Hot Property Video Hot Tight Asses Video Hypnotic Passions Video I Love Juicy Video Juicy Let's Party Video Loopholes Video Grace VanMoanin Love Potion Video Madame Hollywood Video Heidi Floss Model's Memoirs Video Pussyman Reflections of Rio Video Return of the Cheerleader Nurses Video Mary Kay Seven Good Women Video Sexed Video Sleepless Video Slip of the Tongue Video Jenny Stacked with Honors Video Allison Steal This Heart Video Steal This Heart Video The Anal Diary of Misty Rain Video The Bashful Blonde from Beautiful Bendover Video Maggie Potter The Bootieguard Video Star The Butt Sisters Video The Frat Girl of Double D Video The French Invasion Video The Money Hole Video The Smart Ass Delinquent Video Marcelina The Smart Ass Returns Video Gretchen Powers The Tempest Video Unsolved Double Penetration Video Vampire's Kiss Video Voices in My Bed Video Rebecca Warm Pink Video Krista Washington D P Video

Whispered Lies Video Elena Barrett Anal Sluts and Sweethearts II Video For the Money Video Gang Bang Wild Style Video Heidigate Video Cytherea Alia Janine Alia Janine Rebecca Bardoux Rebecca Bardoux Brandi Blunt Brandi Blunt Tristina Millz Tristina Millz Ashley Graham Ashley Graham Axel Braun's Squirt Class Video Squirt Gasms Video Fuck a Fan Video She's Gonna Squirt Video Hot and Mean TV Series Gush Goddesses Barely Cops Sin City Video Barely Blue Velvet A XXX Parody Video My Wife's Hot Friend Video She's Gonna Squirt TV Series The Gift of Squirt The Squirt Locker Massive Flight Risk Cytherea Is a Lesbian Squirt Machine Video Seasoned Players Video Women Seeking Women Video Scene The Flying Pink Pig Video Secretary's Day Video The Squirt Locker Bottom Line Video Burn Video Bondage Woman Brownie Addict Video Blown Away Video Kick Ass Chicks Nerdy Girls Video Kick Ass Chicks Big Dicks Video Kick Ass Chicks Squirt Queens Video Playgirl Sensual Ecstasy Video Andrew Blake's X Video Craving the Black Man Video I Tumbling After Rayne as Cassieardolla Story Finishing the Game The Search for a New Bruce Lee Porn Star Don't 'Cha Wish Your Girlfriend Was Hot Like Her Video Fusxion Fantasies Video Honky Tonk Teens Video Juice on the Loose Video My Squirteenth Birthday Video Pussy Lickers Paradise Video Pussy Lickers Paradise Video Pussy Lickin' Lesbians Video Say Goodnight Dick Video Squirt Facials Video Squirting with the Stars Video Squirting with the Stars Video Storm Watch Video Teen Solos Video Tiny Tit Squirters Video Titty Tatter Pussy Splatter Video XXX Box Video Kribs Video Cytherea & the Squirt Sluts Video The Great American Squirt Off Video Naked Players Video Tiffany Small Sluts Nice Butts Video Girl Girl Video Two Timers Video Squirt Hunter Vol Video as Cytheria Temptations of Lust TV Movie Cytherea Feed Me Black Cock Video Thar She Blows Video Wench All Girl Pussy Parade Video All Girl Pussy Parade Video Carnal Cravings Video Lovely Blonde Chick Flick Video Cytherea's Lipstick Lesbians Video Girl Gasms Video II Gush Video I Gush Video Hot Squirts Video Kick Ass Chicks Gym Brats Video My Girlfriend Squirts Video Nailed with Cum Video Playgirl Provocative Passion Video Pussy Foot'n Video Showers May Cum Video Squirt A Holics Video Squirt Box Video Squirt Kittens Video Squirts & Skirts Video Stick It Video Storm Squirters Video The Adventures of Squirt Girl Video The Greatest Cum Sluts Ever Video Throated Video Trantastic Video Wet Room Video Somes Video Chasing the Big Ones Video Cousin Stevie's Pussy Party Video Naked Encounters Video Elise Cytherea the House Agent Video Little Squirters Video Cytherea Strippin' & Drippin' Video Sex Games Vegas TV Series Carla For I Have Sinned Carla Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Volume Video Double Teamed Video Babes Illustrated Video Bangin' Whitey Video Blow Video Cherry Lickers Video Cherry Lickers Video as Cytheria Co Ed Cock Hunt Video Coxxxuckers Video Cream Crazed Cuties Video Cum Buckets Video Cytherea's the Best New Starlet of Video Daddy's Darling Daughters Video Dirty Little Sex Secrets Video Flirtin' & Squirtin' Video Getting What They Deserve Video Girl Gasms Video Hot Squirts Video I'm a Tease Video If It Ain't Black Take It Back Video I Like Cum Video Instant Lesbian Video Kick Ass Chicks Squirters Video Nailed with Cum Video Naughty Teens Video Planting Seeds Video Pornstar Playhouse Video Powerhouse Whores Video Pussy Party Squirt Squirter Squirting Video Pussy Party Lick This Video Screaming & Creaming Video Scum Bags Video See Her Squirt Video Spunk'd Video Squirt Box Video Squirters Video Squirt Factor Video Squirt for Me P O V Video Squirt Gun Video Squirtwoman Video I Strip Poker Video Striptease Seductions Video Supermodel POV Angels Video Swallow My Squirt Video Taboo Video Teenage Squirt Queens Video The Elegant Angel Vault Video The Stuntgirl Video Three's Cumpany Video Wet Gaping Holes Video Chick Flick Video Cytherea Is the Show Stopper Video Jack's Playground Video Just Play'n Sex Video Mature Women with Younger Girls Video Scuba Squirters Video Strap It to Me Video The Girls of Amateur Pages Video Bitches in Heat Video Addicted to Sex Video Nasty Girls Masturbating Video of a Kind Video All She Wants and More Video American Sex Video Anal Retentive Video Anal Surprise Party Video Baby Doll Bodyguards Video Baby Doll First Timers Video Barely Legal Video segment "All Girl Orgy" as Cytheria Barely Legal Ski Camp Video Barely Legal Summer Camp Video Beef Eaters Video Bigg Z and the Beauties Video I Black on White Video Brotha's P O V Negro Vision Video Buttwoman Iz Lauren Phoenix Video Cindy's Way Video Cumstains Video Dark Haired Divas Video Deep Throat This Video Desperate Housewives Video Dez's Dirty Weekend Video Double Play Video Double Vision POV Video Edge Runner Video Fetish Dolls Video First Offense Video Flirtin' & Squirtin' Video Fuck Dolls Video Getting Stoned Video Hot Ass Latinas Video Irresistible Temptations Video It's the Chicks Video Kick Ass Chicks Cytherea Video Masturbation Mania Video Naughty Nannies Video Nut Busters Video P O V Video Popstar Video Semen Demons Video Spunk'd Video Squirting Video Squirtwoman Video Squirtwoman Video Suckers Video Tails from the Toilet Video Teacher's Pet Video Angie The Novelist Video The Reunion Video Jennifer The Sex Goddess Video The Young & the Raunchy Video Total Babe 'It Girls' Video True Hardwood Stories Video Trust My Pussy Video What Gets You Off Video When Big Just Ain't Enough Video White Chicks Gettin' Black Balled Video Pussyman's Teenland and Over Video There's Something About Jack Video as Cynthia Hot Showers Video as Cytheria Club Carrie Video Suzie II Auditions Video Barefoot Confidential Video Barefoot Confidential Video Barely Legal Video as Cytheria Barely Legal Summer Camp Video as Cypheria Blow Me Sandwich Video Callgirls Undercover Video Candy Store Coeds Video Chica Boom Video Chick Flick Video College Invasion # Video Creamed Video Creamed Video Cum Swapping Sluts Video Deep in Cream Gushers Video Dominating Baby Dolls Video Eager Beavers Video Erotica XXX Video Evil Pink Video Hi teen Club Video Hook ups Video I'll Do Anything Video I've Never Done That Before Video Jay Ashley Fiona Bones Fiona Bones Cytherea Cytherea Emily Davinci Emily Davinci Roxy Jezel Roxy Jezel Gag Me Then Fuck Me Video DP Stravaganza Video Kick Ass Chicks Tomboys Video Real Hardcore Porn Video Teen Solos Video Anal Brigade Video Lesbian Seductions Older Younger Video as Emily Anal Bandits Video Hot Squirts Video My Dirty Angels Video My Wife's Friends Video Bitch Video Finally Legal Video Rub My Muff Video The Ass Watcher Video Throated Video Throated Video Juicy Video Les Perversions Video Nightmare Video Chicks for Every Dick Video Ass Fucking Young Girls Video ATM City Video Backdoor Teens Video Blastrovan Video as Emily Vanily Dirty Little Devils Video Double Teamed Video Double Teamed Video Sperm Banks Video as Gabriella Lesbo Video as Gabriella Born Porn Video as Gabriella Lesbo Video as Gabriella Cum Dumpsters Video Bubblecum Video as Gabriella Hardcore Training Video Early Entries Video Fill Her Up Video Christine Young as Kristina Young Jade Sweet Jade Sweet as Jade Aliza Shelby Bell Shelby Bell as Shelby Belle Vanessa Gold Vanessa Gold Lesbo Video Sperm Banks Video Natural Video Eye Candy Video Four Eyed Fucks Video Lesbo Video Little White Slave Girls Video My st Porn Scene Video White Girls Suck and Swallow Video Natural Born Titties Video Bruno B The World's Luckiest Guy Video House of Whores Video Jamie James Jamie James Mercedes Mercedes Monira Monira Sarah Moon Sarah Moon Gabriella Moore Gabriella Moore as Gabriella Ocean Ocean Ruby Ruby Sandy Sandy as Sandy Summers Judy Star Judy Star Caprice Caprice Katrina Katrina Bianca Juice Bianca Juice as Bianka Juice Sperm Banks Video as Gabriella Lesbo Video as Gabriella Born Porn Video as Gabriella Lesbo Video as Gabriella Cum Dumpsters Video Gabriella Moore Gabriella Moore Mr Pete Mr Pete Brian Pumper Brian Pumper Brandon Iron Brandon Iron Brett Rockman Brett Rockman Firebush Video Fuckin' Assholes Video It Takes a Whore Video My Wife Loves Threesomes Video Sperm Banks Video The Money Grabbers Video Lesbo Video Peter North Actress credits Sperm Banks Video as Jade Sperm Banks Video as Jade Christine Young as Kristina Young Jade Sweet Jade Sweet as Jade Angelina Kiss Angelina Kiss Caprice Caprice Amber Amber Maria Maria Gabriella Moore Gabriella Moore as Gabriella Erik Everhard Erik Everhard A M Video Jade as Jade Girly Gang Bang Video Bruno B The World's Luckiest Guy Video as Jade Bubblecum Video as Jade Lesbo Video as Jade Global Warming Debutantes The Ed House Effect Volume Video as Jade Hardcore Training Video as Jade Initiations Video Jade as Jade Cumback Pussy Video as Jade North Pole # Video Jade as Jade and Nasty Video as Jade Peter Kimberly Franklin Kimberly Franklin Kimberly Diamond Ever Diamond Ever Diamond Sweet Nicky Sweet Nicky Sweet Rest of cast listed alphabetically Barbie Belle Barbie Belle Barbie Judy Star Judy Star Judy Jade Sweet Jade Sweet Jade as Jade Double Parked Meater Maids Video Lesbo Video Deep Throat This Video Gangbang Girl Video Sweet Nicky Sweet Cheeks Video North Pole # Video Sweety Beverly Hills Ho Video North Pole # Video Sweet Jack's Playground Video Legal Tender Video Pushers Video Sex with Young Girls Video Teen Cum Squad Video Teen Meat Video The Passion of the Ass Video Mark Ashley Caprice Caprice Cherokee Cherokee Emily Davinci Emily Davinci as Emily Sophie Evans Sophie Evans Erik Everhard Erik Everhard Mercedes Mercedes Sweet Nicky Sweet Nicky John Strong John Strong Wet Teen Panties Video Reality Teens Gone Crazy Video Hot Showers Video as Emily Blow Me Sandwich Video After Midnight Video Barely Video Barely Legal Video as Emily Cumstains Video Erotica XXX Video Gag Factor Video I Know You're Watching Video Older Women & Younger Women Video as Emily DaVinci Pussy Galore Video Ripe 'n Ready Video Spring Chickens Video Stack 'em Deep Video as Emily Da Vinci Teen Dreams Video Teen Power Video Teen Sensations Video Teen Tryouts Audition Video The Babysitter Video Throat Gaggers Video Who's Your Daddy Video Young as They Cum Video Young Sluts Inc Video as Emily Divinci Sweet Cheeks Video as Emily as Roxy Clarke Kent Clarke Kent Alex Metro Alex Metro Haley Paige Haley Paige as Haley Mr Pete Mr Pete Ricky Ricky Innocence Sweet Cherry Video Internal Cumbustion Video Keep the Faith Video Kinky Tales Video as Cyntheria Lingerie Video Multiple P O V Video North Pole # Video Oh That's Tight Video Pop That Cherry Video Pornstar Video Secrets Exposed Video Shades of Red Video Slippery When Wet Video Sodomania The Juice Is Loose Video Solo Erotica Video as Cytheria Specs Appeal Video Teen Dreams Video Teen Power Video Teen Sensations Outrageous Video The Bigger the Blacker the Better Video Twisted Video Vortexxx Video Wet Between the Thighs Video Wet Brunettes Video Wet Pink Video Who's Your Daddy Video Young Girls' Fantasies Video Olivia Wilder Olivia Wilder Dior Love Dior Love Ready Willing and Anal Video The British Are Coming Video The Butt Sisters Do L A Video The Girls' Club Video Tight Ends in Motion Video