present make them prime sources for public memory Specifically news media journalists have shaped collective memory on nearly every major national event – from the deaths of social and political figures to the progression of political hopefuls Journalists provide elaborate descriptions of commemorative events in U S history and contemporary popular cultural sensations Many Americans learn the significance of historical events and political issues through news media as they are presented on popular news stations However journalistic influence is growing less important whereas social networking sites such as Facebook YouTube and Twitter provide a constant supply of alternative news sources for users As social networking becomes more popular among older and younger generations sites such as Facebook and YouTube gradually undermine the traditionally authoritative voices of news media For example American citizens contest media coverage of various social and political events as they see fit inserting their voices into the narratives about America s past and present and shaping their own collective memories An example of this is the public explosion of the Trayvon Martin shooting in Sanford Florida News media coverage of the incident was minimal until social media users made the story recognizable through their constant discussion of the case Approximately one month after the fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin its online coverage by everyday Americans garnered national attention from mainstream media journalists in turn exemplifying media activism In some ways the spread of this tragic event through alternative news sources parallels that of the Emmitt Till – whose murder became a national story after it circulated African American and Communists newspapers Social media was also influential in the widespread attention given to the revolutionary outbreaks in the Middle East and North Africa during However there is some debate about the extent to which social media facilitated this kind of change Another example of this shift is in the ongoing Kony campaign which surfaced first on YouTube and later garnered a great amount of attention from mainstream news media journalists These journalists now monitor social media sites to inform their reports on the movement Lastly in the past couple of presidential elections the use of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter were used to predict election results U S President Barack Obama was more liked on Facebook than his opponent Mitt Romney and it was found by a study done by Oxford Institute Internet Experiment that more people liked to tweet about comments of President Obama rather than Romney Criticisms of social media edit Criticisms of social media range from criticisms of the ease of use of specific platforms and their capabilities disparity of information available issues with trustworthiness and reliability of information presented the impact of social media use on an individual s concentration ownership of media content and the meaning of interactions created by social media Although some social media platforms

offer users the opportunity to cross post simultaneously some social network platforms have been criticized for poor interoperability between platforms which leads to the creation of information silos isolated pockets of data contained in one social media platform However it is also argued that social media have positive effects such as allowing the democratization of the internet while also allowing individuals to advertise themselves and form friendships Others have noted that the term "Social" cannot account for technological features of a platform alone hence the level of sociability should determined by the actual performances of its users There has been a dramatic decrease in face to face interactions as more and more social media platforms have been introduced with the threat of cyber bullying and online sexual predators being more prevalent Social media may expose children to images of alcohol tobacco and sexual behaviors relevant – discuss In regards to cyber bullying It has been proven that individuals who have no experience with cyber bullying often have a better well being than individuals who have been bullied online Twitter is increasingly a target of heavy activity of marketers Their actions focused on gaining massive numbers of followers include use of advanced scripts and manipulation techniques that distort the prime idea of social media by abusing human trustfulness Twitter also promotes social connections among students It can be used to enhance communication building and critical thinking Domizi utilised Twitter in a graduate seminar requiring students to post weekly tweets to extend classroom discussions Students reportedly used Twitter to connect with content and other students Additionally students found it to be useful professionally and personally British American entrepreneur and author Andrew Keen criticizes social media in his book The Cult of the Amateur writing "Out of this anarchy it suddenly became clear that what was governing the infinite monkeys now inputting away on the Internet was the law of digital Darwinism the survival of the loudest and most opinionated Under these rules the only way to intellectually prevail is by infinite filibustering " This is also relative to the issue "justice" in the social network For example the phenomenon “Human flesh search engine” in Asia raised the discussion of "private law" brought by social network platform Comparative Media professor José van Dijck contends in her book "The Culture of Connectivity" that to understand the full weight of social media their technological dimensions should be connected to the social and the cultural She critically describes six social media platforms One of her findings is the way Facebook had been successful in framing the term sharing in such a way that third party use of user data is neglected in favour of intra user connectedness Disparity edit Eric Ehrmann contends that social media in the form of public diplomacy create a patina of inclusiveness that covers traditional economic interests that are structured to ensure that wealth is pumped up to the top of the economic pyramid perpetuating the digital divide and post Marxian class conflict He also voices concern over the trend that finds social utilities operating in a quasi libertarian global environment of oligopoly that requires users in economically challenged nations to spend high percentages of annual income to pay for devices and services to participate in the social media lifestyle The phrase "Digital divide" was coined in by Lloyd Morrlsett a founder of the Children s Television Workshop and President of the Markle Foundation to describe the chasm that purportedly separates information technology IT haves from have nots in the US As Virginia Eubanks explains the digital divide in terms of social structure that have not side users don t have much consumer power but the have side have the power Money and labors go from the have not to have Neil Postman