concentrated in cycloalkanes at early stage, with its relatively higher hydrogen capacity wt % and production of COx free hydrogen Heterocyclic aromatic compounds or N Heterocycles are also appropriate for this task A compound that stands in the focus of the current LOHC research is N ethylcarbazole NEC but many others do exist, e g dibenzyltoluene which is already industrially used as a heat transfer fluid More recently, formic acid FA has been suggested as a promising hydrogen storage material with a wt% hydrogen capacity Using LOHCs relatively high gravimetric storage densities can be reached about wt % and the overall energy efficiency is higher than for other chemical storage options such as producing methane from the hydrogen Cycloalkanes The candidate cycloalkanes reported by far include cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane and decalin The dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes is highly endothermic KJ mol H , which means this process requires high temperature Dehydrogenation of decalin is the most thermodynamically favored among three cycloalkanes, and methyl cyclohexane is second because of the presence of methyl group Researches on catalysts development for dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes have continued for decades Nickel Ni , Molybdenum Mo and Platinum Pt based catalysts are highly investigated for dehydrogenation However, coking is still a big challenge for catalyst’s stability N Heterocycles Both hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of LOHCs requires catalysts It was demonstrated that replacing hydrocarbons by hetero atoms, like N, O etc improves reversible de hydrogenation properties The hydrogenation temperature of cyclohexane is highly dependent on N content in cyclohexane, which hydrogen release temperature drops sufficiently with the presence of N atoms in the rings or ring substituents Among all the N heterocycles, the saturated unsaturated pair of dodecahydro N ethylcarbazole H NEC and NEC has been considered as a promising candidate for hydrogen storage, which has fairly large hydrogen content wt% Figure on the top rights shows dehydrogenation and hydrogenation of H NEC and NEC pair The sufficient catalyst for NEC to H NEC is Ru and Rh based, which selectivity can reach % at MPa and °C °C Although N Heterocyles optimized the unfavorable thermodynamic properties of cycloalkanes, it still facing a lot issues, such as cost toxicity and kinetic barrier etc Formic acid In researchers of EPFL, Switzerland, reported the use of formic acid as a hydrogen storage material Carbon monoxide free hydrogen has been generated in a very wide pressure range – bar A homogeneous catalytic system based on water soluble ruthenium catalysts selectively decompose HCOOH

into H and CO in aqueous solution This catalytic system overcomes the limitations of other catalysts e g poor stability, limited catalytic lifetimes, formation of CO for the decomposition of formic acid making it a viable hydrogen storage material And the co product of this decomposition, carbon dioxide, can be used as hydrogen vector by hydrogenating it back to formic acid in a second step The catalytic hydrogenation of CO has long been studied and efficient procedures have been developed Formic acid contains g L- hydrogen at room temperature and atmospheric pressure By weight, pure formic acid stores wt% hydrogen Pure formic acid is a liquid with a flash point °C cf gasoline - °C, ethanol °C % formic acid is not flammable Ammonia edit Further information Ammonia production Ammonia NH releases H in an appropriate catalytic reformer Ammonia provides high hydrogen storage densities as a liquid with mild pressurization and cryogenic constraints It can also be stored as a liquid at room temperature and pressure when mixed with water Ammonia is the second most commonly produced chemical in the world and a large infrastructure for making, transporting, and distributing ammonia exists Ammonia can be reformed to produce hydrogen with no harmful waste, or can mix with existing fuels and under the right conditions burn efficiently Pure ammonia burns poorly at the atmospheric pressures found in natural gas fired water heaters and stoves Under compression in an automobile engine it is a suitable fuel for slightly modified gasoline engines Ammonia is a toxic gas at normal temperature and pressure and has a potent odor In September chemists from the Technical University of Denmark announced a method of storing hydrogen in the form of ammonia saturated into a salt tablet They claim it will be an inexpensive and safe storage method Amine borane complexes edit Main article Amine borane complex Prior to , several compounds were investigated for hydrogen storage including complex borohydrides, or aluminohydrides, and ammonium salts These hydrides have an upper theoretical hydrogen yield limited to about % by weight Amongst the compounds that contain only B, N, and H both positive and negative ions , representative examples include amine boranes, boron hydride ammoniates, hydrazine borane complexes, and ammonium octahydrotriborates or tetrahydroborates Of these, amine boranes and especially ammonia borane have been extensively investigated as hydrogen carriers During the s and s, the U S Army and Navy funded efforts aimed at developing hydrogen deuterium gas generating compounds for use in the HF DF and HCl chemical lasers, and gas dynamic lasers Earlier hydrogen gas generating formulations used amine boranes and their derivatives Ignition of the amine borane s forms boron nitride BN and hydrogen gas In addition to ammonia borane H BNH , other gas generators include diborane diammoniate, H B NH BH Imidazolium ionic liquids edit In Dupont and others reported hydrogen storage materials based on imidazolium ionic