Willing Women Video Caught from Behind Video Noosh Toosh Constant Craving Video Face Dance Video Jill Face Dance Video Jill Malibu Blue Video Barbara Spellberg Splendor in the Ass Video Surroget Lover Video Suzette The Last of the Muff Divers Video Senator's assistant The Living End Video Ultra Head Video Victoria Sterling Sodomania More Tails Video The Young One Part Five Video Tight Pucker Video X rated Blondes Video Kimberly Baker Micky Lynn Micky Lynn Andrea Price Jonathan Morgan Jonathan Morgan Dave Krumly Sierra Sierra Lena White Marc Wallice Marc Wallice Rick Williams Randy West Randy West Jonathan Sterling The Original Wicked Woman Video The Poetry of the Flesh Video The Seduction of Julia Ann Video Unrefined Video Warm Pink Video Jamie Welcome to Bondage Celeste Video Wicked Women Video The Diary of Casanova Video Haunted Nights Video Lorna Doone Going Pro Video Anniversary Video Butt Freak Video Defending Your Sex Life Video Dripping with Desire Video Beth Hidden Obsessions Lacy's Hot Anal Summer Video Leena Goes Pro Video My Secret Lover Video No Man's Land Cat Scratch Fever Video Radio active Video Seymore Butts In the Love Shack Celeste Single Tight Female Video Stocking Stuffers Video Linda The Makeup Room Video Ultra Head Video Kimberly Baker Brittany Andrews Brittany Andrews Herself Jenna Jameson Jenna Jameson Herself Rest of cast listed alphabetically Julia Ann Julia Ann Juli Ashton Juli Ashton Rebecca Bardoux Rebecca Bardoux Skye Blue Skye Blue Veronica Brazil Veronica Brazil Anita Cannibal Anita Cannibal Christy Canyon Christy Canyon Asia Carrera Asia Carrera J R Carrington J R Carrington Celeste Celeste A Girl's Affair Video Appassionata Video Buttwoman ' Video Cafe Flesh Video Mookie Garden Party Video Hot Wired Video Bored in Ohio Lesbian Connection Video Nasty Nymphos Video as Alexis Fontaine Nightshift Dark Angels Video No Man's Land Video Philmore Butts Looking for Lust Video Pick Up Lines Video The House That Black Built Video Smoke Me Video Sophia A Girl's Affair Video The Video Adventures of Peeping Tom Video Dirty Weekend Video Fresh Hot Babes Video Las amantes del frenesí y la lujuria Video as Alexis Fontaine S M U T Video Skin Unbound Video Up and Cummers Video as Alexis Fontaine Up and Cummers Video Cumback Pussy Video as Alexis Fontaine Sally Layd Sally Layd Bachelor Pad Babe as Mustang Sally Layd Simon Delo Simon Delo Lionel Mandrake Kitten Natividad Kitten Natividad Go Go Vince Vouyer Vince Vouyer Snake Alex Metro Alex Metro Chappy as Alec Metro Billy Glide Billy Glide Ferdinand the Bull John Decker John Decker Jacques the Mime Tony Tedeschi Tony Tedeschi Pierre the Mime Dave Hardman Dave Hardman Joe Bachelor Brian Surewood Brian Surewood John Bachelor Industrial Dude T T Boy T T Boy Biff April Nepalese General Strike Guinea General Strike French Caribbean General Strikes Spanish General Strike Spanish General Strike the th of March The th of Novembre took part a European General Strike in countries as Spain Greece Italy Portugal Cyprus Slovenian Public Sector General Strike religion is based of one's saving is to be given as Zakat per Islamic calendar year Dana in Indian religions edit The practice of charity is called Dana or Daana in Hinduism Buddhism and Jainism It is the virtue of generosity or giving Dana has been defined in traditional texts state Krishnan and Manoj as “any action of relinquishing the ownership of what one considered or identified as one's own and investing the same in a recipient without expecting anything in return” Karna Mahabali and Harishchandra are heroes also known for giving charity The earliest known discussion of charity as a virtuous practice in Indian texts is in Rigveda According to other ancient texts of Hinduism dana can take the form of feeding or giving to an individual in distress or need It can also take the form of philanthropic public projects that empower and help many Law reform or legal reform is the process of examining existing laws and advocating and implementing changes in a legal system usually with the aim of enhancing justice or efficiency Intimately related are law reform bodies or law commissions which are organizations set up to facilitate law reform Law reform bodies carry out research and recommend ways to simplify and modernize the law Many law reform bodies are statutory corporations set up by governments although they are usually independent from government control providing intellectual independence to accurately reflect and report on how the law should progress Law reform activities can include preparation and presentation of cases in court in order to change the common law lobbying of government officials in order to change legislation and research or writing that helps to establish an empirical basis for other law reform activities The four main methods in reforming law are repeal get rid of a law creation of new law consolidation change existing law and codification Contents hide Definition Correlation with judicial reform Relation with economics Russian example See also The judiciary also known as the judicial system or court system is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes Under the doctrine of the separation of powers the judiciary generally does not make law that is in a plenary fashion which is the responsibility of the legislature or enforce law which is the responsibility of the executive but rather interprets law and applies it to the facts of each case This branch of the state is often tasked with ensuring equal justice under law It usually consists of a court of final appeal called the "Supreme court" or "Constitutional court" together with lower courts In many jurisdictions the judicial branch has the power to change laws through the process of judicial review Courts with judicial review power may annul the laws and rules of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher norm such as primary legislation the provisions of the constitution or international law Judges constitute a critical force for interpretation and implementation of a constitution thus de facto in common law countries creating the body of constitutional law In the US during recent decades the judiciary became active in economic issues related with economic rights established by constitution because "economics may provide insight into questions that bear on the proper legal interpretation" Since many countries with transitional political and economic systems continue treating their constitutions as abstract legal documents disengaged from the economic policy of the state practice of judicial review of economic acts of executive and legislative branches have begun to grow In the s the Supreme Court of India for almost a decade had been encouraging public interest litigation on behalf of the poor and oppressed by using a very broad interpretation of several articles of the Indian Constitution Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive The latter undermines the separation of powers as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics It is important to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary the state through budget planning and various privileges and the private The term "judiciary" is also used to refer collectively to the personnel such as judges magistrates and other adjudicators who form the core of a judiciary sometimes referred to as a "bench" as well as the staffs who keep the system running smoothly In some countries and jurisdictions judiciary branch is expanded to include additional public legal professionals and institutions such as prosecutors state lawyers ombudsmen public notaries judicial police service and legal aid officers These institutions are sometimes governed by the same judicial administration that governs courts and in some cases the administration of the judicial branch is also the administering authority for private legal professions such as lawyers and private notary offices Contents hide History Various functions Judicial systems Bench in legal contexts means simply the location in a courtroom where a judge sits The historical roots of that meaning come from judges formerly having sat on long seats or benches freestanding or against a wall when presiding over a court In modern courtrooms the bench is usually an elevated desk area that allows a judge to view the entire courtroom The word also has a broader meaning in the law – the term "bench" is a metonym used to describe members of the judiciary collectively or the judges of a particular court such as the Queen's Bench or the Common Bench in England and Wales or the federal bench in the United States The term is also used when all the judges of a certain court sit together to decide a case as in the phrase "before the full bench" also called "en banc" Additionally the term is used to differentiate judges "the bench" from attorneys or barristers "the bar" The phrase "bench and bar" denotes all judges and lawyers collectively See also edit Bank The Supreme Court of Japan ????? Saiko Saibansho called ??? Saiko Sai for short located in Chiyoda Tokyo is the highest court in Japan It has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Japanese constitution and decide questions of national law including local bylaws It has the power of judicial review that is it can declare Acts of the National Diet local assemblies and administrative actions to be unconstitutional Contents hide History Appointment and organization Judicial review of laws Current Justices Former justices See also Footnotes External links History edit The Prime Minister of Japan ?????? Naikaku sori daijin is the head of government of Japan The Prime Minister is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the National Diet and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office He or she is the head of the Cabinet and appoints and dismisses the other Ministers of State the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Minister for the Comprehensive Administration of the Cabinet or Minister who Presides over the Cabinet The office was created in four years before the enactment of the Meiji Constitution which mentions neither cabinet nor prime minister explicitly It took its current form with the adoption of the current constitution in The current Prime Minister is Shinzo Abe who took office on December He is the first former Prime Minister to resume the office since Contents hide Appointment Qualifications Role Constitutional roles Statutory roles Insignia Official office and residence Honours and emoluments List of living former Prime Ministers Lists of Prime Ministers of Japan See also References External links Appointment edit The Prime Minister is designated by both houses of the Diet before the conduct of any other business For that purpose each conducts a ballot under the run off system If the two houses choose different individuals then a joint committee of both houses is appointed to agree on a common candidate Ultimately however if the two houses do not agree within ten days the decision of the House of Representatives is deemed to be that of the Diet Therefore the House of Representatives can theoretically ensure the appointment of any Prime Minister it wishes The candidate is then presented with their commission and formally appointed to office by the Emperor Qualifications edit Must be a member of either house of the Diet This implies a minimum age of and a Japanese nationality requirement Must be a "civilian" This excludes serving members of the Japan Self Defense Forces as well as any former member of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy who are strongly connected to militarist thought Note that former military officers from the World War II era may be appointed prime minister despite the "civilian" requirement Yasuhiro Nakasone being one prominent example Role edit Constitutional roles edit Exercises "control and supervision" over the entire executive branch Presents bills to the Diet on behalf of the Cabinet Signs laws and Cabinet orders along with other members of the Cabinet Appoints all Cabinet ministers and can