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Access Now is an international non-profit, human rights, public policy, and advocacy group dedicated to an open and free Internet. Access Now has championed a number of digital rights issues since it was founded in 2009, with an emphasis on five major policy areas: Digital Security, Freedom of Expression, Privacy, Net Discrimination, and Business and Human Rights.[1] The organization has campaigned against internet shutdowns,[2] online censorship,[3] international trade agreements,[4] and government surveillance.[5] Access Now has also supported Net Neutrality,[6] the use of encryption,[7] and thoughtful cybersecurity laws and regulations.[8] Access Now's campaigns target various stakeholders in support of its mission, including governments[9] or technology companies.[10] It also engages with telecommunications companies on a variety of issues, such as transparency reporting.[11] Access Now's Digital Security Helpline offers real-time, direct assistance and advice to activists, independent media and civil society organizations.[12] The organization also runs the annual conference RightsCon, a multistakeholder event that features participants from civil society, tech companies, and users at risk.[13] The conference was first held in Silicon Valley in 2011, followed by events in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2012), Silicon Valley (2014), Manila, Philippines (2015), and Silicon Valley (2016),[14] thus alternating between Silicon Valley and a key city in the Global South.[15] After being held in Brussels and Toronto, RightsCon 2019 took place in Tunis, Tunisia (11-14 June). In 2020, RightsCon was to be held in San José, Costa Rica, but as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the meeting will instead take place in a modified online format.
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Access Now is a member of the torservers.net network, an organization of nonprofits which specializes in the general establishment of Tor anonymity network exit nodes via workshops and donations.[17] Access Now's former Advocacy Director, Katherine Maher, was named the Executive Director of Wikimedia in June 2016.[18] The organization was a finalist for the European Union's Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 2010.[19] Contents 1 Mission 2 Structure 3 History 4 References Mission Access Now's mission is to defend and extend the digital rights of users at risk around the world. By combining innovative policy, user engagement, and direct technical support, Access Now fights for open and secure communications for all.[20] Structure Access Now is a team of 40, with local staff in more than 10 locations around the world -- Berlin, Brussels, Cordoba, Delhi, London, Manila, Nairobi, New York, San Jose, Tunis, and Washington D.C. The organization maintains four legally incorporated entities -- Belgium, Costa Rica, Tunisia, and the United States -- with its tech, advocacy, policy, granting, and operations teams distributed across all regions.[21] The Access Now Board is composed of president Andrew McLaughlin, treasurer Yvette Albderdingk Thijm, Esra'a Al Shafei, Ronaldo Lemos, Andrew Cohen, and secretary Brett Solomon, a co-founder and the executive director of Access Now.[20] As of 2018, Access Now received approximately $5.1 million in funding.[22] History Access Now was founded by Brett Solomon and Cameran Ashraf in 2009, after the contested Iranian presidential election of that year.[23] During the protests that followed this election, Access Now played a noted role in disseminating the video footage which came out of Iran Tor is free and open-source software for enabling anonymous communication. The name is derived from the acronym for the original software project name "The Onion Router".[6][7] Tor directs Internet traffic through a free, worldwide, volunteer overlay network consisting of more than seven thousand relays[8] to conceal a user's location and usage from anyone conducting network surveillance or traffic analysis. Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace Internet activity to the user: this includes "visits to Web sites, online posts, instant messages, and other communication forms".[9] Tor's intended use is to protect the personal privacy of its users, as well as their freedom and ability to conduct confidential communication by keeping their Internet activities unmonitored. Tor does not prevent an online service from determining when it is being accessed through Tor. Tor protects a user's privacy, but does not hide the fact that someone is using Tor. Some websites restrict allowances through Tor. For example, Wikipedia blocks attempts by Tor users to edit articles unless special permission is sought.[10] Onion routing is implemented by encryption in the application layer of a communication protocol stack, nested like the layers of an onion. Tor encrypts the data, including the next node destination IP address, multiple times and sends it through a virtual circuit comprising successive, random-selection Tor relays. Each relay decrypts a layer of encryption to reveal the next relay in the circuit to pass the remaining encrypted data on to it. The final relay decrypts the innermost layer of encryption and sends the original data to its destination without revealing or knowing the source IP address. Because the routing of the communication was partly concealed at every hop in the Tor circuit, this method eliminates any single point at which the communicating peers can be determined through network surveillance that relies upon knowing its source and destination.