also contends that social media will increase an information disparity between winners – who are able to use the social media actively – and losers – who are not familiar with modern technologies Trustworthiness edit Because large scale collaborative co creation is one of the main ways of forming information in the social network the user generated content is sometimes viewed with skepticism readers do not trust it as a reliable source of information Aniket Kittur Bongowon Suh and Ed H Chi took wikis under examination and indicated that "One possibility is that distrust of wiki content is not due to the inherently mutable nature of the system but instead to the lack of available information for judging trustworthiness " To be more specific the authors mention that reasons for distrusting collaborative systems with user generated content such as Wikipedia include a lack of information regarding accuracy of contents motives and expertise of editors stability of content coverage of topics and the absence of sources Social media is also an important source of news According to Reuters Institute Digital News Report social media are one of the most important ways for people find news online the others being traditional brands search engines and news aggregators The report suggested that in the United Kingdom trust in news which comes from social media sources is low compared to news from other sources e g online news from traditional broadcaster or online news from national newspapers People who aged at trust social media most whereas trust declined with the increase of age Rainie and Wellman have argued that media making now has become a participation work which changes communication systems The center of power is shifted from only the media as the gatekeeper to the peripheral area which may include government organizations and out to the edge the individual These changes in communication systems raise empirical questions about trust to media effect Prior empirical studies have shown that trust in information sources plays a major role in people s decision making People s attitudes more easily change when they hear messages from trustworthy sources In the Reuters report of respondents agree that they worry about the accuracy of a story on a blog However of them believe the stories on blogs are more balanced than traditional papers because they are provided with a range of opinions Recent research has shown that in the new social media communication environment the civil or uncivil nature of comments will bias people s information processing even if the message is from a trustworthy source which bring the practical and ethical question about the responsibility of communicator in the social media environment Concentration edit Some have said that "fast social media and deep slow thought don t mix well " From Nicholas Carr "As media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the s media are not just passive channels of information They supply the stuff of thought but they also shape the process of thought And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation " However there are several benefits brought from deep reading For example "our ability to interpret text to make the rich mental connection that form when we read deeply and without distraction remains largely disengaged " But needs for convenience often make it difficult to choose this slower more deliberate way Few real impacts edit For Malcolm Gladwell the role of social media such as Twitter and Facebook in revolutions and protests is overstated On the one hand social media make it easier for individuals and in this case activists to express themselves On the other hand it is harder for that expression to have an impact Gladwell distinguishes between social media activism and high risk activism which brings real changes Activism and especially high risk activism involves strong tie relationships hierarchies coordination motivation exposing oneself to high risks making sacrifices Gladwell discusses that social media are built around weak ties and he argues that "social networks are effective at increasing participation — by lessening the level of motivation that participation requires” According to him “Facebook activism succeeds not by motivating people to make a real sacrifice but by motivating them to do the things that people do when they are not motivated enough to make a real sacrifice” Furthermore social media s role in democratizing media participation may fall short of ideals Social media has been championed as allowing anyone with an Internet connection to become a content creator and empowering the “active audience” But international survey data suggest online media audience members are largely passive consumers while content creation is dominated by the few According to the "Reuters Institute Digital News Report " the percent of online news users who blog about news issues ranges from – Greater percentages use social media to comment on news with participation ranging from in Germany to in Brazil But online news users are most likely to just talk about online news with friends offline or use social media to share stories without creating content Reliability edit Evgeny Morozov – Yahoo fellow at Georgetown University contends that the information uploaded to Twitter may have little relevance to the rest of the people who do not use Twitter In the article "Iran Downside to the “Twitter Revolution”” in the magazine Dissent he says "Twitter only adds to the noise it s simply impossible to pack much context into its characters All other biases are present as well in a country like Iran it s mostly pro Western technology friendly and iPod carrying young people who are the natural and most frequent users of Twitter They are a tiny and most important extremely untypical segment of the Iranian population the number of Twitter users in Iran — a country of more than seventy million people ” Even in the United States the birth country of Twitter currently in the social network has million accounts Because there are likely to be many multi account users and the United States in had a population of million the adoption of Twitter is somewhat limited Professor Matthew Auer of Bates College casts doubt on the conventional wisdom that social media are open and participatory He also speculates on the emergence of "anti social media" used as "instruments of pure control " Ownership of social media content edit Social media content is generated through social media interactions done by the users through the site There has always been a huge debate on the ownership of the content on social media platforms because it is generated by the users and hosted by the company Added to this is the danger to security of information which can be leaked to third parties with economic interests in the platform or parasites who comb the data for their own databases The author of Social Media Is Bullshit Brandon Mendelson claims that the "true" owners of content created on social media sites only benefits the large corporations who own those sites and rarely the users that created them Privacy edit Privacy rights advocates warn users about uses for the