dismiss them at any time May permit legal action to be taken against Cabinet ministers Must make reports on domestic and foreign relations to the Diet Must report to the Diet upon demand to provide answers or explanations May advise the Emperor to dissolve the Diet's House of Representatives Statutory roles edit Presides over meetings of the Cabinet Commander in chief of the Japan Self Defense Forces May override a court injunction against an administrative act upon showing of cause Insignia edit Standard of the Prime Minister Emblem of the Prime Minister The Constitution of the Empire of Japan Kyujitai ??????? Shinjitai ??????? Dai Nippon Teikoku Kenpo known informally as the Meiji Constitution ???? Meiji Kenpo after the emperor during whose reign it was composed was the constitution of the Empire of Japan in force from November until May Enacted after the Meiji Restoration in it provided for a form of mixed constitutional and absolute monarchy based jointly on the Prussian and British models In theory the Emperor of Japan or Tenno was the supreme ruler and the Cabinet whose Prime Minister would be elected by a Privy Council were his followers in practice the Emperor was head of state but the Prime Minister was the actual head of government Under the Meiji Constitution the Prime Minister and his Cabinet were not necessarily chosen from the elected members of the Diet Through the regular procedure for amendment of the Meiji Constitution it was entirely revised to become the "Postwar Constitution" on November which has been in force since May Contents hide Outline History Background Drafting Promulgation Main provisions Structure Imperial sovereignty Rights and duties of subjects Organs of government Amendments Notes References External links Outline edit The Meiji Restoration in provided Japan a form of constitutional monarchy based on the Prusso German model in which the Emperor of Japan was an active ruler and wielded considerable political power over foreign policy and diplomacy which was shared with an elected Diet The Diet primarily dictated domestic policy matters After the Meiji Restoration which restored direct political power to the emperor for the first time in over a millennium Japan underwent a period of sweeping political and social reform and westernization aimed at strengthening Japan to the level of the nations of the Western world The immediate consequence of the Constitution was the opening of the first Parliamentary government in Asia The Meiji Constitution established clear limits on the power of the executive branch and the Emperor It also created an independent judiciary Civil rights and civil liberties were guaranteed though in many cases they were subject to limitation by law However Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by Philip de László, 1933 During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young, and many assumed that he would marry and have children of his own.[15] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[16] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.[17] Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[18] and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[19] A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so that she could socialise with girls her own age.[20] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[19] In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when her parents had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought her too young to undertake public tours.[21] Elizabeth "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[22] They corresponded regularly,[22] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.[21] Second World War In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham[23] that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[24] Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[25] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[26] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[27] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[28] She stated: We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well.[28] Elizabeth in Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945 Princess Elizabeth (left, in uniform) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with (left to right) her mother Queen Elizabeth, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, King George VI, and Princess Margaret, 8 May 1945 In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[29] As she approached her 18th birthday, the law was changed so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[30] In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873.[31] She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.[32][33] At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[34] During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war.[35] Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. The idea was supported by the Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison, but rejected by the King because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[36] In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[37] In 1947, Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong.[38] Marriage and family Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and 1937.[39] They are second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip and they began to exchange letters.[40] Their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[41] The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[42] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[43] Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun".[44] In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[45] Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[46] Just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[47] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world.[48] Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell.[49] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[50] The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.[51] Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[52] A second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950.[53] Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949,[48] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardamanga, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.[54] Reign Accession and coronation Elizabeth in crown and robes next to her husband in military uniform Coronation portrait of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, June 1953 Coronation of Elizabeth II Main article: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.[55] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen.[56] Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course".[57] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[58] She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.[59] With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[60] In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[61] Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[62] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[63] Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[64] In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They were divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.[65] Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died.[66] The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[67][d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries:[71] English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.[72] Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth Further information: Historical development of the Commonwealth realms, from the Queen's accession The Commonwealth realms (pink) and their territories and protectorates (red) at the beginning of Elizabeth II's reign A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume. Elizabeth II and Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference, Windsor Castle From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[73] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[74] Spanning 1953–54, the Queen and her husband embarked on a six-month around-the-world tour. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[75] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[76] Throughout her reign, the Queen has undertaken state visits to foreign countries and tours of Commonwealth ones and she is the most widely travelled head of state.[77] In 1956, French Prime Minister Guy Mollet and British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor of the European Union.[78] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[79] The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[80] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[81] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[82] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[83] Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


abby-lane abby-rode abigail-clayton ada-tauler addie-juniper addison-cain adele-wiesenthal adeline-lange adeline-pollicina adriana-amante adrianna-laurenti adrianna-russo agnes agnes-ardant agnes-zalontai aimee-addison aisha-sun aja aleena-ferari alessandra-schiavo aletta-ocean alexandra-nice alexandria-cass alexa-parks alex-dane alex-foxe alexia-knight alexis-devell alexis-firestone alexis-greco alexis-payne alexis-x alex-storm alex-white aliana-love alice-springs alicia-alighatti alicia-monet alicia-rio alicyn-sterling alighiera-olena ali-moore aline-santos alissa-ashley allysin-chaynes alysin-embers alyssa-love alyssa-reece amanda-addams amanda-blake amanda-blue amanda-jane-adams amanda-rae amanda-stone amanda-tyler amber-hunt amberlina-lynn amber-lynn amber-michaels amber-peach amber-wild amber-woods ambrosia-fox amia-miley ami-rodgers amy-allison amy-brooke amy-rose amy-starz anastasia-christ anastasia-sands andrea-adams andrea-brittian andrea-lange andrea-true andy angel angela-baron angela-summers angel-barrett angel-cash angel-cruz angel-cummings angel-ducharme angelica-sin angelika-reschner angelina-brasini angelina-korrs angelina-valentine angel-kelly angel-long angel-west angie-knight anita-andic anita-blond anita-cannibal anita-dark anna-belle anna-malle anna-nikova anna-pierce anna-ventura anna-veruska anne-bie-warburg anne-libert anne-magle anne-sand annette-haven annie-sprinkle ann-kiray ann-marie-michelle antonia-dorian april-flowers april-may april-west arcadia-lake ariana-bali ariana-jollee arlana-blue ashley-anne ashley-brooks ashley-coda ashley-fires ashley-lauren ashley-long ashley-marie ashley-nicole ashley-perk ashley-renee ashley-robbins ashley-welles ashley-wells ashley-winger ashlyn-gere astrid-bone athena-star aubrey-nichols aurora aurora-snow autumn-bliss autumn-rayne ava-devine ava-lauren avalon ava-marteens avy-lee-roth bailey-monroe bambi-allen barbara-bourbon barbara-boutet barbara-dare barbara-doll barbara-moose barbarella 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carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde 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lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz 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pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

