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Home video History Preproduction Post series syndication References Further reading External links Background edit Premise edit Tiny Toon Adventures is a cartoon set in the fictional town of Acme Acres where most of the Tiny Toons and Looney Tunes characters live The characters attend Acme Looniversity a school whose faculty primarily consists of the mainstays of the classic Warner Bros cartoons such as Bugs Bunny Daffy Duck Porky Pig Sylvester the Cat Wile E Coyote and Elmer Fudd In the series the university is founded to teach cartoon characters how to become funny The school is not featured in every episode as not all of its storylines revolve around the school Like the Looney Tunes the series makes use of cartoon violence e g anvils falling on someone liberal use of explosives and slapstick The series parodies and references the current events of the early s and Hollywood culture Occasionally episodes delve into veiled ethical and morality stories of ecology self esteem and crime Characters edit Artwork displaying a majority of the Tiny Toon cast Main article List of Tiny Toon Adventures characters The series centers on a group of young cartoon characters who attend a school called Acme Looniversity to be the next generation of Looney Tunes characters Most of the Tiny Toons characters were designed to resemble younger versions of Warner Bros most popular Looney Tunes animal characters by exhibiting similar traits and looks The two main characters are both rabbits Buster Bunny a blue male rabbit and Babs Bunny a pink female rabbit Other major characters in the cast are generally nonhuman as well These include Plucky Duck a green male duck Hamton J Pig a pink male pig Fifi La Fume a purple and white female skunk Shirley the Loon a white female loon Dizzy Devil a purple tasmanian devil Furrball a blue cat Sweetie Pie a pink canary Calamity Coyote a bluish gray coyote Little Beeper a red orange roadrunner and Gogo Dodo a zany green dodo Two human characters Montana Max and Elmyra Duff are regarded as

Sister channels Boomerang Adult Swim Notes References External links History edit Cartoon Network started its broadcast in Australia in as the dual channel TNT Cartoon Network as part of the Foxtel cable TV launch operating from a m to p m with Turner Classic Movies formerly TNT taking the remainder of the daily schedule On July Cartoon Network Australia became a separate hour channel with exclusive local feeds for Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Perth Adelaide Newcastle Darwin etc It originally aired only Hanna Barbera cartoons such as Yogi Bear Top Cat The Flintstones etc The channel quickly started to develop though airing for the first time MGM cartoons Tom and Jerry Droopy and Spike and Tyke on January and after Time Warner s purchase of Turner in Warner Bros shows Looney Tunes and several other Looney Tunes related cartoons on January In Mid Cartoon Network started to air its first original shows Space Ghost Coast to Coast Dexter s Laboratory and The Moxy Show however The Moxy Show was soon cancelled On August Cartoon Network introduced a new rebrand introducing new bumpers new shows and a new powerhouse theme In April the channel was added to TransTV In addition Cartoon Network for a brief period would show segments of kids getting prizes during the holidays but this was axed from poor viewer response Cartoon Network had up until mid been tied with the Disney Channel as Australia s most popular family network The removal of older programming from the network during this period led to a fall in average audience share during as fans of older cartoons moved to Boomerang Cartoon Network had slipped to second spot among Australian family networks behind the Disney Channel by the end of the Powerhouse Era On August the bumpers were replaced with D animations of a "City" that all the Cartoon Network toons lived in Show specific bumpers were replaced with D animations of a well known scene from the particular show Between January and May Cartoon Network phased out all Hanna Barbera animation and shows previously labelled Cartoon Cartoons In February Adult swim relaunched on The Comedy Channel airing shows such as Robot Chicken and Harvey Birdman Attorney at Law On August the format of Cartoon Network s bumpers and commercials changed and the Cartoon Network Theatre and Fridays Flicks were renamed to Cartoon Network Popcorn This mimics a similar decision made by Cartoon Network Southeast Asia with the major visual theme being the recurring dynamic line on the network s official website and also in all the Station IDs bumpers etc Cartoon Network also transferred from to broadcasting on November as part of Foxtel s plan to convert all of its channels to widescreen before the end of The last show shown in this era was What s New Scooby Doo on Good Morning Scooby On September Cartoon Network Australia advertised the premiere of The Amazing World of Gumball October along with a new theme On October Cartoon Network introduced its new branding and logo Designed by Brand New School it makes heavy use of a black and white checkerboard motif as well as various CMYK color variations and patterns The slogan It s a Fun Thing was also introduced As of August Cartoon Network has once again assumed the mantle of being the most watched children s network on Australian subscription TV albeit tied with the Disney Channel and the equal th most watched subscription channel overall The network has not held this position on a consistent basis since Cartoon Network Popcorn edit Cartoon Network Popcorn Cinema offers some series in Hoyts Village and Event Cinemas The films are distributed by Fourth Wall Distribution Programming edit Current programming edit Adventure Time The Amazing World of Gumball Ben Omniverse Beyblade Metal Fusion DreamWorks Dragons Riders of Berk George of the Jungle Hungry Heart Wild Striker Lego Legends of Chima Lego Ninjago Masters of Spinjitzu Max Steel Pokémon Black White Rival Destinies Regular Show Sonic Boom Steven Universe Teen Titans Go The Tom Jerry Show Total Drama All Stars Transformers Prime Transformers Robots in Disguise Uncle Grandpa Wakfu Madman Entertainment is an Australian company that distributes Australian and international films as well as Japanese anime and manga in Australia and New Zealand Madman is one of the major entertainment companies in Australia It employs approx people and has an annual turnover of around A million Its headquarters is in Richmond Victoria Madman has