The Little Hebrew"), US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Monte Attell ("The Knob Hill Terror"), US, bantamweight[47] Max Baer ("Madcap Maxie"), US, world champion heavyweight. Wore a Star of David on his trunks; inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Hall of Fame/[48] Benny Bass ("Little Fish"), US, world champion featherweight & world champion junior lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Fabrice Benichou, France, world champion super bantamweight[34] Jack Kid Berg (Judah Bergman), England, world champion junior welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Maxie Berger, Canada, wore a Star of David on his trunks[49] Samuel Berger, US, Olympic champion heavyweight[8] Jack Bernstein (also "John Dodick", "Kid Murphy", and "Young Murphy"), US, world champion junior lightweight[8] Nathan "Nat" Bor, US, Olympic bronze lightweight[26] Mushy Callahan (Vincente Sheer), US, world champion light welterweight[47] Joe Choynski ("Chrysanthemum Joe"), US, heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Robert Cohen, French & Algerian, world champion bantamweight[8] Al "Bummy" Davis (Abraham Davidoff), US, welterweight & lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[47] Louis "Red" Deutsch, US, heavyweight, later famous as the proprietor of the Tube Bar in Jersey City, NJ and inspiration for Moe Szyslak on "The Simpsons" Carolina Duer ("The Turk"), Argentine, WBO world champion super flyweight and bantamweight[51] John "Jackie" Fields (Jacob Finkelstein), US, world champion welterweight & Olympic champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Hagar Finer, Israel, WIBF champion bantamweight[52] Yuri Foreman, Belarusian-born Israeli US middleweight and World Boxing Association champion super welterweight[53] György Gedó, Hungary, Olympic champion light flyweight[41] Abe Goldstein, US, world champion bantamweight[54] Ruby Goldstein ("Ruby the Jewel of the Ghetto"), US, welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[8] Roman Greenberg ("The Lion from Zion"), Israel, International Boxing Organization's Intercontinental champion heavyweight[53] Stéphane Haccoun, France, featherweight, super featherweight, and junior lightweight[55][56] Alphonse Halimi ("La Petite Terreur"), France, world champion bantamweight[8] Harry Harris ("The Human Hairpin"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Gary Jacobs, Scottish, British, Commonwealth, and European (EBU) champion welterweight[57] Ben Jeby (Morris Jebaltowsky), US, world champion middleweight[47] Yoel Judah, US, 3x world champion kickboxer and boxer & trainer[58] Zab Judah ("Super"), US, world champion junior welterweight & world champion welterweight (Converted to Christianity)[58][59][60][61] Louis Kaplan ("Kid Kaplan"), Russian-born US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Solly Krieger ("Danny Auerbach"), US, world champion middleweight[8] Julie Kogon US, 1947 New England Lightweight Champion. Inducted into the Connecticut Boxing Hall of Fame. Benny Leonard (Benjamin Leiner; "The Ghetto Wizard"), US, world champion lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Battling Levinsky (Barney Lebrowitz), US, world champion light heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] King Levinsky (Harry Kraków), US, heavweight, also known as Kingfish Levinsky[8] Harry Lewis (Harry Besterman), US, world champion welterweight[47] Ted "Kid" Lewis (Gershon Mendeloff), England, world champion welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Sammy Luftspring, Canada, Canadian champion welterweight, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame[47] Saoul Mamby, US, world champion junior welterweight[47] Al McCoy (Alexander Rudolph), US, world champion middleweight[8] Daniel Mendoza, England, world champion heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] Jacob Michaelsen, Denmark, Olympic bronze heavyweight[26] Samuel Mosberg, US, Olympic champion lightweight[8] Bob Olin, US, world champion light heavyweight[62] Victor Perez ("Young"), Tunisian, world champion flyweight[8] Harold Reitman ("The Boxing Doctor"), professional heavyweight that fought while working as surgeon, Golden Gloves champion.