liquids Simple alkyl aryl methylimidazolium N bis trifluoromethanesulfonyl imidate salts that possess very low vapour pressure, high density, and thermal stability and are not inflammable can add reversibly – hydrogen atoms in the presence of classical Pd C or Ir nanoparticle catalysts and can be used as alternative materials for on board hydrogen storage devices These salts can hold up to g L- of hydrogen at atmospheric pressure Phosphonium borate edit In researchers of University of Windsor reported on reversible hydrogen storage in a non metal phosphonium borate frustrated Lewis pair Phosphino borane hydrogenstorage The phosphino borane on the left accepts one equivalent of hydrogen at one atmosphere and °C and expels it again by heating to °C The storage capacity is wt% still rather below the to wt% required for practical use Carbonite substances edit Research has proven that graphene can store hydrogen efficiently After taking up hydrogen, the substance becomes graphane After tests, conducted by dr André Geim at the University of Manchester, it was shown that not only can graphene store hydrogen easily, it can also release the hydrogen again, after heating to °C Metal organic frameworks edit Metal organic frameworks represent another class of synthetic porous materials that store hydrogen and energy at the molecular level MOFs are highly crystalline inorganic organic hybrid structures that contain metal clusters or ions secondary building units as nodes and organic ligands as linkers When guest molecules solvent occupying the pores are removed during solvent exchange and heating under vacuum, porous structure of MOFs can be achieved without destabilizing the frame and hydrogen molecules will be adsorbed onto the surface of the pores by physisorption Compared to traditional zeolites and porous carbon materials, MOFs have very high number of pores and surface area which allow higher hydrogen uptake in a given volume Thus, research interests on hydrogen storage in MOFs have been growing since when the first MOF based hydrogen storage was introduced Since there are infinite geometric and chemical variations of MOFs based on different combinations of SBUs and linkers, many researches explore what combination will provide the maximum hydrogen uptake by varying materials of metal ions and linkers In , chemists at UCLA and the University of Michigan have achieved hydrogen storage concentrations of up to wt% in MOF at a low temperature of K In , researchers at University of Nottingham reached wt% at bar , psi and K with MOF NOTT Most articles about hydrogen storage in MOFs report hydrogen uptake capacity at a temperature of K and a pressure of bar because such condition is commonly available and the binding energy between hydrogen and MOF is large compare to the thermal vibration energy which will allow high hydrogen uptake capacity Varying several factors such as surface area, pore size, catenation, ligand structure, spillover, and sample purity can result different amount of hydrogen uptake in MOFs Encapsulation edit Cella Energy technology is based around the encapsulation of hydrogen gas and nano structuring of chemical hydrides in small plastic balls, at room temperature and pressure Physical storage edit Cryo compressed edit Cryo compressed storage of hydrogen is the only technology that meets DOE targets for volumetric and gravimetric efficiency see CcH on slide in Furthermore, another study has shown that cryo compressed exhibits interesting cost advantages ownership cost price per mile and storage system cost price per vehicle are actually the lowest when compared to any other technology see third row in slide of For example, a cryo compressed hydrogen system would cost $ per mile including cost of fuel and every associated other cost , while conventional gasoline vehicles cost between $ and $ per mile Like liquid storage, cryo compressed uses cold hydrogen K and slightly above in order to reach a high energy density However, the main difference is that, when the hydrogen would warm up due to heat transfer with the environment boil off , the tank is allowed to go to pressures much higher up to bars versus a couple of bars for liquid storage As a consequence, it takes more time before the hydrogen has to vent, and in most driving situations, enough hydrogen is used by the car to keep the pressure well below the venting limit Consequently, it has been demonstrated that a high driving range could be achieved with a cryo compressed tank more than miles , km were driven with a full tank mounted on an hydrogen fueled engine of Toyota Prius Research is still on its way in order to study and demonstrate the full potential of the technology As of , the BMW Group has started a thorough component and system level validation of cryo compressed vehicle storage on its way to a commercial product Carbon nanotubes edit Carbon nanotubes Hydrogen carriers based on nanostructured carbon such as carbon buckyballs and nanotubes have been proposed However, since Hydrogen usually amounts up to ~ wt % at K which is far from the value set by US department of Energy wt % at nearly ambient conditions , it makes carbon materials poor candidates for hydrogen storage Clathrate hydrates edit H caged in a clathrate hydrate was first reported in , but requires very high pressures to be stable In , researchers from Delft University of Technology and Colorado School of Mines showed solid H containing hydrates could be formed at ambient temperature and s of bar by adding small amounts of promoting substances such as THF These clathrates have a theoretical maximum hydrogen densities of around wt% and kg m Glass capillary arrays edit A team of Russian, Israeli and German scientists have collaboratively developed an innovative technology based on glass capillary arrays for