secured the local release rights to popular titles including One Piece Dragon Ball Neon Genesis Evangelion Akira and almost all of Studio Ghibli s catalogue In addition to DVD sales Madman manages the theatrical release of some of their titles particularly the Studio Ghibli movies According to market research Madman accounts for of the total anime DVD market in Australia citation needed Contents History Video on demand display VOD are systems which allow users to select and watch listen to video or audio content when they choose to rather than having to watch at a specific broadcast time IPTV technology is often used to bring video on demand to televisions and personal computers Television VOD systems can either stream content through a set top box a computer or other device allowing viewing in real time or download it to a device such as a computer digital video recorder also called a personal video recorder or portable media player for viewing at any time The majority of cable and telco based television providers offer both VOD streaming including pay per view and free content whereby a user buys or selects a movie or television program and it begins to play on the television set almost instantaneously or downloading to a DVR rented from the provider or downloaded onto a PC for viewing in the future Internet television using the Internet is an increasingly popular form of video on demand Some airlines offer VOD as in flight entertainment to passengers through individually controlled video screens embedded in seatbacks or armrests or offered via portable media players Some video on demand services such as Netflix use a subscription model that requires users to pay a monthly fee to access a bundled set of content Other services use an advertising based model where access is free for users and the platforms rely on selling advertisements as a main revenue stream Contents Early development Functionality History Role of piracy and peer to peer Types of VOD Catch up TV Music On Demand is a music distribution model conceived with the growth of two way computing telecommunications and the Internet in the early s Primarily high quality music is made available to purchase access and play back using software on the Apple Macintosh Microsoft Windows set top boxes and mobile devices from an available distribution point such as a computer host or server located at a telephone cable TV or wireless data center facility In computer modem speeds were limited to less than thousand bits per second kbit s compared with uncompressed music on compact disc CD that required thousand bytes per second As a result additional bandwidth is required to accommodate delivering audio at CD quality standards bit frame kHz sampling rate stereophonic two channel audio This prompted telephony CATV cellular and satellite providers to consider changing standards assisting in creating the information superhighway in terms of building higher capacity for existing telecommunications infrastructures Early attempts at designing and developing music on demand technology in accordance with the laws of the United States such as the Home Recording Act of include Access Media Network AMN by inventor Dale Schalow Schalow born in Virginia was an independent audio engineer and programmer in Los Angeles California who helped record albums and music scores for David Bowie Tin Machine Cypress Hill House of Pain Beastie Boys Interscope and Warner Brothers A multiplexed music on demand model was deployed using PCM audio sampling devices Apple IIci the KERMIT computer file transfer protocol and SCSI storage systems by Schalow to validate processing bit multi channel audio from point to point in a professional recording studio environment including his own independently operated Dascha company and Fresh Recordings The model conceived was introduced by Schalow to Apple Computer in after he submitted an entry into the "I Changed the World" contest essentially describing how an Apple computer helped shape and change the world forever based upon its usage Apple acknowledged the "Accessible Music Network" AMN by awarding Schalow Honorable Mention and sending him a simple gray T shirt with the Apple logo on it Stand alone software created by AMN for consumer based access was then developed for the Microsoft Windows computer operating system as well as set top box design prototypes conceptualized with D prototype imaging that required a telephone connector located next to a coaxial cable TV connector to converge low speed data uplinking with high speed downloading interactive communications Presently music on demand is still the center of controversy with a focus on illegal music downloading peer to peer file swapping and the lag of legislation for rapidly changing technology on the Internet Record labels represented by the RIAA as well as publishers and song writers have vigorously defended copyrighted materials and have been successful in enforcing current laws for protecting their intellectual property As of the new music industry has seen a rapid growth in overall revenues for legal digital music sales that has resulted in hitting and surpassing one billion dollars annually Bibliography edit TIME Magazine April Coming to Your TV Screen The Info Highway "I Changed the World" Apple Computer Contest Spring Cupertino CA Eisenmann Thomas R "The U S Cable Television Industry Managerial Capitalism in Eclipse" Business History Review – Stern Christopher July "Bell Atlantic first with video dialtone" Broadcasting Cable doi "AccessMusicNetwork com Announces Internet Radio Toolkit for Professionals" Nov PRNewswire via Reuters and James Madison University Harrisonburg Virginia Alumni Newsroom Public Relations Subscription models The Business History Review is a scholarly quarterly published by Cambridge University Press for Harvard Business School Business History Review is a peer reviewed academic journal covering the field of business history It was established in by Harvard University Press as the continuation of the Bulletin of the Business Historical Society The journal is one of the leading scholarly journals in the field of business history alongside Enterprise Society and Business History The Business History Review traces it origins to with the publication of Harvard s Bulletin of the Business Historical Society The Bulletin aimed “to encourage and aid the study of the evolution of business in all periods and in all countries” and devoted much space to describing the growing archival collections of Harvard s Baker Library Henrietta