[63] Charlie Phil Rosenberg ("Charles Green"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Dana Rosenblatt ("Dangerous"), US, world champion middleweight[64] Maxie Rosenbloom ("Slapsie"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Barney Ross (Dov-Ber Rasofsky), US, world champion lightweight & junior welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Mike Rossman (Michael Albert DiPiano; "The Jewish Bomber"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore Star of David on trunks[64] Shamil Sabirov, Russia, Olympic champion light flyweight[26] Dmitry Salita ("Star of David"), US, North American Boxing Association champion light welterweight[65] Isadore "Corporal Izzy" Schwartz ("The Ghetto Midget"), US, world champion flyweight[8] Al Singer ("The Bronx Beauty"), US, world champion lightweight[47] "Lefty" Lew Tendler, US, bantamweight, lightweight, and welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Sid Terris ("Ghost of the Ghetto"), US, lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[54] Matt Wels, England, champion of Great Britain lightweight and world champion welterweight Canoeing[edit] Jessica Fox Shaun Rubenstein László Fábián, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic champion (K-2 10,000 meter), 4x world champion (3x K-2 10,000 meter and 1x K-4 10,000 meter) and one silver (K-4 10,000 meter)[26] Imre Farkas, Hungary, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000 and 10,000 meter)[66] Jessica Fox, French-born Australian, slalom canoer, Olympic silver (K-1 slalom), world championships bronze (C-1)[67] Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi, France, slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), 5 golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (2x K-1, 3x K-1 team)[41] Klára Fried-Bánfalvi, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (K-2 500 m), world champion (K-2 500 m)[26] Leonid Geishtor, USSR (Belarus), sprint canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian pairs 1,000-meter)[41] Joe Jacobi, US, slalom canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian slalom pairs)[41] Michael Kolganov, Soviet (Uzbek)-born Israeli, sprint canoer, world champion, Olympic bronze (K-1 500-meter)[41] Anna Pfeffer, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic 2x silver (K-2 500 m), bronze (K-1 500 m); world champion (K-2 500 m), silver (K-4 500 m), 2x bronze (K-2 500)[26] Naum Prokupets, Moldovan-born Soviet, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000-meter), gold (C-2 10,000-meter) at ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships[41] Leon Rotman, Romanian, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic champion (C-1 10,000 meter, C-1 1,000-meter) and bronze (C-1 1,000-meter), 14 national titles[41] Shaun Rubenstein, South Africa, canoer, World Marathon champion 2006[68] Cricket[edit] Michael Klinger Ben Ashkenazi, Australia (Victorian Bushrangers) Ali Bacher, South Africa, batsman and administrator (relative of Adam Bacher)[69] Mike Barnard, England, cricketer[69] Mark Bott, England, cricketer[70] Stevie Eskinazi, South African born, Australian raised, English wicketkeeper Mark Fuzes. Australian all rounder played for Hong Kong. Father Peter Fuzes kept goal for Australian Soccer team (see)[71] Dennis Gamsy, South Africa, Test wicket-keeper[72] Darren Gerard, England, cricketer[73] Norman Gordon, South Africa, fast bowler[69] Steven Herzberg, English-born Australian, cricketer[74] Sid Kiel, South Africa, opening batsman (Western Province)[75] Michael Klinger, Australia, batsman (Western Warriors)[69] Leonard "Jock" Livingston, Australia, cricketer[69] Bev Lyon, England, cricketer[69] Dar Lyon, England, cricketer (brother of Bev)[69] Greg, Jason, and Lara Molins, two brothers and a cousin from the same Irish family[74] Jon Moss, Australia, allrounder (Victorian Bushrangers)[69] John Raphael, England, batsman[69] Marshall Rosen, NSW Australia, cricketer and selector[76] Lawrence Seeff, South Africa, batsmen[77] Maurice Sievers, Australia, lower order