the safe infusion, storage and controlled release of hydrogen in mobile applications The C En technology has achieved the United States Department of Energy DOE targets for on board hydrogen storage systems DOE targets can be achieved using flexible glass capillaries and cryo compressed method of hydrogen storage Glass microspheres edit Hollow glass microspheres HGM can be utilized for controlled storage and release of hydrogen Stationary hydrogen storage edit Unlike mobile applications, hydrogen density is not a huge problem for stationary applications As for mobile applications, stationary applications can use established technology Compressed hydrogen CGH in a hydrogen tank Liquid hydrogen in a LH cryogenic hydrogen tank Industrial gases are a group of gases that are specifically manufactured for use in a wide range of industries, which include oil and gas, petrochemicals, chemicals, power, mining, steelmaking, metals, environmental protection, medicine, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food, water, fertilizers, nuclear power, electronics and aerospace Their production is a part of the wider chemical Industry where industrial gases are often seen as speciality chemicals The principal gases provided are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, hydrogen, helium and acetylene although a huge variety of gases and mixtures are available in gas cylinders The industry producing these gases is known as the industrial gases industry, which is seen as also encompassing the supply of equipment and technology to produce and use the gases Whilst most industrial gas is usually only sold to other industrial enterprises retail sales of gas cylinders and associated equipment to tradesmen and the general public are available through gas local agents and typically includes products such as balloon helium , dispensing gases for beer kegs, welding gases and welding equipment, LPG and medical oxygen Very small scale gas supply is not confined to just the industrial gas companies A wide variety of hand carried small gas containers, which may be called cylinders, bottles, cartridges, capsules or canisters are available to supply LPG, butane, propane, carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide Examples are whippets, powerlets, campingaz and sodastream Contents hide Early history of gases Gas production technology


abby-lane abby-rode abigail-clayton ada-tauler addie-juniper addison-cain adele-wiesenthal adeline-lange adeline-pollicina adriana-amante adrianna-laurenti adrianna-russo agnes agnes-ardant agnes-zalontai aimee-addison aisha-sun aja aleena-ferari alessandra-schiavo aletta-ocean alexandra-nice alexandria-cass alexa-parks alex-dane alex-foxe alexia-knight alexis-devell alexis-firestone alexis-greco alexis-payne alexis-x alex-storm alex-white aliana-love alice-springs alicia-alighatti alicia-monet alicia-rio alicyn-sterling alighiera-olena ali-moore aline-santos alissa-ashley allysin-chaynes alysin-embers alyssa-love alyssa-reece amanda-addams amanda-blake amanda-blue amanda-jane-adams amanda-rae amanda-stone amanda-tyler amber-hunt amberlina-lynn amber-lynn amber-michaels amber-peach amber-wild amber-woods ambrosia-fox amia-miley ami-rodgers amy-allison amy-brooke amy-rose amy-starz anastasia-christ anastasia-sands andrea-adams andrea-brittian andrea-lange andrea-true andy angel angela-baron angela-summers angel-barrett angel-cash angel-cruz angel-cummings angel-ducharme angelica-sin angelika-reschner angelina-brasini angelina-korrs angelina-valentine angel-kelly angel-long angel-west angie-knight anita-andic anita-blond anita-cannibal anita-dark anna-belle anna-malle anna-nikova anna-pierce anna-ventura anna-veruska anne-bie-warburg anne-libert anne-magle anne-sand annette-haven annie-sprinkle ann-kiray ann-marie-michelle antonia-dorian april-flowers april-may april-west arcadia-lake ariana-bali ariana-jollee arlana-blue ashley-anne ashley-brooks ashley-coda ashley-fires ashley-lauren ashley-long ashley-marie ashley-nicole ashley-perk ashley-renee ashley-robbins ashley-welles ashley-wells ashley-winger ashlyn-gere astrid-bone athena-star aubrey-nichols aurora aurora-snow autumn-bliss autumn-rayne ava-devine ava-lauren avalon ava-marteens avy-lee-roth bailey-monroe bambi-allen barbara-bourbon barbara-boutet barbara-dare barbara-doll barbara-moose barbarella barbie-angel barbie-doll barett-moore bea-fiedler beata beatrice-poggi beatrice-valle becky-savage becky-sunshine belinda-butterfield bella-donna bethany-sweet beverly-bliss beverly-glen biggi-stenzhorn bionca black-widow blond-cat blondi blue-angel bobbi-bliss bobbi-dean bobbie-burns bonnie-holiday brandee brandi-edwards brandy-alexandre brandy-dean brandy-lee brandy-smile brandy-wine bree-anthony breezy-lane brenda-basse briana-blair bridgette-belle bridgette-monet bridgette-monroe bridget-waters brigitte-lahaie brigitte-monnin brigitte-verbecq brittany brittany-stryker britt-corvin britt-morgan bronze brooke-bennett brooke-fields brooke-haven brooke-west brook-van-buuren buffy-davis bunnie-blake bunny-bleu bunny-hatton busty-belle cali-caramel calisyn-heart cameo cameron-love camila-sampaio camilla-rhodes camille-morgan camrie-foxxx candace-daley candi candida-royalle candie-evens candi-summers candy-apples candy-barr candy-hill candy-samples candy-stanton cara-lott caressa-savage carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