Larson whose Guide to Business History also documented the scope of available research materials was editor from to In the Bulletin changed its name to Business History Review and took its current format of publishing peer reviewed research articles and book reviews In these years the intellectual framework of the field of business history was defined by the work of Alfred D Chandler Jr who published research articles in the journal One of the most popular with Google Scholar cites was his piece “The Beginnings of Big Business in American Industry ” which explored the question of why large vertically integrated corporations were formed in the late nineteenth century and why they took the structure they did Another highly cited article Google Scholar cites from was “The Emerging Organizational Synthesis in American History” by Louis Galambos which also focused on explaining the growth of bureaucratic structures in the United States In Business History Review published its first special issue on the multinational corporation Included in the issue was an article on oil companies operating in South America by Mira Wilkins who pioneered the field of international business history The journal also expanded its focus beyond the workings of business enterprise to cover business government relations In Thomas K McCraw who edited the journal from to published “Regulation in America A Review Article ” In the current editors Walter A Friedman and Geoffrey Jones academic listed the BHR s core subjects as innovation globalization entrepreneurship business and the environment business and government and business and democracy In the journal had an impact factor of with a year impact factor of and was rated as a by the British Academic Journal Guide a is the highest rating Near video on demand Geoffrey G Jones is a British born business historian He became a U S citizen in He is currently Isidor Straus Professor of Business History at Harvard Business School The previous holders of this Chair which was the first in the world in business history being founded in included Alfred D Chandler Jr and Thomas K McCraw Jones s works have concentrated on the historical evolution of globalization international banking and trading and foreign direct investment by multinationals He has published histories of Unilever and is now writing a history of green entrepreneurship since the nineteenth century Contents The Journal of International Business Studies is a double blind peer reviewed academic journal and the official publication of the Academy of International Business It is published by Palgrave Macmillan and covers research on international business The journal was established in and is edited by John Cantwell Rutgers University According to the Journal Citation Reports its impact factor is ranking it th out of in the "Business" category and th out of in the "Management" category Contents Editors Most cited articles The impact factor IF of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from for those journals that are indexed in the Journal Citation Reports Contents Calculation Use Criticisms Validity as a measure of importance Reliance on integrity of authors Editorial policies that affect the impact factor Responses Other measures of impact Journal level PageRank algorithm Other level metrics References Further reading External links Calculation edit In any given year the impact factor of a journal is the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years For example if a journal has an impact factor of in then its papers published in and received citations each on average in The impact factor of a journal would be calculated as follows impact factor A B where A the number of times that all items published in that journal in and were cited by indexed publications during B the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in and "Citable items" for this calculation are usually articles reviews proceedings or notes not editorials or letters to the editor Note that impact factors are actually published in they cannot be calculated until all of the publications have been processed by the indexing agency New journals which are indexed from their first published issue will receive an impact factor after two years of indexing in this case the citations to the year prior to Volume and the number of articles published in the year prior to Volume are known zero values Journals that are indexed starting with a volume other than the first volume will not get an impact factor until they have been indexed for three years Occasionally Thomson Reuters assigns an impact factor to new journals with less than two years of indexing based on partial citation data Annuals and other irregular publications sometimes publish no items in a particular year affecting the count The impact factor relates to a specific time period it is possible to calculate it for any desired period and the Journal Citation Reports JCR also includes a five year impact factor The JCR shows rankings of journals by impact factor if desired by discipline such as organic chemistry or psychiatry Use edit The impact factor is used to compare different journals within a certain field The ISI Web of Knowledge indexes more than science and social science journals It is possible to examine the impact factor of the journals in which a particular person has published articles This use is widespread but controversial Garfield warns about the "misuse in evaluating individuals" because there is "a wide variation from article to article within a single journal" Impact factors have a large but controversial influence on the way published scientific research is perceived and evaluated Some companies are producing false impact factors Criticisms edit Numerous criticisms have been made of the use of an impact factor For one thing the impact factor might not be consistently reproduced in an independent audit There is a more general debate on the validity of the impact factor as a measure of journal importance and the effect of policies that editors may adopt to boost their impact factor perhaps to the detriment of readers and writers Other criticism focuses on the effect of the impact factor on behavior of scholars editors and other stakeholders Another reason that can invalidate this technique is that there is a general tendency on the part of a citing individual to be influenced by the already indicated IF Validity as a measure of importance edit It s been stated that impact factors and citation analysis in general are affected by field dependent factors which may invalidate comparisons not only across disciplines but even within different fields of research of one discipline The percentage of total citations occurring in the first two years after publication also varies highly among disciplines from – in the mathematical and physical sciences to – in the biological sciences Thus impact factors cannot be used to compare journals across disciplines