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information that can be gathered through social media Some information is captured without the user s knowledge or consent such as through electronic tracking and third party application on social networks Others include law enforcement and governmental use of this information including the gathering of so called social media intelligence through data mining techniques Additional privacy concerns relate to the impact of social media monitoring by employers whose policies include prohibitions against workers postings on social networking sites A survey done in from different universities revealed that there are lines drawn between personal and professional lives Many of the users surveyed admitted to misrepresenting themselves online Employees can be concerned because their social media sites reflect their personal lives and not their professional lives but yet employers are censoring them on the internet Other privacy concerns with employers and social media are when employers use social media as a tool to screen a prospective employee This issue raises many ethical questions that some consider an employer s right and others consider discrimination Except in the states of California Maryland and Illinois there are no laws that prohibit employers from using social media profiles as a basis of whether or not someone should be hired Title VII also prohibits discrimination during any aspect of employment including hiring or firing recruitment or testing Social media has been integrating itself into the workplace and this has led to conflicts within employees and employers Particularly Facebook has been seen as a popular platform for employers to investigate in order to learn more about potential employees This conflict first started in Maryland when an employer requested and received an employee s Facebook username and password State lawmakers first introduced legislation in to prohibit employers from requesting passwords to personal social accounts in order to get a job or to keep a job This led to Canada Germany the U S Congress and U S states to pass or propose legislation that prevents employers access to private social accounts of employees Many Western European countries have already implemented laws that restrict the regulation of social media in the workplace States including Arkansas California Colorado Illinois Maryland Michigan Nevada New Jersey New Mexico Utah Washington and Wisconsin have passed legislation that protects potential employees and current employees from employers that demand them to give forth their username or password for a social media account Laws that forbid employers from disciplining an employee based on activity off the job on social media sites have also been put into act in states including California Colorado Connecticut North Dakota and New York Several states have similar laws that protect students in colleges and universities from having to grant access to their social media accounts Eight states have passed the law that prohibits post secondary institutions from demanding social media login information from any prospective or current students and privacy legislation has been introduced or is pending in at least states as of July As of May legislation has been introduced and is in the process of pending in at least states and has been enacted in Maine and Wisconsin In addition the National Labor Relations Board has been devoting a lot of their attention to attacking employer policies regarding social media that can discipline employees who seek to speak and post freely on social media sites Effects on interpersonal relationships edit This article s tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia See Wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for suggestions August Data suggest that participants use social media to fulfill perceived social needs but are typically disappointed Lonely individuals are drawn to the Internet for emotional support This causes problems as it interferes with “real life socializing” Some of these views are summed up in an Atlantic article by Stephen Marche titled Is Facebook Making Us Lonely in which the author argues that social media provides more breadth but not the depth of relationships that humans require Sherry Turkle explores similar issues in her book Alone Together as she discusses how people confuse social media usage with authentic communication People tend to act differently online and are less afraid to hurt each other s feelings Some online behaviors cause stress and anxiety much of this associated with friends and the permanence of online posts This anxiety is also associated with the fear of being hacked or of colleges and employers exploring social media pages and finding unsavory things posted Turkle also speculates that people are beginning to prefer texting to face to face communication which can contribute to feelings of loneliness Some researchers have also found that only exchanges that involved direct communication and reciprocation of messages to each other increased feelings of connectedness However passively using social media without sending or receiving messages to individuals does not make people feel less lonely unless they were lonely to begin with A study published in the Public Library of Science in revealed that the perception of Facebook being an important resource for social connection was diminished by the number of people found to have developed low self esteem and the more they used the network the lower their level of self esteem A current controversial topic is whether or not social media addiction should be explicitly categorized as a psychological ailment Extended use of social media has led to increased Internet addiction cyberbullying sexting sleep deprivation and the decline of face to face interaction Several clinics in the UK classify social media addiction is a certifiable medical condition with one psychiatric consultant claiming that he treats as many as one hundred cases a year Positive impact of social networking edit In the book “Networked – The new social operating system” by Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman the two authors reflect on mainly positive effects of social media and other internet based social networks Social networking isn t for everyone but its now a massive part of all our lives Having already looked at the negative impact of social networking sites on society I thought it only fair to redress the balance Every ying has its yang after all With that it s clear to see that what some people would conceive as negatives can also be positives I guess there are no hard and fast rules when it comes to the effect social networks are having on us all in this day and age According to the authors social media are used to form friendships It has never been easier to make friends than it is right now Just a few decades ago it was pretty tough to connect with people unless you were the overly outgoing type able