[11] An adversary may try to de-anonymize the user by some means. One way this may be achieved is by exploiting vulnerable software on the user's computer.[12] The NSA had a technique that targets a vulnerability – which they codenamed "EgotisticalGiraffe" – in an outdated Firefox browser version at one time bundled with the Tor package[13] and, in general, targets Tor users for close monitoring under its XKeyscore program.[14] Attacks against Tor are an active area of academic research[15][16] which is welcomed by the Tor Project itself.[17] The bulk of the funding for Tor's development has come from the federal government of the United States,[18] initially through the Office of Naval Research and DARPA.[19] A cartogram illustrating Tor usage The core principle of Tor, "onion routing", was developed in the mid-1990s by United States Naval Research Laboratory employees, mathematician Paul Syverson, and computer scientists Michael G. Reed and David Goldschlag, with the purpose of protecting U.S. intelligence communications online. Onion routing was further developed by DARPA in 1997.[20][21][22][23][24][25] The alpha version of Tor, developed by Syverson and computer scientists Roger Dingledine and Nick Mathewson[18] and then called The Onion Routing project, or Tor project, launched on 20 September 2002.[1][26] The first public release occurred a year later.[27] On 13 August 2004, Syverson, Dingledine, and Mathewson presented "Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router" at the 13th USENIX Security Symposium.[28] In 2004, the Naval Research Laboratory released the code for Tor under a free license, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) began funding Dingledine and Mathewson to continue its development.[18] In December 2006, Dingledine, Mathewson, and five others founded The Tor Project, a Massachusetts-based 501(c)(3) research-education nonprofit organization responsible for maintaining Tor.[29] The EFF acted as The Tor Project's fiscal sponsor in its early years, and early financial supporters of The Tor Project included the U.S. International Broadcasting Bureau, Internews, Human Rights Watch, the University of Cambridge, Google, and Netherlands-based Stichting NLnet.[30][31][32][33][34] From this period onward, the majority of funding sources came from the U.S. government.[18] In November 2014 there was speculation in the aftermath of Operation Onymous that a Tor weakness had been exploited.[35] A BBC News source cited a "technical breakthrough"[36] that allowed the tracking of the physical locations of servers. In November 2015 court documents on the matter,[37] besides generating serious concerns about security research ethics[38] and the right of not being unreasonably searched guaranteed by the US Fourth Amendment,[39] may also link the law enforcement operation with an attack on Tor earlier in the year.[37] In December 2015, The Tor Project announced that it had hired Shari Steele as its new executive director.[40] Steele had previously led the Electronic Frontier Foundation for 15 years, and in 2004 spearheaded EFF's decision to fund Tor's early development. One of her key stated aims is to make Tor more user-friendly in order to bring wider access to anonymous web browsing.[41] In July 2016 the complete board of the Tor Project resigned, and announced a new board, made up of Matt Blaze, Cindy Cohn, Gabriella Coleman, Linus Nordberg, Megan Price, and Bruce Schneier.[42][43] Contents 1 Usage 2 Operation 2.1 Originating traffic 2.2 Onion services 2.3 Nyx status monitor 3 Weaknesses 3.1 Eavesdropping 3.1.1 Autonomous system (AS) eavesdropping 3.1.2 Exit node eavesdropping 3.2 Traffic-analysis attack 3.3 Tor exit node block 3.4 Bad apple attack 3.5 Some protocols expose IP addresses 3.6 Sniper attack 3.7 Heartbleed bug 3.8 Relay early traffic confirmation attack 3.9 Mouse fingerprinting 3.10 Circuit fingerprinting attack 3.11 Volume information 4 Implementations 4.1 Tor Browser 4.1.1 Firefox/Tor browser attack 4.2 Tor Messenger 4.3 Third-party applications 4.4 Security-focused operating systems 5 Reception, impact, and legislation 5.1 2011 5.2 2012 5.3 2013 5.4 2014 5.5 2015 5.6 2016 5.7 2017 5.8 2018 5.9 2019 6 Improved security 6.1 Odds of detection 6.2 Levels of security 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Usage Web-based onion services in January 2015[44] Category Percentage Gambling 0.4 Guns 1.4 Chat 2.2 New (not yet indexed) 2.2 Abuse 2.2 Books 2.5 Directory 2.5 Blog 2.75 Porn 2.75 Hosting 3.5 Hacking 4.25 Search 4.25 Anonymity 4.5 Forum 4.75 Counterfeit 5.2 Whistleblower 5.2 Wiki 5.2 Mail 5.7 Bitcoin 6.2 Fraud 9 Market 9 Drugs 15.4 Web-based onion services in February 2016[45][46] Category % of total % of active Violence 0.3 0.6 Arms 0.8 1.5 Illicit Social 1.2 2.4 Hacking 1.8 3.5 Illicit links 2.3 4.3 Illicit pornography 2.3 4.5 Extremism 2.7 5.1 Illicit Other 3.8 7.3 Illicit Finance 6.3 12 Illicit Drugs 8.1 15.5 Non-illicit+Unknown 22.6 43.2 Illicit total 29.7 56.8 Inactive 47.7 Active 52.3 Further information: Dark web Tor enables its users to surf the Internet, chat and send instant messages anonymously, and is used by a wide variety of people for both licit and illicit purposes.[47] Tor has, for example, been used by criminal enterprises, hacktivism groups, and law enforcement agencies at cross purposes, sometimes simultaneously;[48][49] likewise, agencies within the U.S. government variously fund Tor (the U.S. State Department, the National Science Foundation, and – through the Broadcasting Board of Governors


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