batsman and fast-medium bowler[69] Bensiyon Songavkar, India, cricketer, MVP of 2009 Maccabiah Games cricket tournament[78] Fred Susskind, South Africa, Test batsman[69] Fred Trueman, England, English test fast bowler (a lifelong Christian)[69] Julien Wiener, Australia, Test cricketer[69] Mandy Yachad, South Africa, Test cricketer[69] Equestrian[edit] Margie Goldstein-Engle Robert Dover, US, 4x Olympic bronze, 1x world championship bronze (dressage)[79] Margie Goldstein-Engle, US, world championship silver, Pan American Games gold, silver, and bronze (jumping)[80] Edith Master, US, Olympic bronze (dressage)[26] Fencing[edit] Helene Mayer Soren Thompson Henri Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), Olympic champion[26] Paul Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), 2x Olympic champion[26] Norman Armitage (Norman Cohn), US (sabre), 17x US champion, Olympic bronze[26] Albert "Albie" Axelrod, US (foil); Olympic bronze, 4x US champion[8] Péter Bakonyi, Hungary (saber), Olympic 3x bronze[41] Cliff Bayer, US (foil); youngest US champion[37] Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy), Austria (saber), Olympic silver[41] Tamir Bloom, US (épée); 2x US champion[37] Daniel Bukantz, US (foil); 4x US champion[37] Sergey Sharikov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver, bronze[26] Yves Dreyfus, France (épée), Olympic bronze, French champion[26] Ilona Elek, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Boaz Ellis, Israel (foil), 5x Israeli champion[34] Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch, Austria (sabre), Olympic bronze[26] Dr. Dezsö Földes, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Dr. Jenö Fuchs, Hungary (saber), 4x Olympic champion[81] Támas Gábor, Hungary (épée), Olympic champion[8] János Garay, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion, silver, bronze, killed by the Nazis[8] Dr. Oskar Gerde, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dr. Sándor Gombos, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion[62] Vadim Gutzeit, Ukraine (saber), Olympic champion[82] Johan Harmenberg, Sweden (épée), Olympic champion[26] Delila Hatuel, Israel (foil), Olympian, ranked # 9 in world[83] Lydia Hatuel-Zuckerman, Israel (foil), 6x Israeli champion[84][85] Dr. Otto Herschmann, Austria (saber), Olympic silver[26] Emily Jacobson, US (saber), NCAA champion[86] Sada Jacobson, US (saber), ranked # 1 in the world, Olympic silver, 2x bronze[86] Allan Jay, British (épée & foil), Olympic 2x silver, world champion[26] Endre Kabos, Hungary (saber), 3x Olympic champion, bronze[26] Roman Kantor, Poland (épée), Nordic champion & Soviet champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dan Kellner, US (foil), US champion[86] Byron Krieger, US[87] Grigory Kriss, Soviet (épée), Olympic champion, 2x silver[26] Allan Kwartler, US (saber), 3x Pan American Games champion[10] Alexandre Lippmann, France (épée), 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver, bronze[8] Helene Mayer, Germany & US (foil), Olympic champion[26] Ljubco Georgievski ????? ??????????? Kiro Gligorov ???? ???????? Nikola Gruevski ?????? ???????? Gjorge Ivanov ????? ?????? Gordana Jankuloska ??????? ?????????? Zoran Jolevski ????? ???????? Srgjan Kerim ????? ????? Lazar Koliševski ????? ?????????? Hari Kostov ???? ?????? Trifun Kostovski ?????? ????????? Ilinka Mitreva ?????? ??????? Lazar Mojsov ????? ?????? Tito Petkovski ???? ????????? Lui Temelkovski ??? ??????????? Boris Trajkovski ????? ?????????? Vasil Tupurkovski ????? ??????????? Zoran Zaev ????? ???? Partisans World War II freedom fighters edit Mirce Acev ????? ???? Mihajlo Apostolski ????j?? ?????????? Cede Filipovski Dame ???? ?????????? ???? Blagoj Jankov Muceto ?????? ?????? ?????? Orce Nikolov ???? ??????? Strašo Pindžur ?????? ?????? Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ????????? ?????????? ?????? Revolutionaries edit Yordan Piperkata ?????? ???????? ????????? Goce Delcev ???? ????? Petar Pop Arsov ????? ??? ????? Dame Gruev ???? ????? Jane Sandanski ???? ????????? Dimitar Pop Georgiev Berovski ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player