to make conversation with anyone at a party The rise of mobile phones helped change this connecting people in a new way but then social networks sprang up and the whole idea of friendship changed once more and for ever For instance Social networking sites allow you to live a life unhindered by small talk Our time is being stretched thinner and thinner by work and family commitments but social networking sites offer a chance to communicate in a speedy and efficient manner Furthermore Rainie and Wellman discuss that everybody has the possibility to be in touch with the people around the world It isn t just your inner circle of close friends and even closer family members that social networking sites allow you to communicate with easily and effectively either They open the world up to you making it a smaller place than it has ever been before Family living abroad can be kept abreast of the latest happenings in your world as quickly as those living next door Friends who you haven t seen since school and who have since moved away are able to keep in touch Moreover Rainie and Wellman also discuss that social network is an open place to find common ground As previously mentioned social networking sites can help you find people you share interests with Facebook for example asks you to list who and what you are into right from the start meaning common ground with others is much easier to find This does require sharing information and giving up a certain amount of privacy in order to do so Which is enough for some people to reject social networking outright Keeping key personal information private is necessary but likes and dislikes interests and obsessions thought and views isn t And actually contributes to an open society As with most things in life there are positive and negative sides to social networking both of which we have now explored Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman has an ultimate belief is that when done in moderation with checks and balances on how younger people in particular are using them and with a firm grasp being kept on reality at all time social networking sites are neither evil or a Godsend They re somewhere in between Employment impact edit Use of social media by young people has caused significant problems for some people when they entered the job market A survey of young people in six countries in found that in people aged to have been rejected for a job because of online comments A survey of recruiters found that of them check candidates social media postings These cases have created some privacy implications as to whether or not companies should have the right to look at employee s Facebook profiles In March Facebook decided they might take legal action against employers for gaining access to employee s profiles through their passwords According to Facebook Chief Privacy Officer for policy Erin Egan the company has worked hard to give its users the tools to control who sees their information He also said users shouldn t be forced to share private information and communications just to get a job According to the network s Statement of Rights and Responsibilities sharing or soliciting a password is a violation to Facebook Employees may still give their password information out to get a job but according to Erin Egan Facebook will continue to do their part to protect the privacy and security of their users College admission edit Before social media admissions officials in the United States used SAT scores extra curricular activities letters of recommendation and high school GPA s to determine whether to accept or deny an applicant According to Kaplan Inc a corporation that provides higher education preparation in of admissions officers used Google to learn more about an applicant with checking Facebook Political effects of social media edit See also Social impact of YouTube and Use of social media in the Wisconsin protests The popularity of getting political news from social media platforms is greatly increasing A study showed that of web users turn to Facebook to find political news This social phenomenon allows for political information true or not to spread quickly and easily among peer networks Furthermore social media sites are now encouraging political involvement by uniting like minded people reminding users to vote in elections and analyzing users political affiliation data to find cultural similarities and differences Social media can help taint the reputation of political figures fairly quickly with information that may or may not be true Information spreads like wildfire and before a politician can even get an opportunity to address the information either to confirm deny or explain the public has already formed an opinion about the politician based on that information However when conducted on purpose the spread of information on social media for political means can help campaigns immensely The Barack Obama presidential campaign is considered to be one of the most successful in terms of social media On the other hand negative word of mouth in social media concerning a political figure can be very unfortunate for a politician and can cost the politician his her career if the information is very damaging For example Anthony Weiner s misuse of the social media platform Twitter eventually led to his resignation from U S Congress Open forums online have also been the root of negative effects in the political sphere Some politicians have made the mistake of using open forums to try and reach a broader audience and thus more potential voters What they forgot to account for was that the forums would be open to everyone including those in opposition Having no control over the comments being posted negative included has been damaging for some with unfortunate oversight Additionally a constraint of social media as a tool for public political discourse is that if oppressive governments recognize the ability social media has to cause change they shut it down During the peak of the Egyptian Revolution of the internet and social media played a huge role in facilitating information At that time Hosni Mubarak was the president of Egypt and head the regime for almost years Mubarak was so threatened by the immense power that the internet and social media gave the people that the government successfully shut down the internet using the Ramses Exchange for a period of time in February Social media as an open forum gives a voice to those who have previously not had the ability to be heard in some countries are still becoming equipped with internet accessibility and other technologies Social media is giving everyone a voice to speak out against government regimes In the rural areas in Paraguay were only just receiving access to social media such as Facebook In congruence with the users worldwide teens and young adults in Paraguay are drawn to Facebook and others types of social media as a means to self express Social media is becoming a main conduit for social mobilization and government critiques because "the government can t control what we say on the internet " Younger generations