The impact factor is based on the arithmetic mean number of citations per paper yet citation counts follow a Bradford distribution i e a power law distribution and therefore the arithmetic mean is a statistically inappropriate measure For example about of Nature s impact factor was based on only a quarter of its publications and thus the importance of any one publication will be different from and in most cases less than the overall number Furthermore the strength of the relationship between impact factors of journals and the citation rates of the papers therein has been steadily decreasing since articles began to be available digitally This problem is exacerbated when the use of impact factors is extended to evaluate not only the journals but the papers therein The Higher Education Funding Council for England was urged by the House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee to remind Research Assessment Exercise panels that they are obliged to assess the quality of the content of individual articles not the reputation of the journal in which they are published The effect of outliers can be seen in the case of the article "A short history of SHELX" which included this sentence "This paper could serve as a general literature citation when one or more of the open source SHELX programs and the Bruker AXS version SHELXTL are employed in the course of a crystal structure determination" This article received more than citations As a consequence the impact factor of the journal Acta Crystallographica Section A rose from in to in more than Nature at and Science at The second most cited article in Acta Crystallographica Section A in only had citations Finally journal rankings constructed based solely on impact factors only moderately correlate with those compiled from the results of expert surveys It is important to note that impact factor is a journal metric and should not be used to assess individual researchers or institutions Reliance on integrity of authors edit A E Cawkell sometime Director of Research at the Institute for Scientific Information remarked that the Science Citation Index SCI on which the impact factor is based would work perfectly if every author meticulously cited only the earlier work related to his theme if it covered every scientific journal published anywhere in the world and if it were free from economic constraints Editorial policies that affect the impact factor edit It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article titled Citation manipulation Discuss November A journal can adopt editorial policies to increase its impact factor For example journals may publish a larger percentage of review articles which generally are cited more than research reports Thus review articles can raise the impact factor of the journal and review journals will therefore often have the highest impact factors in their respective fields Some journal editors set their submissions policy to "by invitation only" to invite exclusively senior scientists to publish "citable" papers to increase the journal impact factor Journals may also attempt to limit the number of "citable items"—i e the denominator of the impact factor equation—either by declining to publish articles such as case reports in medical journals that are unlikely to be cited or by altering articles by not allowing an abstract or bibliography in hopes that Thomson Scientific will not deem it a "citable item" As a result of negotiations over whether items are "citable" impact factor variations of more than have been observed Items considered to be uncitable—and thus are not incorporated in impact factor calculations—can if cited still enter into the numerator part of the equation despite the ease with which such citations could be excluded This effect is hard to evaluate for the distinction between editorial comment and short original articles is not always obvious For example letters to the editor may refer to either class Another less insidious tactic journals employ is to publish a large portion of its papers or at least the papers expected to be highly cited early in the calendar year This gives those papers more time to gather citations Several methods not necessarily with nefarious intent exist for a journal to cite articles in the same journal which will increase the journal s impact factor Beyond editorial policies that may skew the impact factor journals can take overt steps to game the system For example in the specialist journal Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica with an impact factor of published an editorial that cited all its articles from to in a protest against the "absurd scientific situation in some countries" related to use of the impact factor The large number of citations meant that the impact factor for that journal increased to As a result of the increase the journal was not included in the and Journal Citation Reports Coercive citation is a practice in which an editor forces an author to add spurious self citations to an article before the journal will agree to publish it in order to inflate the journal s impact factor A survey published in indicates that coercive citation has been experienced by one in five researchers working in economics sociology psychology and multiple business disciplines and it is more common in business and in journals with a lower impact factor However cases of coercive citation have occasionally been reported for other scientific disciplines Responses edit Because "the impact factor is not always a reliable instrument" in November the European Association of Science Editors EASE issued an official statement recommending "that journal impact factors are used only—and cautiously—for measuring and comparing the influence of entire journals but not for the assessment of single papers and certainly not for the assessment of researchers or research programmes" In July the International Council for Science ICSU Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in the Conduct of Science CFRS issued a "statement on publication practices and indices and the role of peer review in research assessment" suggesting