power an electrical generator to produce electricity Bioenergy edit Main article Bioenergy Bioenergy deals with the gathering, processing and use of biomasses grown in biological manufacturing, agriculture and forestry from which power plants can draw burning fuel Ethanol, methanol both controversial or hydrogen for fuel cells can be had from these technologies and used to generate electricity Enabling technologies edit Heat pumps and Thermal energy storage are classes of technologies that can enable the utilization of renewable energy sources that would otherwise be inaccessible due to a temperature that is too low for utilization or a time lag between when the energy is available and when it is needed While enhancing the temperature of available renewable thermal energy, heat pumps have the additional property of leveraging electrical power or in some cases mechanical or thermal power by using it to extract additional energy from a low quality source such as seawater, lake water, the ground, the air, or waste heat from a process Thermal storage technologies allow heat or cold to be stored for periods of time ranging from hours or overnight to interseasonal, and can involve storage of sensible energy i e by changing the temperature of a medium or latent energy i e through phase changes of a medium, such between water and slush or ice Short term thermal storages can be used for peak shaving in district heating or electrical distribution systems Kinds of renewable or alternative energy sources that can be enabled include natural energy e g collected via solar thermal collectors, or dry cooling towers used to collect winter's cold , waste energy e g from HVAC equipment, industrial processes or power plants , or surplus energy e g as seasonally from hyropower projects or intermittently from wind farms The Drake Landing Solar Community Alberta, Canada is illustrative borehole thermal energy storage allows the community to get % of its year round heat from solar collectors on the garage roofs, which most of the heat collected in summer Types of storages for sensible energy include insulated tanks, borehole clusters in substrates ranging from gravel to bedrock, deep aquifers, or shallow lined pits that are insulated on top Some types of storage are capable of storing heat or cold between opposing seasons particularly if very large , and some storage applications require inclusion of a heat pump Latent heat is typically stored in ice tanks or what are called phase change materials PCMs Chemical engineer Cryogenics Energy technology Gas cabinet Gas cylinder Gas separation Gas to liquids Gasworld History of manufactured gas Hydrogen economy Hydrogen storage Hydrogen technologies Liquefaction of gases Liquid air Natural gas processing Timeline of chemical element discoveries Timeline of hydrogen technologies Timeline of low temperature technology Slush hydrogen in a cryogenic hydrogen tank Underground hydrogen storage edit Underground hydrogen storage is the practice of hydrogen storage in underground caverns, salt domes and depleted oil and gas fields Large quantities of gaseous hydrogen have been stored in underground caverns by ICI for many years without any difficulties The storage of large quantities of liquid hydrogen underground can function as grid energy storage The round trip efficiency is approximately % vs % for pumped hydro PHES , and the cost is slightly higher than pumped hydro The European project Hyunder indicated in that for the storage of wind and solar energy an additional caverns are required as it can't be covered by PHES and CAES systems Power to gas edit Power to gas is a technology which converts electrical power to a gas fuel There are two methods the first is to use the electricity for water splitting and inject the resulting hydrogen into the natural gas grid the second, less efficient method is used to convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen to methane, see natural gas using electrolysis and the Sabatier reaction The excess power or off peak power generated by wind generators or solar arrays is then used for load balancing in the energy grid Using the existing natural gas system for hydrogen Fuel cell maker Hydrogenics and natural gas distributor Enbridge have teamed up to develop such a power to gas system in Canada Pipeline storage of hydrogen where a natural gas network is used for the storage of hydrogen Before switching to natural gas, the German gas networks were operated using towngas, which for the most part % consisted of hydrogen The storage capacity of the German natural gas network is more than , GW•h which is enough for several months of energy requirement By comparison, the capacity of all German pumped storage power plants amounts to only about GW•h The transport of energy through a gas network is done with much less loss < % than in a power network % The use of the existing natural gas pipelines for hydrogen was studied by NaturalHy Because of relatively low single pass conversion rates typically less than % , a large recycle stream is required This can lead to the accumulation of inerts in the loop gas The steam reforming, shift conversion, carbon dioxide removal and methanation steps each operate at absolute pressures of about to bar, and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at absolute pressures ranging from to bar depending upon which proprietary design is used There are many engineering and construction companies that offer proprietary designs for ammonia synthesis plants Haldor Topsoe of Denmark, Uhde GmbH of Germany, Ammonia Casale of Switzerland and Kellogg Brown & Root of the United States are among the most experienced companies in that field Sustainable ammonia production edit Further information Haber process#Economic and environmental aspects Ammonia production depends on plentiful supplies of energy, predominantly natural gas Due to ammonia's critical role in intensive agriculture and other processes, sustainable production is desirable This is possible by using renewable energy to generate hydrogen by electrolysis of water This would be straightforward in a hydrogen economy by diverting some hydrogen production from fuel to feedstock use For example, in , Iceland