are becoming more involved in politics due to the increase of political news posted on various types of social media Due to the heavier use of social media among younger generations they are exposed to politics more frequently and in a way that is integrated into their online social lives While informing younger generations of political news is important there are many biases within the realms of social media It can be difficult for outsiders to truly understand the conditions of dissent when they are removed from direct involvement Social media can create a false sense of understanding among people who are not directly involved in the issue An example of social media creating misconceptions can be seen during the Arab Spring protests Today s generation rely heavily on social media to understand what is happening in the world an consequently people are exposed to both true and false information For example Americans have several misconceptions surrounding the events of the Arab Springs movement Social media can be used to create political change both major and minor For example in Egyptians used Facebook Twitter and YouTube as a means to communicate and organize demonstrations and rallies to overthrow President Hosni Mubarak Statistics show that during this time the rate of Tweets from Egypt increased from to per day and the top protest videos had approximately million views This not only allowed for organization among protesters but also allowed the uprising to gain the attention of people around the world Social media use by extremist groups edit The world is becoming increasingly connected via the power of the Internet Facebook launched internet org an initiative to gain even the most remote parts of society access to the World Wide Web Political movements have begun to see social media as a major organizing and recruiting tool and the reverse can be said for society In of all web users turned to sites such as Facebook to gain access to political news Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant also known as ISIS has used social media to promote their cause going as far as the production of their own online magazine named the Islamic State Report in an attempt to recruit more fighters Other extremist groups such as al Qaeda and the Taliban are increasingly using social media to raise funds recruit and radicalize persons and it has become increasingly effective In Canada two girls from the city of Montreal have left their country in an effort to join ISIS in Syria after exploring ISIS on Social Media and eventually being recruited On Twitter there is an App called the Dawn of Glad Tidings that users can download and keep up to date on news about ISIS Hundreds of users around the world have signed up for the App which once downloaded will post tweets and hash tags to your account that are in support of ISIS As ISIS marched on the northern region of Iraq tweets in support of their efforts reached a high of a day ISIS support on line is a defiant factor in the radicalization of youth Mass media has yet to adopt the view that social media plays a vital link in the radicalization of persons in an effort to discredit social media as a legitimate news source When ISIS supportive tweets make their way on Twitter they result in re tweets to the original which further spreads the destructive message portrayed by ISIS These tweets have made their way to the account known as active hash tags which further helps broadcast ISIS message as the account sends out to its followers the most popular hash tags of the day Social Media is a key factor in the modern recruiting practises of groups like ISIS Social media and the LGBTQ community edit Social media has had a large impact on the LGBTQ community Social media creates a digital community in which LGBTQ individuals are able to communicate with each other regardless of geographic distance Several social media apps have been developed that are targeted specifically for the LGBTQ community Grindr is an example of a form of social media that was created specifically for the LGBTQ community Grindr is an app that uses the host phones geolocation to locate other men using the app in close proximity Grindr was the first gay geo social app to launch in the iTunes App Store and has since become the largest and most popular gay mobile app in the world There are approximately million users of Grindr in countries Approximately download the app every day While Grindr is mainly used as a dating app the Grindr leadership has demonstrated that they would like to help achieve more equality for the LGBTQ community Joel Simkhai the founder of Grindr said in an interview"We don t have the same rights as everyone else We are a unique company where percent of my audience does not have equality " He believes Grindr has a responsibility to improve the quality of life by achieving equality for its members In an initiative was started called "Grindr For Equality " The goal of "Equality" is to raise public awareness of issues facing the LGBTQ community Users are encouraged to submit information to the Grindr website when they hear about issues relating to the LGBTQ community in their area When users log onto Grindr they are presented with a notification containing information about the issue For example Grindr for Equality sent a broadcast message to all Grindr users to raise awareness and celebrate the repeal of the U S military s “Don t Ask Don t Tell” policy in September The message included a link to a donation page for the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network More than Grindr users clicked through to that page whisper is another app that has a large effect on the LGBTQ population Users select a background photo for their post and then write a short caption with their message The purpose of the app is for users to anonymously share secrets or things they wouldn t feel comfortable sharing publicly and they post it on the app s main page What attracts most people to the app is its promise of anonymity This anonymity is especially useful for LGBTQ members who have not publicly announced their sexuality because it allows them to confide in a supportive digital community without having to reveal their identity Whisper also includes a section dedicated to the LGBTQ community which often contains Coming out stories Many LGBTQ civil rights groups are active on social media such as Human Rights Campaign and the International Gay Lesbian Human Rights Commission Social media allows civil rights groups to spread their message to a large diverse audience which is useful in creating awareness of issues faced by the LGBTQ community Patents edit Main article Software patent Number of US social network patent applications published and patents issued per year since There has been rapid growth in the number of US patent applications that cover new technologies related to social media and the number of them that are published has been growing rapidly over the past five years There are now over published patent applications As many as applications may be currently on file including