many possible solutions—e g considering a limit number of publications per year to be taken into consideration for each scientist or even penalising scientists for an excessive number of publications per year—e g more than In February the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft German Research Foundation published new guidelines to evaluate only articles and no bibliometric information on candidates to be evaluated in all decisions concerning "performance based funding allocations postdoctoral qualifications appointments or reviewing funding proposals where increasing importance has been given to numerical indicators such as the h index and the impact factor" This decision follows similar ones of the National Science Foundation US and the Research Assessment Exercise UK citation needed In response to growing concerns over the inappropriate use of journal impact factors in evaluating scientific outputs and scientists themselves the American Society for Cell Biology together with a group of editors and publishers of scholarly journals created the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment DORA Released in May DORA has garnered support from thousands of individuals and hundreds of institutions who have endorsed the document on the DORA website Other measures of impact edit Main article Citation metrics Social media is computer mediated tool that allow people to create share or exchange information career interests ideas and pictures videos in virtual communities and networks Social media is defined as "a group of Internet based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web and that allow the creation and exchange of user generated content " Furthermore social media depends on mobile and web based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share co create discuss and modify user generated content They introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication between businesses organizations communities and individuals These changes are the focus of the emerging field of technoself studies Social media differ from traditional or industrial media in many ways including quality reach frequency usability immediacy and permanence Social media operates in a dialogic transmission system many sources to many receivers This is in contrast to traditional media that operates under a monologic transmission model one source to many receivers "Social media has been broadly defined to refer to the many relatively inexpensive and widely accessible electronic tools that enable anyone to publish and access information collaborate on a common effort or build relationships " There are many effects that stem from internet usage According to Nielsen internet users continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other type of site At the same time the total time spent on social media in the U S across PC and mobile devices increased by percent to billion minutes in July compared to billion minutes in July For content contributors the benefits of participating in social media have gone beyond simply social sharing to building reputation and bringing in career opportunities and monetary income as discussed in Tang Gu and Whinston Contents Classification of social media Virality Mobile social media and business potential Distinction from other media Managing social media Honeycomb framework of social media Building "social authority" and vanity Social media mining Global usage Effects of using social media for news purposes History and memory effects Criticisms of social media Disparity Trustworthiness Concentration Few real impacts Reliability Ownership of social media content Privacy Effects on interpersonal relationships Positive impact of social networking Employment impact College admission Political effects of social media Social media use by extremist groups Social media and the LGBTQ community Patents Social media in the classroom Wikipedia Facebook and the classroom Twitter YouTube Advertising on social media Tweets containing advertising Censorship incidents See also References Further reading External links Classification of social media edit Classification of social media and overview of how important different types of social media e g blogs are for each of a company s operational functions e g marketing Social media technologies take on many different forms including blogs business networks enterprise social networks forums microblogs photo sharing products services review social bookmarking social gaming social networks video sharing and virtual worlds The development of social media started off with simple platforms such as sixdegrees com Unlike instant messaging clients such as ICQ and AOL s AIM sixdegrees com was the first online business that was created for real people using their real names However the first social networks were short lived because their users lost interest The Social Network Revolution has led to the rise of the networking sites Research shows that the audience spends percent of their time on social networking sites thus proving how popular social media platforms have become Virality edit Some social media sites have greater virality defined as a greater likelihood that users will reshare content posted by another user to their social network Many social media sites provide specific functionality to help users reshare content for example Twitter s retweet button Pinterest pin or Tumblr s reblog function Businesses may have a particular interest in viral marketing nonprofit organisations and activists may have similar interests in virality Mobile social media refers to the combination of mobile devices and social media This is a group of mobile marketing applications that allow the creation and exchange of user generated content Due to the fact that mobile social media run on mobile devices they differ from traditional social media by incorporating new factors such as the current location of the user location sensitivity or the time delay between sending and receiving messages time sensitivity According to Andreas Kaplan mobile social media applications can be differentiated among four types Space timers location and time sensitive Exchange of messages with relevance for one specific location at one specific point in time e g Facebook Places Foursquare Space locators only location sensitive Exchange of messages with relevance for one specific location which are tagged to a certain place and read later by others e g Yelp Qype Quick timers only time sensitive Transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices to increase immediacy e g posting Twitter messages or Facebook status updates Slow timers neither location nor time sensitive Transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices e g watching a YouTube video or reading a Wikipedia entry Mobile social media and business potential edit Although traditional social media offer a variety of opportunities for companies in a wide range of business sectors Economic Sector mobile social media makes use of the location and time sensitivity aspects of it in order to engage into marketing research communication sales promotions discounts and relationship development loyalty programs Marketing research Mobile social media applications offer data about offline consumer movements at a level of detail heretofore limited to online companies Any firm can now know the exact time at which a customer entered one of its outlets as well as comments made during the visit Communication Mobile social media communication takes two forms the first of which is company to consumer in which a company may establish a connection to a consumer based on its location and provide reviews about locations nearby The second type of communication is user generated content For example McDonald s offered and gift cards to users randomly selected among those checking in at one of the restaurants This promotion increased check ins by from to resulted in over articles and blog posts and prompted several hundred thousand news feeds and Twitter messages Sales promotions and discounts Although in the past customers had to use printed coupons mobile social media allows companies to tailor promotions to specific users at specific times For example when launching its California Cancun service Virgin America offered users who checked in through Loopt at one of three designated Border Grill taco trucks in San Francisco and Los Angeles between am and pm on August two tacos for and two flights to Mexico for the price of one Relationship development and loyalty programs In order to increase long term relationships with customers companies are able to create loyalty programs that allow customers who check in regularly at a location to earn discounts or perks For example American Eagle Outfitters remunerates such customers with a tiered or discount on their total purchase E Commerce Mobile social media applications such as Amazon com and Pinterest are influencing an upward trend in the popularity and accessibility of e commerce or online purchases According to the Nielsen Company s "The U S Digital Consumer Report" almost half of smartphone owners visit social networks every day via mobile applications With the rapid adoption of mobile devices social media has a symbiotic relationship with the mobile consumer Distinction from other media edit E commerce businesses may refer to social media as consumer generated media CGM A common thread running through all definitions of social media is a blending of technology and social interaction for the co creation of value People obtain information education news and other data from electronic and print media Social media are distinct from industrial or traditional media such as newspapers television and film as they are comparatively inexpensive and accessible They enable anyone even private individuals to publish or access information Industrial media generally require significant resources to publish information as in most cases the articles go through many revisions before being published One characteristic shared by both social and industrial media is the capability to reach small or large audiences for example either a blog post or a television show may reach no people or millions of people Some of the properties that help describe the differences between social and industrial media are Quality In industrial traditional publishing—mediated by a publisher—the typical range of quality is substantially narrower than in niche unmediated markets The main challenge posed by content in social media sites is the fact that the distribution of quality has high variance from very high quality items to low quality sometimes abusive content Reach Both industrial and social media technologies provide scale and are capable of reaching a global audience Industrial media however typically use a centralized framework for organization production and dissemination whereas social media are by their very nature more decentralized less hierarchical and distinguished by multiple points of production and utility Frequency The number of times an advertisement is displayed on social media platforms Accessibility The means of production for industrial media are typically government and or corporate privately owned social media tools are generally available to the public at little or no cost Usability Industrial media production typically requires specialized skills and training Conversely most social media production requires only modest reinterpretation of existing skills in theory anyone with access can operate the means of social media production Immediacy The time lag between communications produced by industrial media can be long days weeks or even months compared to social media which can be capable of virtually instantaneous responses Permanence Industrial media once created cannot be altered once a magazine article is printed and distributed changes cannot be made to that same article whereas social media can be altered almost instantaneously by comments or editing Community media constitute a hybrid of industrial and social media Though community owned some community radio TV and newspapers are run by professionals and some by amateurs They use both social and industrial media frameworks Social media have also been recognized for the way they have changed how public relations professionals conduct their jobs They have provided an open arena where people are free to exchange ideas on companies brands and products As stated by Doc Searls and David Wagner two authorities on the effects of Internet on marketing advertising and PR "The best of the people in PR are not PR types at all They understand that there aren t censors they re the company s best conversationalists " Social media provides an environment where users and PR professionals can converse and where PR professionals can promote their brand and improve their company s image by listening and responding to what the public is saying about their product Managing social media edit There is an increasing trend towards using social media monitoring tools