produced , tons of hydrogen gas by electrolysis, using excess electricity production from its hydroelectric plants, primarily for the production of ammonia for fertilizer The Vemork hydroelectric plant in Norway used its surplus electricity output to generate renewable ammonia from to In practice, natural gas will remain the major source of hydrogen for ammonia production as long as it is cheapest As an alternative to the relatively inefficient electrolysis, hydrogen can be generated from organic wastes such as biomass or food industry waste , using catalytic thermal reforming This releases hydrogen from carbonaceous substances at only % of energy used by electrolysis and may lead to hydrogen being produced from municipal wastes at below zero cost allowing for the tipping fees and efficient catalytic reforming, such as cold plasma Catalytic reforming is possible in small, distributed even mobile plants, to take advantage of stranded biomass biowastes or natural gas deposits Conversion of such wastes into ammonia solves the problem of hydrogen storage, as hydrogen can be released economically from ammonia on demand, without the need for high pressure or cryogenic storage It is also easier to store ammonia on board of vehicles than to store hydrogen, as ammonia is less flammable than gasoline or LPG Waste water is often high in ammonia Because discharging ammonia laden water into the environment can cause problems, nitrification is often necessary to remove the ammonia This may be a potentially sustainable source of ammonia in the future because of its abundance and the need to remove it from the water high abundance of H + Single antenna detections edit Radio observations of NH from the Effelsberg m Radio Telescope reveal that the ammonia line is separated into two components – a background ridge and an unresolved core The background corresponds well with the locations previously detected CO The m Chilbolton telescope in England detected radio signatures of ammonia in H II regions, HNH O masers, H H objects, and other objects associated with star formation A comparison of emission line widths indicates that turbulent or systematic velocities do not increase in the central cores of molecular clouds Microwave radiation from ammonia was observed in several galactic objects including W OH , Orion A, W , W , and five sources in the galactic centre The high detection rate indicates that this is a common molecule in the interstellar medium and that high density regions are common in the galaxy Interferometric studies edit VLA observations of NH in seven regions with high velocity gaseous outflows revealed condensations of less than pc in L , S , and Cepheus A Three individual condensations were detected in Cepheus A, one of them with a highly elongated shape They may play an important role in creating the bipolar outflow in the region Extragalactic ammonia was imaged using the VLA in IC The hot gas has temperatures above K, which was inferred from ammonia line ratios and appears to be closely associated with the innermost portions of the nuclear bar seen in CO NH was also monitored by VLA toward a sample of four galactic ultracompact HII regions G + , G + , G - , and G + Based upon temperature and density diagnostics, it is concluded that in general such clumps are likely to be the sites of massive star formation in an early evolutionary phase prior to the development of an ultracompact HII region Infrared detections edit Absorption at micrometres due to solid ammonia was recorded from interstellar grains in the Becklin Neugebauer Object and probably in NGC IR as well This detection helped explain the physical shape of previously poorly understood and related ice absorption lines A spectrum of the disk of Jupiter was obtained from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, covering the to cm- spectral range Analysis of the spectrum provides information on global mean properties of ammonia gas and an ammonia ice haze A total of dark cloud positions were surveyed for evidence of 'dense cores' by using the J,K , rotating inversion line of NH In general, the cores are not spherically shaped, with aspect ratios ranging from to It is also found that cores with stars have broader lines than cores without stars Ammonia has been detected in the Draco Nebula and in one or possibly two molecular clouds, which are associated with the high latitude galactic infrared cirrus The finding is significant because they may represent the birthplaces for the Population I metallicity B type stars in the galactic halo that could have been borne in the galactic disk Observations of nearby dark clouds edit By balancing and stimulated emission with spontaneous emission, it is possible to construct a relation between excitation temperature and density Moreover, since the transitional levels of ammonia can be approximated by a level system at low temperatures, this calculation is fairly simple This premise can be applied to dark clouds, regions suspected of having extremely low temperatures and possible sites for future star formation Detections of ammonia in dark clouds show very narrow lines—indicative not only of low temperatures, but also of a low level of inner cloud turbulence Line ratio calculations provide a measurement of cloud temperature that is independent of previous CO