those that haven t been published yet Only slightly over of these applications have issued as patents however largely due to the multi year backlog in examination of business method patents patents which outline and claim new methods of doing business Social media in the classroom edit Having social media in the classroom has been a controversial topic for the last several years Many parents and educators have been fearful of the repercussions of having social media in the classroom As result cell phones have been banned from classroom and schools have blocked many popular social media websites However despite adult s apprehensions students are or will be using social media As a result of that schools have realized that they need to incorporate these tools into the classroom because the rules are changing The Peel District School Board PDSB in Ontario is one of many school boards that has begun to accept the use of social media in the classroom In the PDSB introduced a “Bring Your Own Device” BYOD policy and have unblocked many social media sites Fewkes and McCabe have researched about the benefits of using Facebook in the classroom Wikipedia edit In early Steve Joordens a professor at the University of Toronto encouraged the students enrolled in his introductory psychology course to add content to Wikipedia pages featuring content that related to the course Like other educators Joordens argued that the assignment would not only strengthen the site s psychology related content but also provide an opportunity for students to engage in critical reflection about the negotiations involved in collaborative knowledge production However Wikipedia s all volunteer editorial staff complained that the students contributions resulted in an overwhelming number of additions to the site and that some of the contributions were inaccurate Facebook and the classroom edit Facebook represents a potentially useful tool in educational contexts It allows for both an asynchronous and synchronous open dialogue via a familiar and regularly accessed medium and supports the integration of multimodal content such as student created photographs and video and URLs to other texts in a platform that many students are already familiar with Further it allows students to ask more minor questions that they might not otherwise feel motivated to visit a professor in person during office hours to ask It also allows students to manage their own privacy settings and often work with the privacy settings they have already established as registered users Facebook is one alternative means for shyer students to be able to voice their thoughts in and outside of the classroom It allows students to collect their thoughts and articulate them in writing before committing to their expression Further the level of informality typical to Facebook can also aid students in self expression and encourage more frequent student and instructor and student and student communication At the same time Towner and Munoz note that this informality may actually drive many educators and students away from using Facebook for educational purposes From a course management perspective Facebook may be less efficient as a replacement for more conventional course management systems both because of its limitations with regards to uploading assignments and due to some students and educators resistance to its use in education Specifically there are features of student to student collaboration that may be conducted more efficiently on dedicated course management systems such as the organization of posts in a nested and linked format That said a number of studies suggest that students post to discussion forums more frequently and are generally more active discussants on Facebook posts versus conventional course management systems like WebCT or Blackboard Chu and Meulemans Salaway et al Schroeder and Greenbowe Additionally Facebook s privacy settings can be difficult to understand and manage leaving some potential users – particularly females and older students – uncomfortable about the level of privacy and safety afforded them Further familiarity and comfortability with Facebook is often divided by socio economic class with students whose parents obtained a college degree or at least having attended college for some span of time being more likely to already be active users Instructors ought to seriously consider and respect these hesitancies and refrain from “forcing” Facebook on their students for academic purposes Instructors also ought to consider that rendering Facebook optional but continuing to provide content through it to students who elect to use it places an unfair burden on hesitant students who then are forced to choose between using a technology they are uncomfortable with and participating fully in the course A related limitation particularly at the level of K schooling is the distrust and in some cases outright disallowal of the use of Facebook in formal classroom settings in many educational jurisdictions However this hesitancy towards Facebook use is continually diminishing in the United States as the Pew Internet American Life Project s annual report for shows that the likelihood of a person to be a registered Facebook user only fluctuates by percent between different levels of educational attainment percent between urban suburban and rural users only percent between different household income brackets The largest gap occurs between age brackets with percent of year olds reported as registered users as opposed to only percent of and up year old users Twitter edit Twitter also promotes social connections among students It can be used to enhance communication building and critical thinking Domizi utilized Twitter in a graduate seminar requiring students to post weekly tweets to extend classroom discussions Students reportedly used Twitter to connect with content and other students Additionally students found it "to be useful professionally and personally" Junco Heibergert and Loken completed a study of students to examine the link between social media and student engagement and social media and grades They divided the students into two groups one used Twitter and the other did not Twitter was used to discuss material organize study groups post class announcements and connect with classmates Junco and his colleagues found that the students in the Twitter group had higher GPAs and greater engagement scores than the control group Gao Luo and Zhang reviewed literature about Twitter published between and They concluded that Twitter allowed students to participate with each other in class back channel and extend discussion outside of class They also reported that students used Twitter to get up to date news and connect with professionals in their field Students reported that microblogging encouraged students to "participate at a higher level" Because the posts cannot exceed characters students were required to express ideas reflect and focus on important concepts in a concise manner Some students found this very beneficial Other students did not like the character limit Also some students found microblogging to be overwhelming information overload The research indicated that many students did not actually participate in the discussions "they just lurked" YouTube edit See also Social impact of YouTube YouTube is the most frequently used social media tool in the classroom not in citation given Students can watch videos answer questions and discuss content Additionally students can create videos to share with others Sherer and Shea claimed that YouTube increased participation personalization customization and productivity YouTube also improved students digital skills and provided opportunity for peer learning and problem solving found that videos kept students attention generated interest in the subject and clarified course content Additionally the students reported that the videos helped them recall information and visualize real world applications of course concepts