it was ambiguous in wording and in many places self contradictory The leaders of the government and the political parties were left with the task of interpretation as to whether the Meiji Constitution could be used to justify authoritarian or liberal democratic rule It was the struggle between these tendencies that dominated the government of the Empire of Japan The Meiji Constitution was used as a model for the Ethiopian Constitution by the Ethiopian intellectual Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam This was one of the reasons why the progressive Ethiopian intelligentsia associated with Tekle Hawariat were known as "Japanizers" By the surrender on September the Empire of Japan was deprived of sovereignty by the Allies and the Meiji Constitution was suspended During the Occupation of Japan the Meiji Constitution was replaced by a new document the postwar Constitution of Japan This document—officially an amendment to the Meiji Constitution—replaced imperial rule with a form of Western style liberal democracy Meiji Constitution promulgation by Toyohara Chikanobu History edit Background edit Prior to the adoption of the Meiji Constitution Japan had in practice no written constitution Originally a Chinese inspired legal system and constitution known as ritsuryo was enacted in the th century in the late Asuka period and early Nara period it described a government based on an elaborate and theoretically rational meritocratic bureaucracy serving under the ultimate authority of the emperor and organised following Chinese models In theory the last ritsuryo code the Yoro Code enacted in was still in force at the time of the Meiji Restoration However in practice the ritsuryo system of government had become largely an empty formality as early as in the middle of the Heian period in the th and th centuries a development which was completed by the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate in The high positions in the ritsuryo system remained as sinecures and the emperor was de powered and set aside as a symbolic figure who ‘reigned but did not rule’ on the theory that the living god should not have to defile himself with matters of earthly government The idea of a written constitution had been a subject of heated debate within and without the government since the beginnings of the Meiji government The conservative Meiji oligarchy viewed anything resembling democracy or republicanism with suspicion and trepidation and favored a gradualist approach The Freedom and People's Rights Movement demanded the immediate establishment of an elected national assembly and the promulgation of a constitution Drafting edit On October Ito Hirobumi was appointed to chair a government bureau to research various forms of constitutional government and in Ito led an overseas mission to observe and study various systems first hand The United States Constitution was rejected as "too liberal" The French and Spanish models were rejected as tending toward despotism The Reichstag and legal structures of the German Empire particularly that of Prussia proved to be of the most interest to the Constitutional Study Mission Influence was also drawn from the British Westminster system although it was considered as being unwieldy and granting too much power to Parliament He also rejected some notions as unfit for Japan as they stemmed from European constitutional practice and Christianity He therefore added references to the kokutai or "national polity" as the justification of the emperor's authority through his divine descent and the unbroken line of emperors and the unique relationship between subject and sovereign The Council of State was replaced in with a cabinet headed by Ito as Prime Minister The positions of Chancellor Minister of the Left and Minister of the Right which had existed since the seventh century were abolished In their place the Privy Council was established in to evaluate the forthcoming constitution and to advise Emperor Meiji The draft committee included Inoue Kowashi Kaneko Kentaro Ito Miyoji and Iwakura Tomomi along with a number of foreign advisors in particular the German legal scholars Rudolf von Gneist and Lorenz von Stein The central issue was the balance between sovereignty vested in the person of the Emperor and an elected representative legislature with powers that would limit or restrict the power of the sovereign After numerous drafts from – the final version was submitted to Emperor Meiji in April The Meiji Constitution was drafted in secret by the committee without public debate Promulgation edit The new constitution was promulgated by Emperor Meiji on February but came into effect on November The first Imperial Diet a new representative assembly convened on the day the Meiji Constitution came into force The organizational structure of the Diet reflected both Prussian and British influences most notably in the inclusion of the House of Peers which resembled the Prussian Herrenhaus and the British House of Lords and in the formal Speech from the Throne delivered by the Emperor on Opening Day The second chapter of the constitution detailing the rights of citizens bore a resemblance to similar articles in both European and North American constitutions of the day Main provisions edit Schematic overview of the government structure under the Constitution Structure edit The Meiji Constitution consists of articles in seven chapters together amounting to around words It is also usually reproduced with its Preamble the Imperial Oath Sworn in the Sanctuary in the Imperial Palace and the Imperial Rescript on the Promulgation of the Constitution which together come to nearly another words The seven chapters are I The Emperor II Rights and Duties of Subjects III The Imperial Diet IV The Ministers of State and the Privy Council V The Judicature VI Finance The University of Tokyo ???? Tokyo daigaku abbreviated as Todai ?? Todai is a research university located in Bunkyo Tokyo Japan The university has faculties with a total of around students of whom are foreign Its five campuses are in Hongo Komaba Kashiwa Shirokane and Nakano It is the first of Japan's National Seven Universities It ranks as the highest in Asia and st in the world according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities The University of Tokyo is widely considered to be the most prestigious university in Japan Contents hide History Organization Faculties Graduate schools Research institutes Ranking Campus Hongo Campus Sanshiro Pond Komaba Campus Shirokanedai Campus Notable alumni and faculty members See also References External links History edit The university was chartered by the Meiji government in under its current name by amalgamating older government schools for medicine and Western learning It was renamed "the Imperial University ???? Teikoku daigaku " in and then Tokyo Imperial University ?????? Tokyo teikoku daigaku in when the Imperial University system was created In September an earthquake and the following fires destroyed about volumes of the Imperial University Library The books lost included the Hoshino Library ???? Hoshino bunko a collection of about books The books were the former possessions of Hoshino Hisashi before becoming part of the library of the university and were mainly about Chinese philosophy and history In after Japan's defeat in World War II it re assumed its original name With the start of the new university system in Todai swallowed up the former First Higher School today's Komaba campus and the former Tokyo Higher School which thenceforth assumed the duty of teaching first and second year undergraduates while the faculties on Hongo main campus took care of third and fourth year students Although the university was founded during the Meiji period it has earlier roots in the Astronomy Agency ??? Shoheizaka Study Office ?????? and the Western Books Translation Agency ?????? These institutions were government offices established by the ???? Tokugawa shogunate – and played an important role in the importation and translation of books from Europe Kikuchi Dairoku an important figure in Japanese education served as president of Tokyo Imperial University For the Summer Olympics the university hosted the running portion of the modern pentathlon event On January Todai announced that it would shift the beginning of its academic year from April to September to align its calendar with the international standard The shift would be phased in over five years According to the Japan Times the university had professors in February Of those were women In the fall of and for the first time the University of Tokyo started two undergraduate programs entirely taught in English and geared toward international students — Programs in English at Komaba PEAK — the International Program on Japan in East Asia and the International Program on Environmental Sciences Organization edit Faculties edit Law Medicine Engineering Letters Science Agriculture Economics Arts and Sciences Education Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate schools edit Humanities and Sociology Education Law and Politics Economics Arts and Sciences Science Engineering Agricultural and Life Sciences Medicine Pharmaceutical Sciences Mathematical Sciences Frontier Sciences Information Science and Technology Interdisciplinary Information Studies Public Policy Research institutes edit Institute of Medical Science Earthquake Research Institute Institute of Oriental Culture Institute of Social Science Institute of Industrial Science Historiographical Institute Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences Institute for Cosmic Ray Research Institute for Solid State Physics Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology The University's School of Science and the Earthquake Research Institute are both represented on the national Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction Ranking edit Main article Rankings of University of Tokyo University rankings Global ARWU Times QS Asia ARWU Times QS Global version QS Asia version Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the University of Tokyo st in Asia and th in the world in Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the University of Tokyo th in the world in and st in the Asia University ranking in In Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the institution rd in the world QS World University Rankings in ranked the University of Tokyo th in the world in Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings In the QS Asian University Rankings which employs a different methodology the University of Tokyo came th Global University Ranking ranked the University of Tokyo rd in the world and st in Asia Human Resources & Labor Review a human competitiveness index & analysis published in Chasecareer Network ranked the university st internationally and st in Asia in Mines ParisTech Professional Ranking World Universities ranked the University of Tokyo nd in the world on the basis of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the largest worldwide companies Nature Publishing Index ranked the University of Tokyo th in the world in Campus edit Hongo Campus edit The main Hongo campus occupies the former estate of the Maeda family Edo period feudal lords of Kaga Province One of the university's best known landmarks Akamon the Red Gate is a relic of this era The symbol of the university is the ginkgo leaf from the trees found throughout the area The Hongo campus also hosts the University of Tokyo's annual May Festival Information Center First Medical Building Second Medical Building Medical Experimental Research Bldg Medical Library General Library The Experimental Tank Sanshiro Pond edit Sanshiro Pond detail Tokyo University's Hongo campus Sanshiro Pond ???? Sanshiro ike university's Hongo campus dates to After the fall of the Osaka Castle the shogun gave this pond and its surrounding garden to Maeda Toshitsune With further development of the garden by Maeda Tsunanori it became known as one of the most beautiful gardens in Edo Now Tokyo with the traditional eight landscapes and eight borders and known for originality in artificial pond hills and pavilions It was at that time known as Ikutoku en Garden of Teaching Virtue The pond's contours are in the shape of the character kokoro or shin heart and thus its official name is Ikutoku en Shinjiike It has been commonly called Sanshiro Pond after the title of Natsume Soseki's novel Sanshiro Komaba Campus edit Main article University of Tokyo Komaba Campus One of the five campuses of the University of Tokyo the Komaba Campus is home to the College of Arts and Sciences the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences the Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences and a number of advanced research facilities and campus services This is the campus where all the freshmen and sophomores of the University of Tokyo spend