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The secrecy of correspondence (German: Briefgeheimnis, French: secret de la correspondance) or literally translated as secrecy of letters, is a fundamental legal principle enshrined in the constitutions of several European countries.[1][2][3][4] It guarantees that the content of sealed letters is never revealed, and letters in transit are not opened by government officials, or any other third party. It is the main legal basis for the assumption of privacy of correspondence.[citation needed] The principle has been naturally extended to other forms of communication, including telephony and electronic communications on the Internet, as the constitutional guarantees are generally thought to also cover these forms of communication.[5] However, national telecommunications privacy laws may allow lawful interception, i.e. wiretapping and monitoring of electronic communications in cases of suspicion of crime. Paper letters have, in most jurisdictions, remained outside the legal scope of law enforcement surveillance, even in cases of "reasonable searches and seizures". When applied to electronic communication, the principle protects not only the content of the communication, but also the information on when and to whom any messages (if any) have been sent (see: Call detail records), and in the case of mobile communication, the location information of the mobile units. As a consequence
in jurisdictions with a safeguard on secrecy of letters, location data collected from mobile phone networks has a higher level of protection than data collected by vehicle telematics or transport tickets.[citation needed] United States See also: Third-party doctrine In the United States, there is no specific constitutional guarantee on the privacy of correspondence. The secrecy of letters and correspondence is derived through litigation from the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In an 1877 case, the U.S. Supreme Court stated: No law of Congress can place in the hands of officials connected with the Postal Service any authority to invade the secrecy of letters and such sealed packages in the mail; and all regulations adopted as to mail matter of this kind must be in subordination to the great principle embodied in the fourth amendment of the Constitution.[6] The protection of the Fourth Amendment has been extended beyond the home in other instances. A protection similar to that of correspondence has even been argued to extend to the contents of trash cans outside one's house, although it turned out to be unsuccessful. Like all rights derived through litigation, the secrecy of correspondence is subject to interpretations. By Supreme Court precedent, rights derived from the Fourth Amendment are limited by the legal test of a "reasonable expectation of privacy".

A black room is part of a communication center (e.g. a post office) used by state officials to conduct clandestine interception and surveillance of communications.[1][2] Typically, all letters or communications pass through the black room before being passed to the recipient. This practice had been in vogue since the establishment of posts, and was frequently used in France by the ministers of Louis XIII and his followers as cabinet noir[3] (French for "black room"). In modern American network operations centers, optical splitters divert a percentage of the laser light from all incoming and outgoing fiber-optic cables to the secret room.[4] An example is Room 641A in the SBC Communications building in San Francisco.[4] The term black room or black chamber has also been used to refer Postal censorship is the inspection or examination of mail, most often by governments. It can include opening, reading and total or selective obliteration of letters and their contents, as well as covers, postcards, parcels and other postal packets. Postal censorship takes place primarily but not exclusively during wartime (even though the nation concerned may not be at war, e.g. Ireland during 1939–1945) and periods of unrest, and occasionally at other times, such as periods of civil disorder or of a state of emergency. Both covert and overt postal censorship have occurred. Historically, postal censorship is an ancient practice; it is usually linked to espionage and intelligence gathering. Both civilian mail and military mail may be subject to censorship, and often different organisations perform censorship of these types of mail. In 20th-century wars the objectives of postal censorship encompassed economic warfare, security and intelligence. The study of postal censorship is a philatelic topic of postal history. Contents 1 Military mail 2 Prisoner-of-war and internee mail 3 Civil mail 4 Countries known to have enacted postal censorship 4.1 Britain and American colonies 4.2 American Civil War 4.3 Pre–World War I 4.4 World War I 4.5 Between the wars 4.6 World War II 4.6.1 Imperial Censorship 4.6.2 United States 4.6.3 Neutral countries 4.7 Post-World War II 5 See also 6 References and sources 7 External links Military mail Military mail is not always censored by opening or reading the mail, but this is much more likely during wartime and military campaigns. The military postal service is usually separate from civilian mail and is usually totally controlled by the military. However, both