Advertising on social media edit This section requires expansion May Tweets containing advertising edit In the United Kingdom Advertising Standards Authority ASA began to advise celebrities and sportstars to make it clear if they had been paid to tweet about a product or service by using the hashtag spon or ad within tweets containing endorsements In July Wayne Rooney was accused of misleading followers by not including either of these tags in a tweet promoting Nike The tweet read "The pitches change The killer instinct doesn t Own the turf anywhere NikeFootball myground " The tweet was investigated by the ASA but no charges were pressed The ASA stated that “We considered the reference to Nike Football was prominent and clearly linked the tweet with the Nike brand " When asked about whether the number of complaints regarding misleading social advertising had increased the ASA stated that the number of complaints had risen marginally since but that complaints were "very low" in the "grand scheme " Censorship incidents edit Main article Internet censorship A crisis hotline is a phone number people can call to get immediate emergency telephone counseling usually by trained volunteers Such hotlines have existed in most major cities of the United States at least since the mid s Initially set up to help those contemplating suicide many have expanded their mandate to deal more generally with emotional crises Similar hotlines operate to help people in other circumstances including but not limited to rape victims bullying victims runaway children human trafficking victims and people who identify as LGBT or intersex Contents History Criticism and logistical issues Telephone counseling Befrienders Worldwide is a charity that helps people worldwide who are tempted to suicide or despair They listen without judging people or telling them what to do If there is someone to listen this can sometimes keep a person alive who might otherwise die Frequently suicidal people focus on a difficulty or something that causes them suffering till finding a solution or a way of getting through it becomes hard People can talk to a befriender confidentially while feeling safe and get things into proportion Befrienders Worldwide has no political religious or sectarian affiliations and the beliefs of volunteers are not imposed onto callers Experienced volunteers select train and supervise other volunteers as do professional experts when needed Individual member centres support each other and share information The World Health Organisation estimates that one million people kill themselves worldwide every year and for each successful suicide there are estimated to be suicide attempts There is a list of national organisations so people can find help from others in their own countries for example people in the UK can find a link to Samaritans There is information about depression mood swings and other problems Online telephone TDD TTY and SMS Help This article is about the charitable organization For the ethnoreligious group see Samaritans For other uses see Samaritan disambiguation Samaritans Formation Headquarters Ewell Surrey Region served England Scotland Wales and Ireland Website samaritans org Samaritans until known as The Samaritans is a registered charity aimed at providing emotional support to anyone in emotional distress struggling to cope or at risk of suicide throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland often through their telephone helpline The name comes from the Biblical parable of the Good Samaritan though the organisation is secular Its international network exists under the name Befrienders Worldwide which is part of the Volunteer Emotional Support Helplines VESH with Lifeline International and the International Federation of Telephone Emergency Services IFOTES Contents History Chad Varah breaks with Samaritans Services Media guidelines Samaritans Radar Aware is a non profit organisation which undertakes to create a society where people affected by stress depression bipolar and mood disorders are understood supported free from stigma and are encouraged to access appropriate therapies Aware was first established in The three pillars of Aware s work are information education and support Information on Aware s services and different aspects of depression including depression in young people and supporting a loved one is offered through the website Aware ie and by post Aware currently provides an education programme to secondary school students called Beat the Blues as well as a different programme called Life Skills which trains people how to manage mild to moderate depression or anxiety based on principles of cognitive behavioural therapy Support services include support groups nationwide a Support Line and Support Mail service Confidentiality International reach SubcategoriesThis category has the following subcategories out of total Charities by country C Charities based in Europe C Founders of charitable organizations P A Charity albums C P Almshouses C P Animal charities C P Anti bullying charities P B Blindness charities P C Charity fundraisers C P Children s charities C P Comité des Étudiants Américains de l École des Beaux Arts Paris P F D Deafness charities P Development charities C P Charities for disabled people C P E Educational charities C P Environmental charities C P H Charitable hospitals P Health charities C P I India focused charities P Information technology charities C P International charities C P L Charity law P LGBT charities P M Memorial funds P N National trusts C P P Peer to peer charities P Prison charities C P Public dispensaries P R Charity regulators P Religious charities C P S Charity singles C P Social welfare charities C P T Trustees of charities P U United Nations Youth Associations Network P W World Federation of United Nations Associations P Y Youth charities C P O Wikipedia categories named after charitable organizations C Pages in category "Charitable organizations"The following pages are in this category out of total This list may not reflect recent changes learn more previous page next page Charitable organization Charitable trust Kengal Hanumanthaiya Memorial Trust Charitable contribution