their college life The University of Rolandas Kazlas – well known comedy actor Oskaras Koršunovas – best known modern theater director Jurgis Maciunas – initiator of Fluxus movement Vaiva Mainelyte – lt Vaiva Mainelyte popular actress remembered for the leading role in Bride of the Devil Lithuanian Velnio nuotaka Arunas Matelis – acclaimed documentary director Adolfas Mekas film director writer editor actor educator Jonas Mekas – filmmaker the godfather of American avant garde cinema Aurelija Mikušauskaite – television and theatre actress Juozas Miltinis – theater director from Panevežys Nijole Narmontaite – lt Nijole Narmontaite actress Eimuntas Nekrošius – theater director Algimantas Puipa – lt Algimantas Puipa film director Kostas Smoriginas – lt Kostas Smoriginas popular actor and singer Jonas Vaitkus – theater director director of Utterly Alone Adolfas Vecerskis – theatre and film actor director of theatre Arunas Žebriunas – lt Arunas Žebriunas one of the most prominent film directors during the Soviet rule Vytautas Šapranauskas – lt Vytautas Šapranauskas theater and film actor television presenter humorist Žilvinas Tratas actor and model Džiugas Siaurusaitis lt Džiugas Siaurusaitis actor television presenter humorist Sakalas Uždavinys lt Sakalas Uždavinys theater and film actor director Marius Jampolskis actor and TV host Ballet and Dance edit Egle Špokaite soloist of Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre – Actress art director Edita Daniute Professional Ballroom Dancer and World DanceSport Champion Iveta Lukosiute Professional Ballroom Dancer and World Dance Champion Music edit Soprano vocalist Violeta Urmanaviciute Urmana Pop singer Violeta RiaubiškyteSee also List of Lithuanian singers Linas Adomaitis – pop singer participant in the Eurovision Song Contest Ilja Aksionovas lt Ilja Aksionovas pop and opera singer boy soprano Osvaldas Balakauskas – ambassador and classical composer Alanas Chošnau – singer member of former music group Naktines Personos Egidijus Dragunas – lt Egidijus Dragunas leader of Sel one of the first hip hop bands in Lithuania Justas Dvarionas – lt Justas Dvarionas pianist educator Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis – painter and composer Balys Dvarionas – composer conductor pianist professor Gintare Jautakaite pop artist signed with EMI and Sony Music Entertainment in Gintaras Januševicius internationally acclaimed pianist Algirdas Kaušpedas architect and lead singer of Antis Nomeda Kazlauskaite Kazlaus opera singer dramatic soprano appearing internationally Vytautas Kernagis – one of the most popular bards Algis Kizys – long time bass player of post punk no wave band Swans Andrius Mamontovas – rock singer co founder of Foje and LT United Marijonas Mikutavicius – singer author of Trys Milijonai the unofficial sports anthem in Lithuania Vincas Niekus – lt Vincas Niekus composer Virgilijus Noreika – one of the most successful opera singers tenor Mykolas Kleopas Oginskis – one of the best composer of the late th century Kipras Petrauskas – lt Kipras Petrauskas popular early opera singer tenor Stasys Povilaitis – one of the popular singers during the Soviet period Violeta Riaubiškyte – pop singer TV show host Mindaugas Rojus opera singer tenor baritone Ceslovas Sasnauskas – composer Rasa Serra – lt Rasa Serra real name Rasa Veretenceviene singer Traditional folk A cappella jazz POP Audrone Simonaityte Gaižiuniene – lt Audrone Gaižiuniene Simonaityte one of the more popular female opera singers soprano Virgis Stakenas – lt Virgis Stakenas singer of country folk music Antanas Šabaniauskas – lt Antanas Šabaniauskas singer tenor Jurga Šeduikyte – art rock musician won the Best Female Act and the Best Album of in the Lithuanian Bravo Awards and the Best Baltic Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards Jonas Švedas – composer Michael Tchaban composer singer and songwriter Violeta Urmanaviciute Urmana opera singer soprano mezzosoprano appearing internationally Painters and graphic artists edit See also List of Lithuanian artists Robertas Antinis – sculptor Vytautas Ciplijauskas lt Vytautas Ciplijauskas painter Jonas Ceponis – lt Jonas Ceponis painter Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis – painter and composer Asteroid Ciurlionis is named for him Kostas Dereškevicius lt Kostas Dereškevicius painter Vladimiras Dubeneckis painter architect Stasys Eidrigevicius graphic artist Pranas Gailius lt Pranas Gailius painter Paulius Galaune Petronele Gerlikiene – self taught Lithuanian American artist Algirdas Griškevicius lt Algirdas Griškevicius Vincas Grybas – sculptor Leonardas Gutauskas lt Leonardas Gutauskas painter writer Vytautas Kairiukštis – lt Vytautas Kairiukštis painter art critic Vytautas Kasiulis – lt Vytautas Kasiulis painter graphic artist stage designer Petras Kalpokas painter Rimtas Kalpokas – lt Rimtas Kalpokas painter graphic artist Leonas Katinas – lt Leonas Katinas painter Povilas Kaupas – lt Povilas Kaupas Algimantas Kezys Lithuanian American photographer Vincas Kisarauskas – lt Vincas Kisarauskas painter graphic artist stage designer Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene – lt Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene graphic artist painter Stasys Krasauskas – lt Stasys Krasauskas graphic artist Stanislovas Kuzma – lt Stanislovas Kuzma sculptor Antanas Martinaitis – lt Antanas Martinaitis painter Jonas Rimša – lt Jonas Rimša painter Jan Rustem painter Antanas Samuolis – lt Antanas Samuolis painter Šarunas Sauka painter Boris Schatz – sculptor and founder of the Bezalel Academy Irena Sibley née Pauliukonis – Children s book author and illustrator Algis Skackauskas – painter Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Franciszek Smuglewicz – painter Yehezkel Streichman Israeli painter Kazys Šimonis – painter Algimantas Švegžda – lt Algimantas Švegžda painter Otis Tamašauskas Lithographer Print Maker Graphic Artist Adolfas Valeška – painter and graphic artist Adomas Varnas – painter Kazys Varnelis – artist Vladas Vildžiunas lt Vladas Vildžiunas sculptor Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis lt Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis graphic artist Viktoras Vizgirda – painter William Zorach – Modern artist who died in Bath Maine Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Kazimieras Leonardas Žoromskis – painter Politics edit President Valdas Adamkus right chatting with Vice President Dick Cheney left See also List of Lithuanian rulers Mindaugas – the first and only King of Lithuania – Gediminas – the ruler of Lithuania – Algirdas – the ruler together with Kestutis of Lithuania – Kestutis – the ruler together with Algirdas of Lithuania – Vytautas – the ruler of Lithuania – together with Jogaila Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

Tokyo is the only university in Japan which has a system of two years of general education before students can choose and move on to special fields of study citation needed The Komaba Campus is the cornerstone of general education and was designated as the "center of excellence" for three new areas of research by the Ministry of Education and Science There are currently over students freshmen and sophomores enrolled in the general education courses about students juniors and seniors pursuing their specialties in the College of Arts and Sciences and graduate students in the advanced study Shirokanedai Campus edit The relatively small Shirokanedai Campus hosts the Institute of Medical Science of the University of Tokyo IMSUT which is entirely dedicated to postgraduate studies The campus is focused on genome research including among its facilities the Human Genome Center HGC which have at its disposal the largest supercomputer in the field Notable alumni and faculty members edit Main article List of University of Tokyo people The university has produced many notable people prime ministers of Japan have studied at the University of Tokyo Former prime minister Kiichi Miyazawa ordered Japanese government agencies to reduce the rate of employees who had attended the university's law faculty to below percent due to concerns about diversity in the bureaucracy Eleven alumni of University of Tokyo have received the Nobel Prize or the Fields Medal Kunihiko Kodaira Mathematics Sin Itiro Tomonaga Physics Yasunari Kawabata Literature Leo Esaki Physics Eisaku Sato Peace Kenzaburo Oe Literature Masatoshi Koshiba Physics Yoichiro Nambu Physics Ei ichi Negishi Chemistry Satoshi Omura Medicine Takaaki Kajita Physics Three have received the Pritzker Architecture Prize Toyo Ito Kenzo Tange Fumihiko Maki Nobel prize laureates Yasunari Kawabata Literature Leo Esaki Physics Eisaku Sato Peace Kenzaburo Oe Literature Yoichiro Nambu Physics Ei ichi Negishi Chemistry Scientists and foreigners Tadatoshi Akiba Mathematician Charles Dickinson West mechanical Engineer Kiyoshi Ito mathematician Asia Listeni 'e??? or 'e??? is the Earth's largest and most populous continent located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres Though it covers only of the Earth's total surface area it comprises of Earth's land area and has historically been home to the bulk of the planet's human population currently roughly Asia is notable for not only overall large size and population but unusually dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of billion people Asia has exhibited economic dynamism particularly East Asia as well as robust population growth during the th century but overall population growth has since fallen to world average levels The boundaries of Asia are traditionally determined as that of Eurasia which is not Europe as there is no clear geographical separation between them and Asia is in itself originally a European definition The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal the Ural River and the Ural Mountains and south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean Given its size and diversity the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups cultures environments economics historical ties and government systems It also has a mix of many different climates ranging from the equatorial south via the hot desert in the Middle East temperate areas in the east and the extremely continental centre to vast subarctic and polar areas in Siberia Contents hide Definition and boundaries Greek three continent system Asia Africa boundary Asia–Europe boundary Asia–Oceania boundary Ongoing definition Etymology Classical antiquity Bronze Age History Geography and climate Climate change Economy Tourism Demographics Languages Religions Abrahamic Indian and East Asian religions Modern conflicts Culture Nobel prizes Political geography See also References Bibliography Further reading External links Definition and boundaries For more details on Asian borders see Geography of Asia Boundaries between continents List of transcontinental countries and Copenhagen criteria Greek three continent system Two point equidistant projection of Asia and surrounding landmasses The racial diversity of Asia's peoples Nordisk familjebok The border between Asia and Europe has historically been determined by Europeans which only dubious – discuss The original distinction between the two was made by the ancient Greeks They used the Aegean Sea the Dardanelles the Sea of Marmara the Bosporus the Black Sea the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov as the border between Asia and Europe The Nile was often used as the border between Asia and Africa then called Libya although some Greek geographers suggested the Red Sea would form a better boundary Darius' canal between the Nile and the Red Sea introduced considerable variation in opinion Under the Roman Empire the Don River emptying into the Black Sea was the western border of Asia It was the northernmost navigable point of the European shore citation needed In the th century the Red Sea became established as the boundary between Africa and Asia replacing the Nile Asia Africa boundary The current boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea the Gulf of Suez and the Suez Canal This