Rick Skyscraper Souls Slim La voz del aire Larry Barnes Alcohol prohibido Jerry Tyler La parada de los monstruos Phroso El monstruo de la ciudad Ed Fitzpatrick X Marks the Spot Ted Lloyd Amor en venta Al Manning Fore Short Absent Minded Short Casados en Hollywood Mitzi's Fan uncredited Macdonald Carey Macdonald Carey Jack Graham Henry Travers Henry Travers Joseph Newton Patricia Collinge Patricia Collinge Emma Newton Hume Cronyn Hume Cronyn Herbie Hawkins Wallace Ford Wallace Ford Fred Saunders Edna May Wonacott Edna May Wonacott Ann Newton Charles Bates Charles Bates Roger Newton Irving Bacon Irving Bacon Station Master Clarence Muse Clarence Muse Pullman Porter Janet Shaw Janet Shaw Louise Finch Estelle Jewell Estelle Jewell Catherine Los verdes años Papa Leckie A Letter for Evie John Phineas McPherson The Sailor Takes a Wife Freddie Potts Ziegfeld Follies Monty 'A Sweepstakes Ticket' Main Street After Dark Keller Blonde fever Diner at Inn uncredited La séptima cruz Paul Roeder Náufragos Stanley 'Sparks' Garett La cruz de Lorena Duval El fantasma de la ópera Gerard La sombra de una duda Herbie Hawkins Macon McCalman Macon McCalman Jerry Fewster Ron Frazier Ron Frazier Gil Hovey Jodi Long Jodi Long Betsy Okamoto Crocker Nevin Crocker Nevin Warner Ackerman Marvin Chatinover Marvin Chatinover Henry Lipscomb Ira Wheeler Ira Wheeler Mr Whitelaw as Ira B Wheeler Paul Hecht Paul Hecht Khalid Norman Snow Norman Snow Hishan Nelly Hoyos Nelly Hoyos Lee Winter's Maid Sally Sockwell Sally Sockwell Mrs Fewster Otra mujer Laura Un lugar en ninguna parte Lorna Phillips Un señorito en Nueva York Bryant Vidas distantes Grace A Life in the Day Short La costa de los mosquitos Emily Spellgood Enredos de familia TV Series Jessie You've Got a Friend Jessie Los Goonies Stef La barca del infierno Jonsy ABC Afterschool Specials TV Series Rhona The Hand Me Down Kid Rhona Una mujer de negocios Fewster's Older Daughter ABBA stylised ???? were a Swedish pop group formed in Stockholm in With members Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, and Anni Frid Lyngstad, ABBA became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music, topping the charts worldwide from to They won the Eurovision Song Contest at the Dome in Brighton, UK, giving Sweden its first triumph in the contest, and were the most successful group ever to take part in the competition According to a CNN article of and some other sources ABBA sold over million albums and singles worldwide, while according to its label the Universal Music Group the band has sold over million records as of January The group's record sales figure is uncertain, and various estimates range from over to over million sold records This makes them one of the best selling music artists, and the second best selling music group of all time, after the Beatles ABBA was the first group to come from a non English speaking country to enjoy consistent success in the charts of English speaking countries, including the UK, Ireland, the U S , Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa The group also enjoyed significant success in Latin American markets, and recorded a collection of their hit songs in Spanish During the band's active years, Fältskog & Ulvaeus and Lyngstad & Andersson were married At the height of their popularity, both relationships were suffering strain which ultimately resulted in the collapse of the Ulvaeus–Fältskog marriage in and the Andersson–Lyngstad marriage in These relationship changes were reflected in the group's music, with later compositions including more introspective, brooding, dark lyrics After ABBA took a permanent break in December , Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage while Lyngstad and Fältskog pursued solo careers with mixed success ABBA's music declined in popularity until several films, notably Muriel's Wedding and The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert , revived public interest in the group and the spawning of several tribute bands In , ABBA's music was adapted into the successful musical Mamma Mia! that toured worldwide A film of the same name, released in , became the highest grossing film in the United Kingdom that year ABBA were honoured at the th anniversary celebration of the Eurovision Song Contest in , when their hit Waterloo was chosen as the best song in the competition's history The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March Contents hide History – Before ABBA Member origins and collaboration First live performance and the start of Festfolket First record together Hej, gamle man – Forming the group First hit as Agnetha, Anni Frid, Benny & Björn Ring Ring Official naming Official logo – Breakthrough Eurovision Song Contest Post Eurovision – Superstardom European and Australian tour Polar Music Studio formation North American and European tours Progression – Final album and performances Final recording sessions Final performances Permanent break Solo careers Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Agnetha Fältskog and Anni Frid Lyngstad Resurgence of public interest Artistry Recording process Fashion, style, videos, advertising campaigns Political position Awards and nominations Success in the United States ABBA related tributes Discography Tours See also References External links History edit – Before ABBA edit See also Hep Stars and Hootenanny Singers Andersson with the Hep Stars nd, from right Ulvaeus with the Hootenanny Singers nd, from right Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus in promotional photos for different musical groups Member origins and collaboration edit Benny Andersson born December in Stockholm, Sweden became at age a member of a popular Swedish pop rock group, the Hep Stars, that performed covers, amongst other things, of international hits The Hep Stars were known as the Swedish Beatles They also set up Hep House, their equivalent of Apple Corps Andersson played the keyboard and eventually started writing original songs for his band, many of which became major hits, including No Response that hit number three in , Sunny Girl , Wedding , and Consolation , all of which hit number one in Andersson also had a fruitful songwriting collaboration with Lasse Berghagen, with whom he wrote his first Svensktoppen entry, Sagan om lilla Sofie The