deductions in the United States Charitable immunity GOAL Education for All AAction Tuam ActionAid Ethiopia Al Mizan Charitable Trust Ancient India and Iran Trust Ancoats Hospital Ansar Youth Project Apadrinar en Perú Arab Orthodox Benevolent Society The Arts Emergency Service Ashraya Australian Flag Society Avatar Meher Baba Trust Aware voluntary organisation Aythos BBabati Link Group Bailey House charity Baksheesh Band from TV Belgrade Cooperative Boatyard Music Film Studio Box social Brathay Trust Brighton Women s Centre British Charitable Fund Buddhist Publication Society CCanadian Injured Workers Alliance Car donation Care Catharsis organization Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Chicago Cesvi Charitable Gift Annuity Charitable Remainder Annuity Trust Charitable Society for Social Welfare Charitable Society of the Natives from Catalonia Charity badge Charity gambling Charity shop List of Chernobyl related charities Children with AIDS Charity Children s Film Unit Christmas kettle Church penitentiary Citymeals on Wheels Click to donate site Co operation Ireland Comité des Étudiants Américains de l École des Beaux Arts Paris Community of Sant Egidio Community Options Connecticut Food Bank Count Me In charity Creative Services Support Group CSSG Crittenton Women s Union Crittenton Inc Crown Heights Jewish Community Council Curry Without Worry DDanish Vietnamese Association Dar al Ber Society Dear Sudan Debate Mate Developmental Association for Human Advancement Direct Relief Dispensary movement in Manchester Distress in cancer caregiving Donna s Dream House Donor recognition wall Donor advised fund Dream A Dream NGO EEdwards Center Inc Elephant Pepper Development Trust Empty Bowls The Environment Trust Every Child Ministries FFahd Al Ahmed Charity Far East prisoners of war Federation of Children s Book Groups Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies Fight For Peace Film Resource Unit First Descents Fisheries Society of the British Isles Flag Institute Flimkien ghal Ambjent Ahjar Fondazione Sigma Tau Food rescue The Football Club Social Alliance Footy for Food For Common Cause Foreign Aid Society Foreign Policy and United Nations Association of Austria Foundation for the Education of Needy Children in Fiji List of charitable foundations Freedom Service Dogs Friend a Soldier Friends of HAS Haiti The Frontline Club Charitable Trust Fundación Impulsar Fundacion Manantiales GGames for Heroes Gibraltar Heritage Trust Gift Aid Gifts of Service Glasgow Perthshire Charitable Society Global H O Global Sanitation Fund Global Synergy Good Will Hinckley Górskie Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe HCharitable hospital Hand in Hand International Hand in Hand Center for Jewish Arab Education in Israel Hands On Miami Hands on Tzedakah Headbands of Hope Help without Frontiers HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation Pros Vs Heroes Hesperian Health Guides Hibbert Trust Himalayan Trust Historical Diving Society Human Concern International The Humanitarian Forum IIDonate Ireland Illinois Family Institute Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts International FOP Association International Migration Initiative The International Records Management Trust International Women s Program IRAQ Builders Israel Stuttering Association JJamaat al Dawa al Quran Jeremy s Circle Jewish Community Council of Greater Coney Island The Justice Ball Justice Resource Institute KKAT Centre Kickstart Kids International Kids Run Free Knok Studio Imre Kozma Kuwaiti Joint Relief Committee LThe LAMP Las Palomas Leket Israel The Leona M and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust Lifeguards Without Borders List of cystic fibrosis organizations Lithuanian Red Cross Society Local United Network to Combat Hunger MMajblomma The Marine Society Marklund not for profit Martha s Table Matching funds Meals on Wheels MediCinema Medics Against Violence Mitra Jyothi Mobile donating Molteno Institute for Language and Literacy List of governments by development aid MOT charity Pledgie is a donation website created by Mark Daggett and Garry Dolley that runs on the Ruby on Rails web application framework The creators have also worked on Revver com and decided to create Pledgie after meeting each other there and discovering that the both had an interest for open source software and the Ruby language The site allows anyone to make a pledge for just about any type of cause but spamming and scamming can occur To avoid this users have the ability to report these pledges The donations are received through the user s PayPal account Causes can have a set ending time and users can set the money goal for the pledge The goal may also be left empty Anyone can comment on a cause whether they have donated or not and the pledge owner can respond to these comments but not remove them While the website aims for the funding of health safety and other causes that can help the community the majority of pledges are listed under "Internet" "Programming Languages" and "Uncategorized" A social bookmarking service is a centralized online service which enables users to add annotate edit and share bookmarks of web documents Many online bookmark management services have launched since Delicious founded in popularized the terms "social bookmarking" and "tagging" Tagging is a significant feature of social bookmarking systems enabling users to organize their bookmarks in flexible ways and develop shared vocabularies known as folksonomies Contents Common features History Folksonomy Uses Enterprise bookmarking Libraries using social bookmarking Social bookmarking for education Comparison with search engines Abuse See also References Common features edit Unlike file sharing social bookmarking does not save the resources themselves merely bookmarks that reference them i e a link to the bookmarked page Descriptions may be added to these bookmarks in the form of metadata so users may understand the content of the resource without first needing to download it for themselves Such descriptions may be free text comments votes in favor of or against its quality or tags that collectively or collaboratively become a folksonomy Folksonomy is also called social tagging "the process by which many users add metadata in the form of keywords to shared content" In a social bookmarking system users save links to web pages that they want to remember and or share These bookmarks are usually public and can be saved privately shared only with specified people or groups shared only inside certain networks or another combination of public and private domains The allowed people can usually view these bookmarks chronologically by category or tags or via a search engine Most social bookmark services encourage users to organize their bookmarks with informal tags instead of the traditional browser based system of folders although some services feature categories folders or a combination of folders and tags They also enable viewing bookmarks associated with a chosen tag and include information about the number of users who have bookmarked