makes Egypt a transcontinental country with the Sinai peninsula in Asia and the remainder of the country in Africa Asia–Europe boundary The Don River became unsatisfactory to northern Europeans when Peter the Great king of the Tsardom of Russia defeating rival claims of Sweden and the Ottoman Empire to the eastern lands and armed resistance by the tribes of Siberia synthesized a new Russian Empire extending to the Ural Mountains and beyond founded in The major geographical theorist of the empire was actually a former Swedish prisoner of war taken at the Battle of Poltava in and assigned to Tobolsk where he associated with Peter's Siberian official Vasily Tatishchev and was allowed freedom to conduct geographical and anthropological studies in preparation for a future book citation needed In Sweden five years after Peter's death in Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia The Russians were enthusiastic about the concept which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg The latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid th century The border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects In the maps of the period Transcaucasia was counted as Asian The incorporation of most of that region into the Soviet Union tended to push views of the border to the south Asian cultures had no say in this system of determining the imaginary boundaries separating them from Europe citation needed Asia–Oceania boundary The border between Asia and the loosely defined region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania devised in the th century have had several vastly different geographic meanings since their inception The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the colonial possessions of the various empires there not all European Lewis and Wigen assert "The narrowing of 'Southeast Asia' to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process " Ongoing definition Afro Eurasia shown in green Geographical Asia is a cultural artifact of European conceptions of the world being imposed onto other cultures an imprecise concept causing endemic contention about what it means Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe It does not exactly correspond to the cultural borders of its various types of constituents From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three continent system Europe Africa Asia on the grounds that there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them For example Sir Barry Cunliffe the emeritus professor of European archeology at Oxford argues that Europe has been geographically and culturally merely "the western excrescence of the continent of Asia" Geographically Asia is the major eastern constituent of the continent of Eurasia with Europe being a northwestern peninsula of the landmass – or of Afro Eurasia geologically Asia Europe and Africa make up a single continuous landmass except for the Suez Canal and share a common continental shelf Almost all of Europe and the better part of Asia sit atop the Eurasian Plate adjoined on the south by the Arabian and Indian Plate and with the easternmost part of Siberia east of the Chersky Range on the North American Plate Etymology Ptolemy's Asia The English word "Asia " was originally a concept of Greek civilization The place name "Asia" in various forms in a large number of modern languages is of unknown ultimate provenience Its etymology and language of origin are uncertain It appears to be one of the most ancient of recorded names A number of theories have been published English Asia can be traced through the formation of English literature to Latin literature where it has the same form Asia Whether all uses and all forms of the name derive also from the Latin of the Roman Empire is much less certain Classical antiquity Latin Asia and Greek ?s?a appear to be the same word Roman authors translated ?s?a as Asia The Romans named a province Asia Roman province which roughly corresponds with modern day central western Turkey There was an Asia Minor and an Asia Major located in modern day Iraq As the earliest evidence of the name is Greek it is likely circumstantially that Asia came from ?s?a but ancient transitions due to the lack of literary contexts are difficult to catch in the act The most likely vehicles were the ancient geographers and historians such as Herodotus who were all Greek Ancient Greek certainly evidences early and rich uses of the name The first continental use of Asia is attributed to Herodotus about BC not because he innovated it but because his Histories are the earliest surviving prose to describe it in any detail He defines it carefully mentioning the previous geographers whom he had read but whose works are now missing By it he means Anatolia and the Persian Empire in contrast to Greece and Egypt Herodotus comments that he is puzzled as to why three women's names were "given to a tract which is in reality one" Europa Asia and Libya referring to Africa stating that most Greeks assumed that Asia was named after the wife of Prometheus i e Hesione but that the Lydians say it was named after Asies son of Cotys who passed the name on to a tribe at Sardis In Greek mythology "Asia" ?s?a or "Asie" ?s?? was the name of a "Nymph or Titan goddess of Lydia " Herodotus' geographical puzzlement was perhaps only a form of disagreement as having read the earlier Greek poetry along with everyone else literate he would have known perfectly well why places received female names Athens Mycenae Thebes and many other locations in fact had them In ancient Greek religion places were under the care of female divinities parallel to guardian angels The poets detailed their doings and generations in allegoric language salted with entertaining stories which subsequently playwrights transformed into classical Greek drama and became "Greek mythology " For example Hesiod mentions the daughters of Tethys and Ocean among whom are a "holy company" "who with the Lord Apollo and the Rivers have youths in their keeping " Many of these are geographic Doris Rhodea Europa Asia Hesiod explains "For there are three thousand neat ankled daughters of Ocean who are dispersed far and wide and in every place alike serve the earth and the deep waters " The Iliad attributed by the ancient Greeks to Homer mentions two Phrygians the tribe that replaced the Luvians in Lydia in the Trojan War named Asios an adjective meaning "Asian" and also a marsh or lowland containing a marsh in Lydia as as??? Bronze Age Before Greek poetry the Aegean Sea area was in a Greek Dark Age at the beginning of which syllabic writing was lost and alphabetic writing had not begun Prior to then in the Bronze Age the records of the Assyrian Empire the Hittite Empire and the various Mycenaean states of Greece mention a region undoubtedly Asia certainly in Anatolia including if not identical to Lydia These records are administrative and do not include poetry The Mycenaean states were destroyed about BC by unknown agents although one school of thought assigns the Dorian invasion to this time The burning of the palaces baked clay diurnal administrative records written in a Greek syllabic script called Linear B deciphered by a number of interested parties most notably by a young World War II cryptographer Michael Ventris subsequently assisted by the scholar John Chadwick A major cache discovered by Carl Blegen at the site of ancient Pylos included hundreds of male and female names formed by different methods Some of these are of women held in servitude as study of the society implied by the content reveals They were used in trades such as cloth making and usually came with children The epithet lawiaiai "captives " associated with some of them identifies their origin Some are ethnic names One in particular aswiai identifies "women of Asia " Perhaps they were captured in Asia but some others Milatiai appear to have been of Miletus a Greek colony which would not have been raided for slaves by Greeks Chadwick suggests that the names record the locations where these foreign women were purchased The name is also in the singular Aswia which refers both to the name of a country and to a female of it There is a masculine form aswios This Aswia appears to have been a remnant of a region known to the Hittites as Assuwa centered on Lydia or "Roman Asia " This name Assuwa has been suggested as the origin for the name of the continent "Asia" The Assuwa league was a confederation of states in western Anatolia defeated by the Hittites under Tudhaliya I around BC Alternatively the etymology of the term may be from the Akkadian word w a?û m which means 'to go outside' or 'to ascend' referring to the direction of the sun at sunrise in the Middle East and also likely connected with the Phoenician word asa meaning east This may be contrasted to a similar etymology proposed for Europe as being from Akkadian erebu m 'to enter' or 'set' of the sun T R Reid supports this alternative etymology noting that the ancient Greek name must have derived from asu meaning 'east' in Assyrian ereb for Europe meaning 'west' The ideas of Occidental form Latin Occidens 'setting' and Oriental from Latin Oriens for 'rising' are also European invention synonymous with Western and Eastern Reid further emphasizes that it explains the Western point of view of placing all the peoples and cultures of Asia into a single classification almost as if there were a need for setting the distinction between Western and Eastern civilizations on the Eurasian continent Ogura Kazuo and Tenshin Okakura are two outspoken Japanese figures on the subject History Main article History of Asia The Mongol Empire ca The gray area is the later Timurid Empire map of Asia Map of western southern and central Asia in The history of Asia can be seen as the distinct histories of several peripheral coastal regions East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia and the Middle East linked by the interior mass of the Central Asian steppes The coastal periphery was home to some of the world's earliest known civilizations each of them developing around fertile river valleys The civilizations in Mesopotamia the Indus Valley and the Huanghe shared many similarities These civilizations may well have exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel Other innovations such as writing seem to have been developed individually in each area Cities states and empires developed in these lowlands The central steppe region had long been inhabited by horse mounted nomads who could reach all areas of Asia from the steppes The earliest postulated expansion out of the steppe is that of the Indo Europeans who spread their languages into the Middle East South Asia and the borders of China where the Tocharians resided The northernmost part of Asia including much of Siberia was largely inaccessible to the steppe nomads owing to the dense forests climate and tundra These areas remained very sparsely populated The Silk Road connected many civilizations across Asia The center and the peripheries were mostly kept separated by mountains and deserts The Caucasus and Himalaya mountains and the Karakum and Gobi deserts formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could cross only with difficulty While the urban city dwellers were more advanced technologically and socially in many cases they could do little in a military aspect to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe However the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force for this and other reasons the nomads who conquered states in China India and the Middle East often found themselves adapting to the local more affluent societies The Islamic Caliphate took over the Middle East and Central Asia during the Muslim conquests of the th century The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the th century an area extending from China to Europe Before the Mongol invasion Song 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).