Story of Little Sophie , in Björn Ulvaeus born April in Gothenburg Göteborg, Sweden also began his musical career at as a singer and guitarist , when he fronted The Hootenanny Singers, a popular Swedish folk skiffle group Ulvaeus started writing English language songs for his group, and even had a brief solo career alongside The Hootenanny Singers and The Hep Stars sometimes crossed paths while touring In June , Ulvaeus and Andersson decided to write a song together Their first attempt was Isn't It Easy to Say , a song later recorded by The Hep Stars Stig Anderson was the manager of The Hootenanny Singers and founder of the Polar Music label He saw potential in the collaboration, and encouraged them to write more The two also began playing occasionally with the other's bands on stage and on record, although it was not until that the pair wrote and produced some of their first real hits together Ljuva sextital Sweet Sixties , recorded by Brita Borg, and The Hep Stars' hit Speleman Fiddler Andersson wrote and submitted the song Hej, Clown for the Melodifestival, the national festival to select the Swedish entry to the Eurovision Song Contest The song tied for first place, but re voting relegated Andersson's song to second place On that occasion Andersson briefly met his future spouse, singer Anni Frid Lyngstad, who also participated in the contest A month later, the two had become a couple As their respective bands began to break up during , Andersson and Ulvaeus teamed up and recorded their first album together in , called Lycka Happiness , which included original songs sung by both men Their spouses were often present in the recording studio, and sometimes added backing vocals Fältskog even co wrote a song with the two Ulvaeus still occasionally recorded and performed with The Hootenanny Singers until the summer of , and Andersson took part in producing their records Agnetha Fältskog born April in Jönköping, Sweden sang with a local dance band headed by Bernt Enghardt who sent a demo recording of the band to Karl Gerhard Lundkvist The demo tape featured a song written and sung by Agnetha Jag var så kär Lundkvist was so impressed with her voice that he was convinced she would be a star After going through considerable effort to locate the singer, he arranged for Agnetha to come to Stockholm and to record two of her own songs This led to Agnetha at the age of having a number one record in Sweden with a self composed song, which later went on to sell over , copies She was soon noticed by the critics and songwriters as a talented singer songwriter of schlager style songs Fältskog's main inspiration in her early years were singers such as Connie Francis Along with her own compositions, she recorded covers of foreign hits and performed them on tours in Swedish folkparks Most of her biggest hits were self composed, which was quite unusual for a female singer in the s Agnetha released four solo LPs between and She had many successful singles in the Swedish charts During filming of a Swedish TV special in May , Fältskog met Ulvaeus, and they married on July Fältskog and Ulvaeus eventually were involved in each other's recording sessions, and soon even Andersson and Lyngstad added backing vocals to her third studio album, Som jag är As I Am In , Fältskog starred as Mary Magdalene in the original Swedish production of Jesus Christ Superstar and attracted favourable reviews Between and , Fältskog released five studio albums Anni Frid Frida Lyngstad born November in Bjørkåsen in Ballangen, Norway sang from the age of with various dance bands, and worked mainly in a jazz oriented cabaret style She also formed her own band, the Anni Frid Four In the summer of , she won a national talent competition with En ledig dag A Day Off a Swedish version of the bossa nova song A Day in Portofino , which is included in the EMI compilation Frida – The first prize was a recording contract with EMI Sweden and to perform live on the most popular TV shows in the country This TV performance, amongst many others, is included in the ½ hour documentary Frida – The DVD Lyngstad released several schlager style singles on EMI without much success When Benny Andersson started to produce her recordings in , she had her first number one single, Min egen stad My Own Town , written by Benny and featuring all the future ABBA members on backing vocals Lyngstad toured and performed regularly in the folkpark circuit and made appearances on radio and TV She met Ulvaeus briefly in during a talent contest, and Fältskog during a TV show in early Lyngstad finally linked up with her future bandmates in On March , she participated in the Melodifestival, where she met Andersson for the first time A few weeks later they met again during a concert tour in southern Sweden and they soon became a couple Andersson produced her single Peter Pan in September —her first collaboration with Benny & Björn, as they had written the song Andersson would then produce Lyngstad's debut studio album, Frida, which was released in March Lyngstad also played in several revues and cabaret shows in Stockholm between and After ABBA formed, she recorded another successful album in , Frida ensam, which included a Swedish rendition of Fernando , a hit on the Swedish radio charts before the English version was released First live performance and the start of Festfolket edit An attempt at combining their talents occurred in April when the two couples went on holiday together to the island of Cyprus What started as singing for fun on the beach ended up as an improvised live performance in front of the United Nations soldiers stationed on the island Andersson and Ulvaeus were at this time recording their first album together, Lycka, which was to be released in September Fältskog and Lyngstad added backing vocals on several