that allow marketers to search track and analyze conversation on the web about their brand or about topics of interest This can be useful in PR management and campaign tracking allowing the user to measure return on investment competitor auditing and general public engagement Tools range from free basic applications to subscription based more in depth tools The honeycomb framework defines how social media services focus on some or all of seven functional building blocks These building blocks help explain the engagement needs of the social media audience For instance LinkedIn users are thought to care mostly about identity reputation and relationships whereas YouTube s primary features are sharing conversations groups and reputation Many companies build their own social containers that attempt to link the seven functional building blocks around their brands These are private communities that engage people around a more narrow theme as in around a particular brand vocation or hobby rather than social media containers such as Google Facebook and Twitter PR departments face significant challenges in dealing with viral negative sentiment directed at organizations or individuals on social media platforms dubbed "sentimentitis" which may be a reaction to an announcement or event Honeycomb framework of social media edit In a article Jan H Kietzmann Kristopher Hermkens Ian P McCarthy and Bruno S Silvestre present a framework that defines social media by using seven functional building blocks identity conversations sharing presence relationships reputation and groups Identity This block represents the extent to which users reveal their identities in a social media setting This can include disclosing information such as name age gender profession location and also information that portrays users in certain ways Conversations This block represents the extent to which users communicate with other users in a social media setting Many social media sites are designed primarily to facilitate conversations among individuals and groups These conversations happen for all sorts of reasons People tweet blog et cetera to meet new like minded people to nd true love to build their self esteem or to be on the cutting edge of new ideas or trending topics Yet others see social media as a way of making their message heard and positively impacting humanitarian causes environmental problems economic issues or political debates Sharing This block represents the extent to which users exchange distribute and receive content The term social often implies that exchanges between people are crucial In many cases however sociality is about the objects that mediate these ties between people—the reasons why they meet online and associate with each other Presence This block represents the extent to which users can know if other users are accessible It includes knowing where others are in the virtual world and or in the real world and whether they are available Relationships This block represents the extent to which users can be related to other users Two or more users have some form of association that leads them to converse share objects of sociality meet up or simply just list each other as a friend or fan Reputation This block represents the extent to which users can identify the standing of others including themselves in a social media setting Reputation can have different meanings on social media platforms In most cases reputation is a matter of trust but because information technologies are not yet good at determining such highly qualitative criteria social media sites rely on mechanical Turks tools that automatically aggregate user generated information to determine trustworthiness Reputation management is another aspect and use of social media Groups This block represents the extent to which users can form communities and sub communities The more social a network becomes the bigger the group of friends followers and contacts Building "social authority" and vanity edit Social media becomes effective through a process called "building social authority" One of the foundational concepts in social media has become that you cannot completely control your message through social media but rather you can simply begin to participate in the "conversation" expecting that you can achieve a significant influence in that conversation However this conversation participation must be cleverly executed because although people are resistant to marketing in general they are even more resistant to direct or overt marketing through social media platforms This may seem counterintuitive but it is the main reason building social authority with credibility is so important A marketer can generally not expect people to be receptive to a marketing message in and of itself In the Edelman Trust Barometer report in the majority of the respondents reported they most trusted company or product information coming from "people like me" inferred to be information from someone they trusted In the Trust Report the majority switched to preferring their information from industry experts and academics According to Inc Technology s Brent Leary "This loss of trust and the accompanying turn towards experts and authorities seems to be coinciding with the rise of social media and networks " Social media mining edit Main article Social media mining Social Media Mining is the process of representing analyzing and extracting actionable patterns from social media data Social Media Mining introduces basic concepts and principal algorithms suitable for investigating massive social media data it discusses theories and methodologies from different disciplines such as computer science data mining machine learning social network analysis network science sociology ethnography statistics optimization and mathematics It encompasses the tools to formally represent measure model and mine meaningful patterns from large scale social media data Global usage edit According to the article "The Emerging Role of Social Media in Political and Regime Change" by Rita Safranek "The Middle East and North Africa region has one of the most youthful populations in the world with people under making up between of the population in each country They make up the majority of social media users including about million Facebook users Twitter accounts and active blogs according to the Arab Advisors Group Effects of using social media for news purposes edit Just as television turned a nation of people who listened to media content into watchers of media content the emergence of social