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Virtual private LAN service (VPLS) Developed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Virtual LANs (VLANs) allow multiple tagged LANs to share common trunking. VLANs frequently comprise only customer-owned facilities. Whereas VPLS as described in the above section (OSI Layer 1 services) supports emulation of both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint topologies, the method discussed here extends Layer 2 technologies such as 802.1d and 802.1q LAN trunking to run over transports such as Metro Ethernet. As used in this context, a VPLS is a Layer 2 PPVPN, emulating the full functionality of a traditional LAN. From a user standpoint, a VPLS makes it possible to interconnect several LAN segments over a packet-switched, or optical, provider core, a core transparent to the user, making the remote LAN segments behave as one single LAN.[17] In a VPLS, the provider network emulates a learning bridge, which optionally may include VLAN service.
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Pseudo wire (PW) PW is similar to VPLS, but it can provide different L2 protocols at both ends. Typically, its interface is a WAN protocol such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode or Frame Relay. In contrast, when aiming to provide the appearance of a LAN contiguous between two or more locations, the Virtual Private LAN service or IPLS would be appropriate. Ethernet over IP tunneling EtherIP (RFC 3378)[18] is an Ethernet over IP tunneling protocol specification. EtherIP has only packet encapsulation mechanism. It has no confidentiality nor message integrity protection. EtherIP was introduced in the FreeBSD network stack[19] and the SoftEther VPN[20] server program. IP-only LAN-like service (IPLS) A subset of VPLS, the CE devices must have Layer 3 capabilities; the IPLS presents packets rather than frames. It may support IPv4 or IPv6. OSI Layer 3 PPVPN architectures This section discusses the main architectures for PPVPNs, one where the PE disambiguates duplicate addresses in a single routing instance, and the other, virtual router, in which the PE contains a virtual router instance per VPN. The former approach, and its variants, have gained the most attention. One of the challenges of PPVPNs involves different customers using the same address space, especially the IPv4 private address space.[21] The provider must be able to disambiguate overlapping addresses in the multiple customers' PPVPNs. BGP/MPLS PPVPN In the method defined by RFC 2547, BGP extensions advertise routes in the IPv4 VPN address family, which are of the form of 12-byte strings, beginning with an 8-byte route distinguisher (RD) and ending with a 4-byte IPv4 address. RDs disambiguate otherwise duplicate addresses in the same PE. PEs understand the topology of each VPN, which are interconnected with MPLS tunnels either directly or via P routers. In MPLS terminology, the P routers are Label Switch Routers without awareness of VPNs. Virtual router PPVPN The virtual router architecture,[22][23] as opposed to BGP/MPLS techniques, requires no modification to existing routing protocols such as BGP. By the provisioning of logically independent routing domains, the customer operating a VPN is completely responsible for the address space. In the various MPLS tunnels, the different PPVPNs are disambiguated by their label but do not need routing distinguishers. Unencrypted tunnels Some virtual networks use tunneling protocols without encryption for protecting the privacy of data. While VPNs often do provide security, an unencrypted overlay network does not neatly fit within the secure or trusted categorization.[24] For example, a tunnel set up between two hosts with Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is a virtual private network but is neither secure nor trusted.[25][26] Native plaintext tunneling protocols include Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) when it is set up without IPsec and Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) or Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE).[27] Trusted delivery networks Trusted VPNs do not use cryptographic tunneling; instead they rely on the security of a single provider's network to protect the traffic.[28] Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) often overlays VPNs, often with quality-of-service control over a trusted delivery network. L2TP[29] which is a standards-based replacement, and a compromise taking the good features from each, for two proprietary VPN protocols: Cisco's Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F)[30] (obsolete as of 2009) and Microsoft's Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP).[31] From the security standpoint, VPNs either trust the underlying delivery network or must enforce security with mechanisms in the VPN itself. Unless the trusted delivery network runs among physically secure sites only, both trusted and secure models need an authentication mechanism for users to gain access to the VPN. Types of deployment VPNs in mobile environments Users utilize mobile virtual private networks in settings where an endpoint of the VPN is not fixed to a single IP address, but instead roams across various networks such as data networks from cellular carriers or between multiple Wi-Fi access points without dropping the secure VPN session or losing application sessions.[32] Mobile VPNs are widely used in public safety where they give law-enforcement officers access to applications such as computer-assisted dispatch and criminal databases,[33] and in other organizations with similar requirements such as Field service management and healthcare[34][need quotation to verify]. Commercial mobile VPNs are frequently used for public Wi-Fi network safety. VPN on routers With the increasing use of VPNs, many have started deploying VPN connectivity on routers for additional security and encryption of data transmission by using various cryptographic techniques.[35] Home users usually deploy VPNs on their routers to protect devices such as smart TVs or gaming consoles, which are not supported by native VPN clients. Supported devices are not restricted to those capable of running a VPN client.[36] Many router manufacturers supply routers with built-in VPN clients. Some use open-source firmware such as DD-WRT, OpenWRT and Tomato in order to support additional protocols such as OpenVPN. Setting up VPN services on a router requires a deep knowledge of network security and careful installation. Minor misconfiguration of VPN connections can leave the network vulnerable. Performance will vary depending on the Internet service provider (ISP).[37] Networking limitations A limitation of traditional VPNs is that they are point-to-point connections and do not tend to support broadcast domains; therefore, communication, software, and networking, which are based on layer 2 and broadcast packets, such as NetBIOS used in Windows networking, may not be fully supported as on a local area network. Variants on VPN such as Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) and layer 2 tunneling protocols are designed to overcome this limitation.[38] VPN services See also: Comparison of virtual private network services A wide variety of (typically commercial) entities provide "VPNs" for all kinds of purposes, but depending on the provider and the application, they often do not create a true "private network" with anything meaningful on the local network. Nonetheless the term is increasingly prevalent. The general public has come to mainly use the term VPN service or just VPN specifically for a commercially marketed product or service that uses a VPN protocol to tunnel the user's internet traffic so an IP address of the service provider's server appears to the public to be the IP address of the user. Depending on the features properly implemented, the user's traffic, location and/or real IP may be hidden from the public, thereby providing the desired internet access features offered, such as Internet censorship circumvention, anonymization, and geo-unblocking. They tunnel the user's internet traffic securely only between the public internet and the user's device and there is typically no way for a user's devices connected to the same "VPN" to see each other. These VPNs can be based on typical VPN protocols or more camouflaged VPN implementations like SoftEther VPN, but proxy protocols like Shadowsocks are used as well.[39] These VPNs are usually marketed as privacy protection services. On the client side, a common VPN setup is by design not a conventional VPN, but does typically use the operating system's VPN interfaces to capture a user's data to send through. This include virtual network adapters on computer OSes and specialized "VPN" interfaces on mobile operating systems. A less common alternative is to provide a SOCKS proxy interface. Users must consider that when the transmitted content is not encrypted before entering a VPN, that data is visible at the receiving endpoint (usually the public VPN provider's site) regardless of whether the VPN tunnel wrapper itself is encrypted for the inter-node transport. The only secure VPN is where the participants have oversight at both ends of the entire data path, or the content is encrypted before it enters the tunnel provider. Legality Further information: VPN blocking Unapproved VPNs are reportedly illegal in China, as they can be used to circumvent the Great Firewall. (VPN refers to any protocol that tunnels traffic out elsewhere, as above


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