[2] In 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated their 80th anniversary as a studio. Contents 1 History 1.1 Creation 1.2 Production and financial problems 1.3 Marvin Davis and Rupert Murdoch 2 Television 3 Music 4 Radio 5 Motion Picture Film Processing 6 Logo and fanfare 7 Highest-grossing films 8 Production deals 9 Films 10 See also 11 References 12 Additional sources 13 External links History[edit] Creation[edit] See also: Fox Film and Twentieth Century Pictures This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) Carmen Miranda in The Gang's All Here. In 1946, she was the highest-paid actress in the United States.[3] Alice Faye, Don Ameche, and Carmen Miranda in That Night in Rio, produced by Fox in 1941. From the 1952 film Viva Zapata! Twentieth Century Pictures' Joseph Schenck and Darryl F. Zanuck left United Artists over a stock dispute, and began merger talks with the management of financially struggling Fox Film, under president Sidney Kent. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, helped make it happen (and later became president of the new company). Aside from the theater chain and a first-rate studio lot, Zanuck and Schenck felt there was not much else to Fox, which had been reeling since founder William Fox lost control of the company in 1930. The studio's biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn and Spencer Tracy had been dropped because of heavy drinking. At first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called "Fox-20th Century", even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck; it was more profitable than Fox and had considerably more talent. The new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31, 1935; the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President. Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Fox's longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have been founded in 1915, the year Fox Film was founded. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary. However, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915.[4] The company's films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their opening credits as well as its opening fanfare, but with the name changed to 20th Century-Fox. After the merger was completed, Zanuck quickly signed young actors who would carry Twentieth Century-Fox for years:[citation needed] Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Carmen Miranda, Don Ameche, Henry Fonda, Gene Tierney, Sonja Henie, and Betty 1.12 Football (Association; Soccer) 1.13 Football (Australian Rules) 1.14 Golf 1.15 Gymnastics 1.16 Ice hockey 1.17 Judo 1.18 Kickboxing 1.19 Mixed martial arts 1.20 Motorsport 1.21 Rowing 1.22 Rugby league 1.23 Rugby union 1.24 Sailing 1.25 Shooting 1.26 Skiing 1.27 Speed skating 1.28 Swimming 1.29 Table tennis 1.30 Tennis 1.31 Track and field 1.32 Triathlon 1.33 Volleyball 1.34 Water polo 1.35 Weightlifting 1.36 Wrestling 1.37 Professional wrestling 2 Commissioners, managers/coaches and owners 3 Officials and referees 4 Jewish sports halls of fame 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 6.2.1 General works 6.2.2 Baseball 6.2.3 Boxing 6.2.4 Chess 6.2.5 Olympics Athletes[edit] Baseball[edit] Ryan Braun, outfielder (Milwaukee Brewers) Ike Davis, first baseman (Oakland Athletics) Ian Kinsler, second baseman (Detroit Tigers) Ryan Lavarnway, catcher (Atlanta Braves) Jason Marquis, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds) Joc Pederson, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers) Kevin Youkilis, first and third baseman Cal Abrams, US, outfielder[2] Rubén Amaro, Jr., US, outfielder, general manager (Philadelphia Phillies)[2] Morrie Arnovich, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Brad Ausmus, US, catcher, All-Star, 3x Gold Glove, manager of the Detroit Tigers[2] José Bautista, Dominican-born, pitcher[2] Robert "Bo" Belinsky, U.S., pitcher. Pitched no-hit game as rookie with Los Angeles Angels in 1962.[3] Moe Berg, US, catcher & shortstop, and spy for US in World War II[2] Ron Blomberg, US, DH/first baseman/outfielder, Major League Baseball's first designated hitter[4] Lou Boudreau, US, shortstop, 8x All-Star, batting title, MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame, manager[2] Ralph Branca, US, pitcher, 3x All-Star[5] Ryan Braun, US, outfielder, 2007 Rookie of the Year, home run champion, 5x All-Star, 5x Silver Slugger, 2011 National League MVP (Milwaukee Brewers)[6] Craig Breslow, US, relief pitcher (Boston Red Sox)[2] Mark Clear, US, relief pitcher, 2x All-Star[7] Andy Cohen, US, second baseman, coach Harry Danning, US, catcher, 4x All-Star[2][8] Ike Davis, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[9] Moe Drabowsky, US, pitcher[10] Harry Eisenstat, US, pitcher[11] Mike Epstein, US, first baseman[2] Harry Feldman, US, pitcher[2] Scott Feldman, US, pitcher (Houston Astros)[2] Gavin Fingleson, South African-born Australian, Olympic silver medalist[12] Nate Freiman, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[13][14] Sam Fuld, US, outfielder (Oakland Athletics)[15] Sid Gordon, US, outfielder & third baseman, 2x All-Star[2] John Grabow, US, relief pitcher[2] Shawn Green, US, right fielder, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove, Silver Slugger[2] Hank Greenberg, US, first baseman & outfielder, 5x All-Star, 4x home run champion, 4x RBI leader, 2x MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Ken Holtzman, US, starting pitcher, 2x All-Star[2] Joe Horlen, US, pitcher, All-Star, ERA leader[2] Gabe Kapler, US, outfielder[2] Ian Kinsler, US, second baseman, 3x All-Star (Detroit Tigers)[16] Sandy Koufax, US, starting pitcher, 6x All-Star, 5x ERA leader, 4x strikeouts leader, 3x Wins leader, 2x W-L% leader, 1 perfect game, MVP, 3x Cy Young Award, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Barry Latman, US, pitcher[11] Ryan Lavarnway, US, catcher (Atlanta Braves)[17] Al Levine, US, relief pitcher[2] Mike Lieberthal, US, catcher, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove[2] Elliott Maddox, US, outfielder & third baseman[2] Jason Marquis, US, starting pitcher, Silver Slugger, All Star (Cincinnati Reds)[2] Erskine Mayer, US, pitcher[2] Bob Melvin, US, catcher & manager of the Oakland Athletics[18] Jon Moscot, US, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds)[19] Jeff Newman, US, catcher & first baseman, All-Star, manager[2] Joc Pederson, US, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers)[20] Barney Pelty, US, pitcher[2] Lipman Pike, US, outfielder, second baseman, & manager, 4x home run champion, RBI leader[2] Kevin Pillar, US, outfielder (Toronto Blue Jays) Aaron Poreda, US, pitcher (Yomiuri Giants)[2] Scott Radinsky, US, relief pitcher[2] Dave Roberts, US, pitcher[2] Saul Rogovin, US, pitcher[2] Al "Flip" Rosen, US, third baseman & first baseman, 4x All-Star, 2x home run champion, 2x RBI leader, MVP[2] Goody Rosen, Canada, outfielder, All-Star[2] Josh Satin, US, second baseman (Cincinnati Reds)[21] Richie Scheinblum, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Scott Schoeneweis, US, pitcher[2] Michael Schwimer, US, relief pitcher (Toronto Blue Jays)[22] Art Shamsky, US, outfielder & first baseman[2] Larry Sherry, US, relief pitcher[2] Norm Sherry, US, catcher & manager[2] Moe "the Rabbi of Swat" Solomon, US, outfielder[2] George Stone, US, outfielder, 1x batting title[23] Steve Stone, US, starting pitcher, All-Star, Cy Young Award[2] Danny Valencia, US, third baseman (Oakland Athletics)[24] Phil "Mickey" Weintraub, US, first baseman & outfielder Josh Whitesell, US, first baseman (Saraperos de Saltillo)[25] Steve Yeager, US, catcher[2] Kevin Youkilis, US, first baseman, third baseman, & left fielder, 3x All-Star, Gold Glove, Hank Aaron Award[2] Josh Zeid, US, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers Basketball[edit] Omri Casspi Jordan Farmar Gal Mekel Jon Scheyer Sam Balter, US, 5' 10" guard, Olympic champion[8][26] Sue Bird, US & Israel, WNBA 5' 9" point guard, 2x Olympic champion, 4x All-Star (Seattle Storm)[27] David Blatt, US & Israel, Israeli Premier League 6' 3.5" point guard, coached Russia National Basketball Team, Israel's Maccabi Tel Aviv to Euroleague Championship, Euroleague Coach of the Year, 4x Israeli Coach of the Year, Head Coach of Cleveland Cavaliers[28][29] David Blu (formerly "Bluthenthal"), US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 7" forward (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[30] Harry Boykoff, US, NBA 6' 10" center[31] Tal Brody, US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 2" shooting guard[8] Larry Brown, US, ABA 5' 9" point guard, 3x All-Star, 3x assists leader, NCAA National Championship coach (1988), NBA coach, Olympic champion, Hall of Fame[8][26] Omri Casspi, Israel, 6' 9" small forward, drafted in 1st round of 2009 NBA Draft (Sacramento Kings)[32] Shay Doron, Israel & US, WNBA 5' 9" guard (New York Liberty)[33] Lior Eliyahu, Israel, 6' 9" power forward, NBA draft 2006 (Orlando Magic; traded to Houston Rockets), playing in the Euroleague (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Jordan Farmar, US, NBA 6' 2" point guard (Los Angeles Clippers)[35] Marty Friedman, US, 5' 7" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Ernie Grunfeld, Romania-born US, NBA 6' 6" guard/forward & GM, Olympic champion[36] Yotam Halperin, Israel, 6' 5" guard, drafted in 2006 NBA draft by Seattle SuperSonics (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Sonny Hertzberg, US, NBA 5' 9" point guard, original NY Knickerbocker[37] Art Heyman, US, NBA 6' 5" forward/guard[37] Nat Holman, US, ABL 5' 11" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Red Holzman, US, BAA & NBA 5' 10" guard, 2x All-Star, & NBA coach, NBA Coach of the Year, Hall of Fame[8] Eban Hyams, India-Israel-Australia, 6' 5" guard formerly of the Australian National Basketball League, Israeli Super League, first ever Indian national to play in ULEB competitions[38] Barry Kramer, first team All-American at NYU in 1963 Joel Kramer, US Phoenix Suns 6'7" forward Sylven Landesberg, US, 6' 6" former UVA shooting guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[39] Rudy LaRusso, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 5x All-Star[40] Nancy Lieberman, US, WNBA player, general manager, & coach, Olympic silver, Hall of Fame[26][41] Gal Mekel, Israel, NBA 6' 3" point guard (Dallas Mavericks)[42] Bernard Opper, US, NBL and ABL 5' 10" guard, All-American at University of Kentucky Donna Orender (née Geils), US, Women's Pro Basketball League 5' 7" point guard, All-Star, current WNBA president[37] Lennie Rosenbluth, US, NBA 6' 4" forward[36] Danny Schayes, US, NBA 6' 11" center/forward (son of Dolph Schayes)[37] Dolph Schayes, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 3x FT% leader, 1x rebound leader, 12x All-Star, Hall of Fame, & coach (father of Danny Schayes)[8] Ossie Schectman, US, NBA 6' 0" guard, scorer of first NBA basket[36] Doron Sheffer, US (college), Maccabi Tel Aviv,Hapoel Jerusalem Jon Scheyer, US, All-American Duke University 6' 5" shooting guard & point guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[43] Barney Sedran, US, Hudson River League & New York State League 5' 4" guard, Hall of Fame[8] Sidney Tannenbaum, US, BAA 6' 0" guard, 2x All-American, left as NYU all-time scorer[8] Alex Tyus, US & Israel, 6' 8" power forward/center (Maccabi Tel Aviv) Neal Walk, US, NBA 6' 10" center[37] Max Zaslofsky, US, NBA 6' 2" guard/forward, 1x FT% leader, 1x points leader, All-Star, ABA coach[8] Bowling[edit] Barry Asher, 10 PBA titles, PBA Hall of Fame[7] Marshall Holman, 22 PBA titles (11th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[44] Mark Roth, 34 PBA titles (5th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[45] Boxing[edit] Yuri Foreman Zab Judah Dmitry Salita Barney Aaron (Young), English-born US lightweight, Hall of Fame[46] Abe Attell ("The Little Hebrew"), US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Monte Attell ("The Knob Hill Terror"), US, bantamweight[47] Max Baer ("Madcap Maxie"), US, world champion heavyweight. Wore a Star of David on his trunks; inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Hall of Fame/[48] Benny Bass ("Little Fish"), US, world champion featherweight & world champion junior lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Fabrice Benichou, France, world champion super bantamweight[34] Jack Kid Berg (Judah Bergman), England, world champion junior welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Maxie Berger, Canada, wore a Star of David on his trunks[49] Samuel Berger, US, Olympic champion heavyweight[8] Jack Bernstein (also "John Dodick", "Kid Murphy", and "Young Murphy"), US, world champion junior lightweight[8] Nathan "Nat" Bor, US, Olympic bronze lightweight[26] Mushy Callahan (Vincente Sheer), US, world champion light welterweight[47] Joe Choynski ("Chrysanthemum Joe"), US, heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Robert Cohen, French & Algerian, world champion bantamweight[8] Al "Bummy" Davis (Abraham Davidoff), US, welterweight & lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[47] Louis "Red" Deutsch, US, heavyweight, later famous as the proprietor of the Tube Bar in Jersey City, NJ and inspiration for Moe Szyslak on "The Simpsons" Carolina Duer ("The Turk"), Argentine, WBO world champion super flyweight and bantamweight[51] John "Jackie" Fields (Jacob Finkelstein), US, world champion welterweight & Olympic champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Hagar Finer, Israel, WIBF champion bantamweight[52] Yuri Foreman, Belarusian-born Israeli US middleweight and World Boxing Association champion super welterweight[53] György Gedó, Hungary, Olympic champion light flyweight[41] Abe Goldstein, US, world champion bantamweight[54] Ruby Goldstein ("Ruby the Jewel of the Ghetto"), US, welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[8] Roman Greenberg ("The Lion from Zion"), Israel, International Boxing Organization's Intercontinental champion heavyweight[53] Stéphane Haccoun, France, featherweight, super featherweight, and junior lightweight[55][56] Alphonse Halimi ("La Petite Terreur"), France, world champion bantamweight[8] Harry Harris ("The Human Hairpin"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Gary Jacobs, Scottish, British, Commonwealth, and European (EBU) champion welterweight[57] Ben Jeby (Morris Jebaltowsky), US, world champion middleweight[47] Yoel Judah, US, 3x world champion kickboxer and boxer & trainer[58] Zab Judah ("Super"), US, world champion junior welterweight & world champion welterweight (Converted to Christianity)[58][59][60][61] Louis Kaplan ("Kid Kaplan"), Russian-born US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Solly Krieger ("Danny Auerbach"), US, world champion middleweight[8] Julie Kogon US, 1947 New England Lightweight Champion. Inducted into the Connecticut Boxing Hall of Fame. Benny Leonard (Benjamin Leiner; "The Ghetto Wizard"), US, world champion lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Battling Levinsky (Barney Lebrowitz), US, world champion light heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] King Levinsky (Harry Kraków), US, heavweight, also known as Kingfish Levinsky[8] Harry Lewis (Harry Besterman), US, world champion welterweight[47] Ted "Kid" Lewis (Gershon Mendeloff), England, world champion welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Sammy Luftspring, Canada, Canadian champion welterweight, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame[47] Saoul Mamby, US, world champion junior welterweight[47] Al McCoy (Alexander Rudolph), US, world champion middleweight[8] Daniel Mendoza, England, world champion heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] Jacob Michaelsen, Denmark, Olympic bronze heavyweight[26] Samuel Mosberg, US, Olympic champion lightweight[8] Bob Olin, US, world champion light heavyweight[62] Victor Perez ("Young"), Tunisian, world champion flyweight[8] Harold Reitman ("The Boxing Doctor"), professional heavyweight that fought while working as surgeon, Golden Gloves champion.[63] Charlie Phil Rosenberg ("Charles Green"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Dana Rosenblatt ("Dangerous"), US, world champion middleweight[64] Maxie Rosenbloom ("Slapsie"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Barney Ross (Dov-Ber Rasofsky), US, world champion lightweight & junior welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Mike Rossman (Michael Albert DiPiano; "The Jewish Bomber"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore Star of David on trunks[64] Shamil Sabirov, Russia, Olympic champion light flyweight[26] Dmitry Salita ("Star of David"), US, North American Boxing Association champion light welterweight[65] Isadore "Corporal Izzy" Schwartz ("The Ghetto Midget"), US, world champion flyweight[8] Al Singer ("The Bronx Beauty"), US, world champion lightweight[47] "Lefty" Lew Tendler, US, bantamweight, lightweight, and welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Sid Terris ("Ghost of the Ghetto"), US, lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[54] Matt Wels, England, champion of Great Britain lightweight and world champion welterweight Canoeing[edit] Jessica Fox Shaun Rubenstein László Fábián, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic champion (K-2 10,000 meter), 4x world champion (3x K-2 10,000 meter and 1x K-4 10,000 meter) and one silver (K-4 10,000 meter)[26] Imre Farkas, Hungary, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000 and 10,000 meter)[66] Jessica Fox, French-born Australian, slalom canoer, Olympic silver (K-1 slalom), world championships bronze (C-1)[67] Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi, France, slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), 5 golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (2x K-1, 3x K-1 team)[41] Klára Fried-Bánfalvi, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (K-2 500 m), world champion (K-2 500 m)[26] Leonid Geishtor, USSR (Belarus), sprint canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian pairs 1,000-meter)[41] Joe Jacobi, US, slalom canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian slalom pairs)[41] Michael Kolganov, Soviet (Uzbek)-born Israeli, sprint canoer, world champion, Olympic bronze (K-1 500-meter)[41] Anna Pfeffer, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic 2x silver (K-2 500 m), bronze (K-1 500 m); world champion (K-2 500 m), silver (K-4 500 m), 2x bronze (K-2 500)[26] Naum Prokupets, Moldovan-born Soviet, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000-meter), gold (C-2 10,000-meter) at ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships[41] Leon Rotman, Romanian, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic champion (C-1 10,000 meter, C-1 1,000-meter) and bronze (C-1 1,000-meter), 14 national titles[41] Shaun Rubenstein, South Africa, canoer, World Marathon champion 2006[68] Cricket[edit] Michael Klinger Ben Ashkenazi, Australia (Victorian Bushrangers) Ali Bacher, South Africa, batsman and administrator (relative of Adam Bacher)[69] Mike Barnard, England, cricketer[69] Mark Bott, England, cricketer[70] Stevie Eskinazi, South African born, Australian raised, English wicketkeeper Mark Fuzes. Australian all rounder played for Hong Kong. Father Peter Fuzes kept goal for Australian Soccer team (see)[71] Dennis Gamsy, South Africa, Test wicket-keeper[72] Darren Gerard, England, cricketer[73] Norman Gordon, South Africa, fast bowler[69] Steven Herzberg, English-born Australian, cricketer[74] Sid Kiel, South Africa, opening batsman (Western Province)[75] Michael Klinger, Australia, batsman (Western Warriors)[69] Leonard "Jock" Livingston, Australia, cricketer[69] Bev Lyon, England, cricketer[69] Dar Lyon, England, cricketer (brother of Bev)[69] Greg, Jason, and Lara Molins, two brothers and a cousin from the same Irish family[74] Jon Moss, Australia, allrounder (Victorian Bushrangers)[69] John Raphael, England, batsman[69] Marshall Rosen, NSW Australia, cricketer and selector[76] Lawrence Seeff, South Africa, batsmen[77] Maurice Sievers, Australia, lower order batsman and fast-medium bowler[69] Bensiyon Songavkar, India, cricketer, MVP of 2009 Maccabiah Games cricket tournament[78] Fred Susskind, South Africa, Test batsman[69] Fred Trueman, England, English test fast bowler (a lifelong Christian)[69] Julien Wiener, Australia, Test cricketer[69] Mandy Yachad, South Africa, Test cricketer[69] Equestrian[edit] Margie Goldstein-Engle Robert Dover, US, 4x Olympic bronze, 1x world championship bronze (dressage)[79] Margie Goldstein-Engle, US, world championship silver, Pan American Games gold, silver, and bronze (jumping)[80] Edith Master, US, Olympic bronze (dressage)[26] Fencing[edit] Helene Mayer Soren Thompson Henri Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), Olympic champion[26] Paul Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), 2x Olympic champion[26] Norman Armitage (Norman Cohn), US (sabre), 17x US champion, Olympic bronze[26] Albert "Albie" Axelrod, US (foil); Olympic bronze, 4x US champion[8] Péter Bakonyi, Hungary (saber), Olympic 3x bronze[41] Cliff Bayer, US (foil); youngest US champion[37] Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy), Austria (saber), Olympic silver[41] Tamir Bloom, US (épée); 2x US champion[37] Daniel Bukantz, US (foil); 4x US champion[37] Sergey Sharikov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver, bronze[26] Yves Dreyfus, France (épée), Olympic bronze, French champion[26] Ilona Elek, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Boaz Ellis, Israel (foil), 5x Israeli champion[34] Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch, Austria (sabre), Olympic bronze[26] Dr. Dezsö Földes, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Dr. Jenö Fuchs, Hungary (saber), 4x Olympic champion[81] Támas Gábor, Hungary (épée), Olympic champion[8] János Garay, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion, silver, bronze, killed by the Nazis[8] Dr. Oskar Gerde, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dr. Sándor Gombos, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion[62] Vadim Gutzeit, Ukraine (saber), Olympic champion[82] Johan Harmenberg, Sweden (épée), Olympic champion[26] Delila Hatuel, Israel (foil), Olympian, ranked # 9 in world[83] Lydia Hatuel-Zuckerman, Israel (foil), 6x Israeli champion[84][85] Dr. Otto Herschmann, Austria (saber), Olympic silver[26] Emily Jacobson, US (saber), NCAA champion[86] Sada Jacobson, US (saber), ranked # 1 in the world, Olympic silver, 2x bronze[86] Allan Jay, British (épée & foil), Olympic 2x silver, world champion[26] Endre Kabos, Hungary (saber), 3x Olympic champion, bronze[26] Roman Kantor, Poland (épée), Nordic champion & Soviet champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dan Kellner, US (foil), US champion[86] Byron Krieger, US[87] Grigory Kriss, Soviet (épée), Olympic champion, 2x silver[26] Allan Kwartler, US (saber), 3x Pan American Games champion[10] Alexandre Lippmann, France (épée), 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver, bronze[8] Helene Mayer, Germany & US (foil), Olympic champion[26] Ljubco Georgievski ????? ??????????? Kiro Gligorov ???? ???????? Nikola Gruevski ?????? ???????? Gjorge Ivanov ????? ?????? Gordana Jankuloska ??????? ?????????? Zoran Jolevski ????? ???????? Srgjan Kerim ????? ????? Lazar Koliševski ????? ?????????? Hari Kostov ???? ?????? Trifun Kostovski ?????? ????????? Ilinka Mitreva ?????? ??????? Lazar Mojsov ????? ?????? Tito Petkovski ???? ????????? Lui Temelkovski ??? ??????????? Boris Trajkovski ????? ?????????? Vasil Tupurkovski ????? ??????????? Zoran Zaev ????? ???? Partisans World War II freedom fighters edit Mirce Acev ????? ???? Mihajlo Apostolski ????j?? ?????????? Cede Filipovski Dame ???? ?????????? ???? Blagoj Jankov Muceto ?????? ?????? ?????? Orce Nikolov ???? ??????? Strašo Pindžur ?????? ?????? Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ????????? ?????????? ?????? Revolutionaries edit Yordan Piperkata ?????? ???????? ????????? Goce Delcev ???? ????? Petar Pop Arsov ????? ??? ????? Dame Gruev ???? ????? Jane Sandanski ???? ????????? Dimitar Pop Georgiev Berovski ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player