media has created a nation of media content creators According to Pew Research data nearly of American adults are online and nearly of them use social networking sites More Americans get their news via the Internet than from newspapers or radio as well as three fourths who say they get news from e mail or social media sites updates according to a report published by CNN The survey suggests that Facebook and Twitter make news a more participatory experience than before as people share news articles and comment on other people s posts According to CNN in of people got their news forwarded through e mail or social media posts whereas of people shared a news item via Facebook or Twitter In the United States of people say they look online for news of the weather first and foremost National news at for sports news and for entertainment or celebrity news Based on this study done for the Pew Center two thirds of the sample s online news users were younger than and were younger than The survey involved tracking daily the habits of adults or older of young adults get news from social networks watched TV news and read print or digital content of Americans got news from Facebook Google or LinkedIn of those who get news from social network got it yesterday from survey More than of Twitter users use accounts to follow news organizations or journalists of users say they got information from news organizations of journalists TV remains most popular source of news but audience is aging only of young people of those younger than said they got no news yesterday either digitally or traditional news platforms Only under said they follow news about political figures and events in DC Only of respondents could answer all four questions about which party controls the House current unemployment rate what nation Angela Merkel leads and which presidential candidate favors taxing higher income Americans Facebook and Twitter now pathways to news but are not replacements for traditional ones get social media news from friends and family on Facebook Social media fosters communication An internet research company PewResearch Center claims that “more than half of internet users use two or more of the social media sites measured Facebook Twitter Instagram Pinterest to communicate with their family or friends For children using social media sites can help promote creativity interaction and learning It can also help them with homework and class work Moreover social media enable them to stay connected with their peers and help them to interact with each other Some can get involved with developing fundraising campaigns and political events However it can impact social skills due to the absence of face to face contact Social media can affect mental health of teens Teens who use Facebook frequently and especially who are susceptible may become more narcissistic antisocial and aggressive Teens become strongly influenced by advertising and it influences buying habits for in the future Since the creation of Facebook in it has become a distraction and a way to waste time for many users In a recent study conducted high school students ages and younger were examined in an effort to find their preference for receiving news Based on interviews with teenagers conducted from December to February most of the teen participants reported reading print newspapers only “sometimes ” with fewer than reading them daily The teenagers instead reported learning about current events from social media sites such as Facebook MySpace YouTube and blogs Another study showed that social media users read a set of news that is different from what newspaper editors feature in the print press Using nanotechnology as an example Runge et al studied tweets from Twitter and found that some of the discourse about nanotechnology focused on its negative impacts suggesting that a portion of the public may be concerned with how various forms of nanotechnology are used in the future Although optimistic sounding and neutral sounding tweets were equally likely to express certainty or uncertainty the pessimistic tweets were nearly twice as likely to appear certain of an outcome than uncertain These results imply the possibility of a preconceived negative perception of many news articles associated with nanotechnology Alternatively these results could also imply that posts of a more pessimistic nature that are also written with an air of certainty are more likely to be shared or otherwise permeate groups on Twitter Similar biases need to be considered when the utility of new media is addressed as the potential for human opinion to over emphasize any particular news story is greater despite the general improvement in addressed potential uncertainty and bias in news articles than in traditional media On October the most common hashtag throughout the United States was “ governmentshutdown ” as well as ones focusing on political parties Obama and healthcare Most news sources have Twitter and Facebook pages like CNN and the New York Times providing links to their online articles getting an increased readership Additionally several college news organizations and administrators have Twitter pages as a way to share news and connect to students According to "Reuters Institute Digital News Report " in the US among those who use social media to find news of these people are under years old and are above years old However social media as a main news gateway does not follow the same pattern across countries For example in this report in Brazil of the respondents said social media was one of the five most important ways to find news online in Spain in the UK in Italy in France in Denmark in the U S and in Japan Moreover there are differences among countries about commenting on news in social networks of the respondents in Brazil said they commented on news in social network in a week These percentages are in the U S and in the UK The authors argued that differences among countries may be due to culture difference rather than different levels of access to technical tools History and memory effects edit News media and television journalism have been instrumental in the shaping of American collective memory for much of the twentieth century Indeed since the United States colonial era news media has influenced collective memory and discourse about national development and trauma In many ways mainstream journalists have maintained an authoritative voice as the storytellers of the American past Their documentary style narratives detailed exposes and their positions in the