civilian and military mail can be of interest to military intelligence, which has different requirements from civilian intelligence gathering. During wartime, mail from the front is often opened and offending parts blanked or cut out, and civilian mail may be subject to much the same treatment. Prisoner-of-war and internee mail Prisoner-of-war and internee mail is also subject to postal censorship, which is permitted under Articles 70 and 71 of the Third Geneva Convention (1929–1949). It is frequently subjected to both military and civil postal censorship because it passes through both postal systems. Civil mail "The Steamboat" – mobile steaming equipment used by Czech StB for unsticking envelopes during correspondence surveillance and censorship Until recent years, the monopoly for carrying civilian mails has usually been vested in governments[1][2] and this has facilitated their control of postal censorship. The type of information obtained from civilian mail is different from that likely to be found in military mail.[citation needed] 1940 civil cover from Madrid to Paris opened by both Spanish and French (Vichy) authorities Countries known to have enacted postal censorship Throughout modern history, various governments, usually during times of war, would inspect mail coming into or leaving the country so as to prevent an enemy from corresponding with unfriendly entities within that country.[3]:22 There exist also many examples of prisoner of war mail from these countries which was also inspected or censored. Censored mail can usually be identified by various postmarks, dates, postage stamps and other markings found on the front and reverse side of the cover (envelope). These covers often have an adhesive seal, usually bearing special ID markings, which were applied to close and seal the envelope after inspection.[3]:55–56 Britain and American colonies During the years leading up to the American Revolution, the British monarchy in the American colonies manipulated the mail and newspapers sent between the various colonies in an effort to prevent them from being informed and from organizing with each other. Often mail would be outright destroyed.[4][5] American Civil War Prisoner of War cover to prisoner detained at Andersonville POW camp in Georgia During the American Civil War both the Union and Confederate governments enacted postal censorship. The number of Union and Confederate soldiers in prisoner of war camps would reach an astonishing one and a half million men. The prison population at the Andersonville Confederate POW camp alone reached 45,000 men by the war's end. Consequently, there was much mail sent to and from soldiers held in POW installations. Mail going to or leaving prison camps in the North and South was inspected both before and after delivery. Mail crossing enemy lines was only allowed at two specific locations.[6][7][8] Pre–World War I Second Boer War censored postcard from St. Helena to France in 1902 In Britain, the General Post Office was formed in 1657, and soon evolved a "Secret Office" for the purpose of intercepting, reading and deciphering coded correspondence from abroad. The existence of the Secret Office was made public in 1742 when it was found that in the preceding 10 years the sum of £45,675 (equivalent to £6,332,000 in 2016[9]) had been secretly transferred from the Treasury to the General Post Office to fund the censorship activities.[10] In 1782 responsibility for administering the Secret Office was transferred to the Foreign Secretary and it was finally abolished by Lord Palmerston in 1847. During the Second Boer War a well planned censorship was implemented by the British that left them well experienced when The Great War started less than two decades later.[11] Initially offices were in Pretoria and Durban and later throughout much of the Cape Colony as well a POW censorship[12] with camps in Bloemfontein, St Helena, Ceylon, India and Bermuda.[13] The British Post Office Act 1908 allowed censorship upon issue of warrants by a secretary of state in both Great Britain and in the Channel Islands.[14] World War I Soldiers checking the mail of prisoners at a prisoner of war camp at Döberitz, Germany during World War I Censorship played an important role in the First World War.[15] Each country involved utilized some form of censorship. This was a way to sustain an atmosphere of ignorance and give propaganda a chance to succeed.[15] In response to the war, the United States Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918. These gave broad powers to the government to censor the press through the use of fines, and later any criticism of the government, army, or sale of war bonds.[15] The Espionage Act laid the groundwork for the establishment of a Central Censorship Board which oversaw censorship of communications including cable and mail.[15] Postal control was eventually introduced in all of the armies, to find the disclosure of military secrets and test the morale of soldiers.[15] In Allied countries, civilians were also subjected to censorship.[15] French censorship was modest and more targeted compared to the sweeping efforts made by the British and Americans.[15] In Great Britain, all mail was sent to censorship offices in London or Liverpool.