tracks during June, and the idea of their working together saw them launch a stage act, Festfolket which translates from Swedish to mean both Party People and Engaged Couples , on November in Gothenburg The cabaret show attracted generally negative reviews, except for the performance of the Andersson and Ulvaeus hit Hej, gamle man Hello, Old Man —the first Björn and Benny recording to feature all four They also performed solo numbers from respective albums, but the lukewarm reception convinced the foursome to shelve plans for working together for the time being, and each soon concentrated on individual projects again First record together Hej, gamle man edit Hej, gamle man , a song about an old Salvation Army soldier, became the quartet's first hit The record was credited to Björn & Benny and reached number five on the sales charts and number one on Svensktoppen, staying there for weeks It was during that the four artists began working together more, adding vocals to the others' recordings Fältskog, Andersson and Ulvaeus toured together in May, while Lyngstad toured on her own Frequent recording sessions brought the foursome closer together during the summer – Forming the group edit After the release of Lycka, two more singles credited to 'Björn & Benny' were released in Sweden, Det kan ingen doktor hjälpa No Doctor Can Help with That and Tänk om jorden vore ung Imagine If the Earth Were Young , with more prominent vocals by Fältskog and Lyngstad–and moderate chart success Fältskog and Ulvaeus, now married, started performing together with Andersson on a regular basis at the Swedish folkparks during the summer of Stig Anderson, founder and owner of Polar Music, was determined to break into the mainstream international market with music by Andersson and Ulvaeus One day the pair of you will write a song that becomes a worldwide hit , he predicted Stig Anderson encouraged Ulvaeus and Andersson to write a song for Melodifestivalen, and after two rejected entries in , Andersson and Ulvaeus submitted their new song Säg det med en sång Say It with a Song for the contest, choosing newcomer Lena Anderson to perform The song came in third place, encouraging Stig Anderson, and became a hit in Sweden The first signs of foreign success came as a surprise, as the Andersson and Ulvaeus single She's My Kind of Girl was released through Epic Records in Japan in March , giving the duo a Top hit Two more singles were released in Japan, En Carousel En Karusell in Scandinavia, an earlier version of Merry Go Round and Love Has Its Ways a song they wrote with Koichi Morita First hit as Agnetha, Anni Frid, Benny & Björn edit Ulvaeus and Andersson persevered with their songwriting and experimented with new sounds and vocal arrangements People Need Love was released in June , featuring guest vocals by the women, who were now given much greater prominence Stig Anderson released it as a single, credited to Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni Frid The song peaked at number in the Swedish combined single and album charts, enough to convince them they were on to something The single also became the first record to chart for the quartet in the United States, where it peaked at number on the Cashbox singles chart and number on the Record World singles chart Labeled as Björn & Benny with Svenska Flicka , it was released there through Playboy Records However, according to Stig Anderson, People Need Love could have been a much bigger American hit, but a small label like Playboy Records did not have the distribution resources to meet the demand for the single from retailers and radio programmers The foursome decided to record their first album together in the autumn of , and sessions began on September The women shared lead vocals on Nina, Pretty Ballerina a top ten hit in Austria that day, and their voices in harmony for the first time gave the foursome an idea of the quality of their combined talents Ring Ring edit In , the band and their manager Stig Anderson decided to have another try at Melodifestivalen, this time with the song Ring Ring The studio sessions were handled by Michael B Tretow, who experimented with a wall of sound production technique that became the wholly new sound Stig Anderson arranged an English translation of the lyrics by Neil Sedaka and Phil Cody and they thought this would be a surefire winner However, on February , the song came third in Melodifestivalen thus it never reached the Eurovision Song Contest itself Nevertheless, the group released their debut studio album, also called Ring Ring The album did well and the Ring Ring single was a hit in many parts of Europe and also in South Africa However, Stig Anderson felt that the true breakthrough could only come with a UK or US hit When Agnetha Fältskog gave birth to her first child in , she was replaced for a short period by Inger Brundin on a trip to West Germany Official naming edit In early , Stig Anderson, tired of unwieldy names, started to refer to the group privately and publicly as ABBA At first, this was a play on words, as Abba is also the name of a well known fish canning company in Sweden, and itself an acronym However, since the fish canners were unknown outside Sweden, Anderson came to believe the name would work in international markets A competition to find a suitable name for the group was held in a Gothenburg newspaper The group was impressed with the names Alibaba , FABB , and Baba , but in the end all the entries were ignored and it was officially announced in the summer that the group were to be known as ABBA The group negotiated with the canners for the rights to the name ABBA is an acronym formed from the first letters of each group member's first name Agnetha, Björn, Benny and Anni Frid During a promotional photo, Benny flipped his B horizontally for fun,