[15] The United States sent mail to several centralized post offices as directed by the Central Censorship Board.[15] American censors would only open mail related to Spain, Latin America or Asia--as their British allies were handling other countries.[15] In one week alone, the San Antonio post office processed more than 75,000 letters, of which they controlled 77 percent (and held 20 percent for the following week).[15] Soldiers on the front developed strategies to circumvent censors.[16] Some would go on "home leave" and take messages with them to post from a remote location.[16] Those writing postcards in the field knew they were being censored, and deliberately held back controversial content and personal matters.[16] Those writing home had a few options including free, government-issued field postcards, cheap, picture postcards, and embroidered cards meant as keepsakes.[17] Unfortunately, censors often disapproved of picture postcards.[17] In one case, French censors reviewed 23,000 letters and destroyed only 156 (although 149 of those were illustrated postcards).[17] Censors in all warring countries also filtered out propaganda that disparaged the enemy or approved of atrocities.[15] For example, German censors prevented postcards with hostile slogans such as "Jeder Stoß ein Franzos" ("Every hit a Frenchman") among others.[15] Between the wars Following the end of World War I, there were some places where postal censorship was practiced. During 1919 it was operating in Austria, Belgium, Canada, German Weimar Republic and the Soviet Union as well as other territories.[18]:126–139 The Irish Civil War saw mail raided by the IRA that was marked as censored and sometimes opened in the newly independent state. The National Army also opened mail and censorship of irregulars' mail in prisons took place.[19] Other conflicts during which censorship existed included the Third Anglo-Afghan War, Chaco War,[18]:138 were the Italian occupation of Ethiopia (1935–36)[20] and especially during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939.[18]:141[21] World War II Jewish censor staff in Warsaw Ghetto during 1941 During World War II, both the Allies and Axis instituted postal censorship of civil mail. The largest organisations were those of the United States, though the United Kingdom employed about 10,000 censor staff while Ireland, a small neutral country, only employed about 160 censors.[22] Both blacklists and whitelists were employed to observe suspicious mail or listed those whose mail was exempt from censorship.[22] Imperial Censorship Littlewoods building where much of the British postal censorship took place British censorship was primarily based in the Littlewoods football pools building in Liverpool with nearly 20 other censor stations around the country.[23] Additionally the British censored colonial and dominion mail at censor stations in the following places: Dominions: Australia, Canada, Newfoundland, New Zealand, Southern Rhodesia (not a dominion but supervised by the Dominion office) and Union of South Africa Colonies: Aden, Antigua, Ascension Island, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Bermuda, Ceylon, Cyprus, Dominica, Egypt, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Gambia, Gibraltar, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Gold Coast, Grenada, British Guiana, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Kenya, Malaya, Malta, Mauritius, Montserrat, New Hebrides, Nigeria, North Borneo, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Palestine, Penang, St. Helena, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent, Sarawak, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, British Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Tanganyika, Trinidad, Tonga, Uganda, Virgin Islands and Zanzibar, United States US WPA poster, 1943 In the United States censorship was under the control of the Office of Censorship whose staff count rose to 14,462 by February 1943 in the censor stations they opened in New York, Miami, New Orleans, San Antonio, Laredo, Brownsville, El Paso, Nogales, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Chicago, San Juan, Charlotte Amalie, Balboa, Cristóbal, David, Panama and Honolulu. The United States blacklist, known as U.S. Censorship Watch List, contained 16,117 names.[24] Neutral countries Neutral countries such as Ireland,[22] Portugal and Switzerland also censored mail even though they were not directly involved in the conflict. Post-World War II 1946 censored letter (15x8 cm) from Heidelberg then in the USA-controlled zone of West Germany to England. Note "English" as the language of the enclosed letter. Following the end of hostilities in Europe, Germany was occupied by the Allied Powers in zones of control. Censorship of mail that had been impounded during the Allies advances, when postal services were suspended, took place in each zone though by far the least commonly seen mail is from the French Zone.[25]:78 When most the backlog had been cleared regular mail was controlled as well as in occupied Austria.[25]:101–107 Soviet zone mail is considered scarce.[25]:92, 109 In the German Democratic Republic, the Stasi, established in 1950, were responsible for the control of incoming and outgoing mail; at their height of operations, their postal

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